陇海铁路圃田段路旁土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价

以陇海铁路圃田段为例,采用Hakanson指数法,对铁路旁土壤重金属（Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr和N i）的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,铁路旁土壤中重金属元素出现不同程度富集,以Zn和Pb的积累最为明显,最大含量都分布在距路基30 m范围内。Cd的潜在生态风险最大,在距路基100 m范围内,单项风险系数均在80以上,呈重度风险,最大风险值出现在路基处,高达138,之后逐渐降低;其余重金属呈低风险状态。距路基20 m范围内,潜在生态风险指数均在150以上,达到中等生态风险程度,之后逐渐降低。镉（Cd）的潜在风险占总风险的68.20%-73.37%,其他重金属的贡献很小。     

陇海铁路圃田段路旁土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价

以陇海铁路圃田段为例,采用Hakanson指数法,对铁路旁土壤重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni)的潜在生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,铁路旁土壤中重金属元素出现不同程度富集,以Zn和Pb的积累最为明显,最大含量都分布在距路基30 m范围内.Cd的潜在生态风险最大,在距路基100 m范围内,单项风险系数均在80以上,呈重度风险,最大风险值出现在路基处,高达138,之后逐渐降低;其余重金属呈低风险状态.距路基20 m范围内,潜在生态风险指数均在150以上,达到中等生态风险程度,之后逐渐降低.镉(Cd)的潜在风险占总风险的68.20%～73.37%,其他重金属的贡献很小.     

沈大高速公路旁粮食和水果中重金属污染特征研究

以沈大高速公路为研究对象,采集高速公路旁种植的粮食和水果样品进行了重金属铅和镉的测定。结果表明:沈大高速公路旁粮食和水果已受到不同程度的铅镉污染,不同作物呈现不同的重金属污染特征。通过对不同处理方式处理后的水果中重金属的分析表明,土壤吸收和大气尘降是农作物中重金属的主要来源。公路交通的铅镉污染仍然是影响路旁农产品质量安全的重要因子之一。     

沈阳市新城子铬渣堆存区土壤铬污染分布及形态研究

采用 Tessier A连续提取法研究分析了沈阳市新城子铬渣堆存区土壤中重金属铬的污染分布和迁移转化规律。结果表明：土壤中重金属铬的5 种形态分布, 主要以残渣态和碳酸盐结合态为主,分别占总量的49.74%和21.40%,而有机结合态含量最低,占总铬含量的6.25%。不同的功能区域铬的形态分布有所不同。总体的分布特征是残渣态大于碳酸盐结合态大于交换态大于铁锰氧化态大于有机态。     

水泥企业卫生防护距离设置的探讨

根据大气环境防护距离和卫生防护距离设置要求,提出了水泥行业防护距离设置方案。通过对某水泥厂案例研究,确定其卫生防护距离为面源外300 m,大气环境防护距离为距源中心250 m,建议取防护距离为面源边界以外300 m。通过实践,验证了方案的可行性,并提出了今后确定水泥企业防护距离的建议。     

模拟酸雨条件下Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ对扬花萝卜叶绿素荧光及品质的影响

以扬花萝卜（ＲａｐｈａｎｕｓＳａｔｉｖｕｓＬ．Ｖａｒ．ＲａｄｃｕｌｕｓＰｅｒｓ．）为供试对象,通过盆栽试验研究了酸雨条件下铅（Ｐｂ）、镉（Ｃｄ）单因素及其复合污染对扬花萝卜叶绿素荧光及品质的影响．结果表明：酸雨与重金属胁迫会产生协同作用,加剧了扬花萝卜的叶片伤害,致使作物叶片光合作用受损．Ｐｂ及Ｐｂ＋Ｃｄ复合污染胁迫下,扬花萝卜可溶性糖含量随酸雨ｐＨ值下降而上升,还原性糖含量则下降;在非酸雨条件下,Ｃｄ胁迫已超过作物的耐受阈值,因此当酸雨酸度增强时可溶性糖和还原性糖合成受抑．当ｐＨ≥４５时,Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ＋Ｃｄ处理均能降低可溶性蛋白质含量,促进游离氨基酸合成;ｐＨ＜４５时,两种营养组分含量均显著下降．酸雨与重金属的复合污染会增加扬花萝卜硝态氮含量,提高Ｐｂ和Ｃｄ的富集量;Ｐｂ污染最易促进硝态氮累积,Ｃｄ在扬花萝卜的富集量大于Ｐｂ;复合污染降低扬花萝卜的食用安全性．     

河南省某高校校园土壤重金属污染及其防治

在河南省某高校校区内的规模绿地上采集21个土壤样品,在郊区农田采集2个对照样品。按照国家标准方法,测定了土壤Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和Cr的含量。结果发现:校园土壤中Ni、Zn和Cr发生了不同程度的富积;土壤重金属含量空间变异明显;校园土壤普遍发生了Zn污染,平均污染分指数达2.48,中度和重度污染样点占总样点的57.14%;绝大部分样点的综合污染指数均大于1,其中轻度污染样点13个,中度污染样点5个,重度污染样点2个。根据校园土壤的实际,应从严格控制污染物排放、翻土和客土改良、增施有机肥料、植物修复等方面防治校园土壤重金属污染。     

南京江北地区菜地土壤重金属污染特征及评价

在南京市浦口和大厂的五大主要功能区（工业区、交通干线、居民区、蔬菜生产基地和风景区）分别布置采样点,共采集了75个菜地耕层土壤样品,以Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn等典型污染重金属元素的全量数据为基础,运用经典统计分析、综合污染指数和地统计分析相结合的方法对土壤重金属污染进行评价。结果表明,Cd、Cu和Zn分别超出其南京地区土壤背景值的5．42、1．84和1．14倍,Pb未超出。不同功能区菜地土壤的重金属全量水平存在明显差异,其中工业区菜地土壤的重金属污染较为严重。对于Cd和Cu,单因子污染指数大于1的样点数达100％,Zn为52％,Pb为2．67％。研究区内菜地土壤重金属的综合污染指数为4．12,属于中度污染。Cu的空间相关性很弱,Cd、Pb和Zn具有中等的空间结构性;四种重金属的空间相关尺度较为接近。Cd、Cu和Zn的单因子污染指数具有相似的空间分布,总体呈现出南高北低的带状递减趋势,且高峰值具有空间分布的趋同性,而Pb的单因子污染指数分布呈现西北和东南两端高,中间较低的趋势。综合污染指数的空间分布显示,研究区大部分菜地土壤处于中度重金属污染水平,钢铁生产厂周边的斑块状区域重金属污染更加严重。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠和田河西侧胡杨沙堆粒度特征

利用体积分形维数模型对塔克拉玛干沙漠和田河西侧胡杨沙堆的粒度特征进行分析,并探讨了沉积物分形维数与粒度参数的相关关系,结果显示：(1)胡杨沙堆表层土壤沉积物砂含量高达98.7%,有超过82%的土壤颗粒的粒级在32μm~250μm的细沙范围内,平均粒径为258.0μm；(2)在胡杨沙堆不同部位表层土壤的粒级表现出有规律的变化,平均粒径从迎风坡坡脚至背风坡坡中逐渐变细,从背风坡坡中至背风坡坡脚逐渐变粗；(3)沙堆表层土壤整体分选性较差,偏度整体属于负偏；胡杨沙堆表层土壤呈现出从中等到较窄的峰度变化；(4)沉积物体积分形维数介于0.68-2.47,平均值为1.66。沙堆表层土壤的分形维数与各粒度特征参数均呈显著线性相关,与平均粒径拟合程度一般,R_²=0.388；与分选系数拟合中等,R_²=0.403；与偏度值拟合程度一般,R_²=0.353；与峰度值拟合中等偏上,R_²=0.737。     

宁夏枸杞气候区划

利用2000-2001年全国北方地区的100余份枸杞样品和土壤样品,结合当地采样期间的气象资料和宁夏各地枸杞试验资料和历史产量资料所确定的一系列影响枸杞产量和品质的农业气象指标,从1∶25万数字地图上转换出250 m×250 m格距的经纬度和数字高程资料,利用改进的小气候细网格订正推算方法,推算了宁夏气温稳定通过10 ℃期间的热量资源、光照资源分布;利用3点平滑推算了气温稳定通过10 ℃期间全区的降水量分布及关键时段平均温度场,根据枸杞的指标进行了细网格区划,从产量和品质两个方面得到了详细分区.     

Spatial trends in heavy metals and nitrogen deposition in Navarra (Northern Spain) based on moss analysis

A biomonitoring survey using the moss species Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. was performed in the North of Navarra (Spain) in 2006. The levels of V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Zr, Cd, Hg and Pb, and the total nitrogen content were determined in the samples by means of ICP-MS, CV-AA, and the Kjeldahl method. PCA analysis showed a differentiation between lithogenic (V, Cr, Mn, Ni, As and Zr) and anthropogenic elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb). Spatial distribution maps were drawn using the kriging method, in order to identify the most affected areas and the main pollution sources. A similar spatial distribution was observed for the elements belonging to each group separated by the PCA, showing an important contribution from metal industries located in the Basque Country, as well as influence of long-range transboundary pollution processes. Background levels were also determined for the study area, along with the contamination factor for the different elements analysed. Mosses seemed to be good biomonitors of N deposition in areas of accumulation.     

油松和侧柏常绿树种对典型污染物的吸滞与富集作用

以城市森林生态系统常绿树种为对象,测定了油松（Pinus tabuliformis）和侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）叶片对大气污染物（SO₂、Cl₂）和土壤重金属污染物（Cu、Zn、As、Hg和Pb、Cd和Cr）的吸滞作用与富集作用。结果表明：油松和侧柏具有较强吸滞污染物的作用,对污染物的吸滞能力受环境污染程度、不同生长季节的污染元素种类等因素的影响。其中,油松在秋季对S、Cu、Zn、Pb和Hg具有较高的吸附能力,针叶中S、Cu、Zn、Pb和Hg含量平均值分别为2158.75、6.31、31.46、4.05 mg·kg-1和0.08 mg·kg-1;侧柏在秋季对Cu、Zn、Hg和Cd具有较高的吸附能力,叶片中Cu、Zn、Hg、Cd含量平均值分别为4.47、22.47、0.09 mg·kg-1和0.20 mg·kg-1;在不同立地条件下,油松和侧柏对污染物的吸滞与富集量有所差异,其中在土壤污染较重的石景山松林园样地,油松对大气污染物SO₂有较强的吸附能力,侧柏则表现出对Cl₂有较强的吸附能力。对重金属污染物而言,油松和侧柏对Cu、Pb、Cr和As有较高的富集作用。     

Heavy metals in aerosol samples from the Eastern Pamirs collected 2004–2006

This study measured the concentration of heavy metal elements in atmospheric aerosol samples collected between July 2004 and April 2006 at a remote site on Mt. Muztagata (38°17'N, 75°01'E, 4430 m), in the Eastern Pamirs. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP–MS) results show that the air at Muztagata contains low concentrations of As and heavy metal elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Bi), comparable with those in the Arctic — far lower than in heavily populated or industrialized areas. Observed enrichment factor (EF) values greater than 10 for those elements suggest partly anthropogenic sources. Seasonal variations in the concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Bi, and As resemble those of crustal Al, with greater concentrations during the summer but lower ones in winter. Our results reveal that the background atmosphere in remote inner Asia is only weakly affected by anthropogenic pollution, and demonstrate that high heavy metal concentrations occur during summer but with greater EF values during the winter. The air mass back-trajectory analyses suggest that pollution from West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia are the main possible source areas that contribute to the heavy metals in aerosols at Muztagata.     

Temperature changes the dynamics of trace element accumulation in Solanum tuberosum L.

A simulated warming manipulation was conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature increase on cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) accumulation in Solanum tuberosum L. at Dingxi, Gansu, in the semiarid northwest of China. The objective of this study was to determine if temperature increases significantly changed trace element concentrations and contents in the different ecosystem compartments by affecting soil content, soil solubility and plant capture. The results reveal that an increase in temperature will lead to a significant change in trace element concentrations and contents in Solanum tuberosum L. The strongest effects of a 3°C temperature increase are increased Cu, Zn and Fe leaf concentrations of 25, 27 and 24%, respectively; but decreases in Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn and Cu tuber concentrations of 27, 55, 41, 29 and 23%, respectively. The increasing concentrations of some trace elements in Solanum tuberosum L. leaves are related to greater retranslocation, photosynthetic capacity and growth. Warming decreases the concentrations of some trace elements in tubers, implying that tuber growth rate exceeds its metal uptake rate at higher temperatures. Indeed, it is expected that by the year 2050 the increased temperature will have induced a decrease of concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Fe and Zn of 9.1, 11.5, 18.5, 16.8 and 15.8%, respectively, in tubers in the study area. In addition, the results indicate that a 1–3°C increase in temperature will improve the availability of selected trace elements and transfer potential of these elements from soil to Solanum tuberosum L.     

Size Distributions and Elemental Compositions of Particulate Matter on Clear, Hazy and Foggy days in Beijing, China

Total suspended particulates(TSP)samples were collected using low pressure impactors(Andersen Series 20-800,USA)on typical clear,hazy and foggy days in Beijing in order to investigate the characteristics of size distributions and elemental compositions of particulate matter(PM)in different weather conditions. The concentrations of sixteen elements,including Na,Mg,Al,K,Ca,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Se,Cd,Ba,Tl and Pb were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The results showed that Ca,Al,Fe,Mg and Ba on foggy days were 2.0-2.6 times higher than on clear days,and 2.3-2.9 times higher than on hazy days.Concentrations of Cu,Zn,As,Se and Pb on foggy days were 163.5,1186.7,65.9,32.0 and 708.2 ng m-3,respectively,in fine particles,and 68.1,289.5,19.8,1.6 and 103.8 ng m-3,respectively,in coarse particles.This was 1.0-8.4 times higher and 1.4-7.4 times higher than on clear and hazy days,respectively.It is then shown that Mg,Al,Fe,Ca and Ba were mainly associated with coarse particles,peaking at 4.7-5.8μm;that Cd,Se,Zn,As,Tl and Pb were most dominant in fine particles,peaking at 0.43-1.1μm;and that Na,K,Ni,Cu and Mn had a multi-mode distribution,with peaks at 0.43-1.1μm and 4.7-5.8μm.The enrichment factors indicated that coal combustion along with vehicle and industry emissions may be the main sources of pollution elements.     

Vertical Distribution Patterns of Trace Elements in an Urban Environment as Reflected by their Accumulation in Lichen Transplants

The results of an investigation about the vertical distribution patterns of selected trace elements in an urban environment, as reflected by their accumulation in lichen transplants, are reported. Thalli of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea were transplanted in 2 sites in the urban area of Thessaloniki (N Greece), subjected to very different traffic loads: 1) Tsimiski, downtown of Thessaloniki, at one of the busiest streets of the city, a street canyon 2) Toumba, far from the city centre, at the edge of the city, at an open street. In each site, thalli were suspended along a vertical transect at 3, 6, 9 and 12 m, and retrieved after one year. The results showed that while at Toumba the elemental composition of lichen samples was essentially influenced by natural occurrence, mainly airborne soil dust, at Tsimiski also anthropogenic input of pollutants determined by vehicle traffic was involved for some elements such as Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The vertical distribution patterns of heavy metals accumulated in lichens showed that in general elevation has no statistically significant influence on the concentration of most metals, but this was not true for Pb, whose concentrations increased with increasing elevation from ground. Residents may thus be more exposed to high concentrations of Pb than pedestrians.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurozium schreberi</Emphasis> of the Tatra mountains (Poland) used as a bioindicational system for observing long range atmospheric transport of chemical elements

Concentrations of the elements Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were measured in the moss Pleurozium schreberi from the Tatra National Park, one of the most protected regions in Poland. The moss samples were collected at different elevations between 860 and 2220 m a.s.l. P. schreberi was used as bioindicator for long range transported atmospheric pollution investigating the hypothesis that elevation influences the concentrations of elements in this moss. Principal component and classification analysis (PCCA) distinguished between mosses from the highest and the lowest elevations and mosses from West/East oriented valleys. P. schreberi from the highest elevations contained the highest concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, V and Zn. P. schreberi from the lowest elevation contained the highest concentration of K. P. schreberi from West/East oriented valleys contained the highest concentrations of Ni and Co. P. schreberi from the Tatra National Park, one of the most protected areas in Poland, receives metals originating from long distance aerial transport.