医用PET系统技术概述

PET(正电子发射成像)是当今高层次的核医学技术。它综合了核技术、核电子学、计算机、数据处理等领域中的尖端技术,是当前医学界最先进的大型医疗诊断成像设备之一,在肿瘤、心血管疾病和神经系统疾病的临床诊断中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文以国产32环高档临床PET为例,较详细地介绍了PET设备的工作原理、总体基本结构及各子系统基本功能,对PET整机性能及其临床应用也做了简述。     

全景PET/CT的研究进展及轴向视场的新突破

正电子发射计算机断层成像技术（PET）是一种基于功能改变的显像技术,能够通过特定的示踪剂在体内的分布特点来反映体内某方面的功能代谢水平。近年来,PET诊断得到了越来越多的临床认可,其显像系统也发展迅速,多种功能PET仪器相继推出,2017年国内推出了全球首台全景动态扫描PET/CT（轴向视场为196.6 cm）。本文将对近年来PET/CT的技术发展和全景动态扫描PET/CT研究突破进行相关综述。      

影像学诊断罕见发生于鼻咽部的颈部坏死性筋膜炎临床案例分析

本文介绍1例罕见的发生于鼻咽部的颈部坏死性筋膜炎（CNF）。该患者以顽固性慢性化脓性中耳炎就诊,进行包括CT、MRI及PET/CT在内的影像学检查,均误诊为鼻咽癌。最终该患者通过鼻咽肿物活检术确诊为CNF。本文通过回顾性分析该患者的影像学表现及误诊原因,总结出CT、MRI、PET/CT在CNF早期诊断中的特征和要点,为其临床精准诊断提供重要的帮助。      

SPECT/CT的最新应用进展

SPECT/CT是继PET/CT之后迅速推出的新型分子影像设备。它利用单光子核素,并借助CT的功能,同时能提供脏器、组织精细的形态解剖和功能代谢信息,为疾病的定位和定性诊断提供客观依据。与PET、PET/CT相比更具有普及、推广和广泛开展临床应用的实用价值,是一种新的分子影像技术。     

PET/CT新技术应用

PET/CT将PET与CT整合为一体化,是功能显像和解剖显像的有机结合.为了获取经济效益,PET/CT必须在不增加治疗费用的同时具有精确的诊断性,并对患者的治疗方案作出有效的指导.PET/CT由于采用了3D采集与单纯PET相比缩短了图像采集时间,从而使病人的要求得到更大程度的满足,同时也增加了病人的舒适程度,减少了由于采集过程中病人活动导致的出错机率.PET/CT在临床上主要应用于肿瘤学、心脏病学及神经精神医学等领域,在上述领域的中其诊断精确性优势是其他显像方法不可比拟的.在指导肿瘤治疗方面,PET/CT可以通过改善患者的治疗决策而具有重要的卫生经济学价值.     

CT在新型冠状病毒肺炎诊断与鉴别诊断中的应用价值

新型冠状病毒肺炎已在全世界多个国家暴发,如何提升早期筛查率成为疫情防控的重点。计算机断层扫描（CT）在中国新冠肺炎的早期筛查及疾病监测中发挥了重要作用,因此,提升广大影像医生对肺炎诊断的准确性尤其重要。本文旨在述评CT在新冠肺炎筛查中的应用价值、诊断及鉴别诊断要点,比较新冠肺炎与其他病毒性肺炎、细菌性肺炎等的CT表现差别,以期在今后的疫情防控中CT可以发挥更好的作用,帮助即早发现并隔离病患。      

医学图像归档与传输系统（PACS）

概述：PACS（PictureArchivingandCommunicationSystems）即图像归档与传输系统,是医院的医学图像信息管理系统,图像主要来源于医院的放射医疗设备（如X-CT、UFCT、MAI机以及PET等）。传统的放射科医生的诊断方式主要是根据由特定影像设备产生的胶片,凭借医生多年的诊断经验判断是否有病变及其具体情况。这种利用胶片的诊断和存储方式随着影像设备的不断更新换代已经越来越不适应医院的管理发展需要。随着计算机技术的飞速发展,使用计算机取代胶片保存手段应用于医院管理的想法已产生了,PACS正是这种思想发展的结果。PACS…     

遥感技术在我国矿产资源预测评价中的应用

遥感技术作为有效的辅助手段应用于矿产资源预测已有多年历史.随着遥感技术的发展,遥感技术的作用将会变得越来越重要.本文综合叙述了遥感技术在资源预测评价中的应用现状以及应用方法,并对将来遥感技术在资源预测中的应用前景进行了展望.     

正常脑老化进程中脑局部葡萄糖代谢减低的规律

目的:利用统计参数图(SPM)分析正常人脑PET图像,研究正常脑老化进程中脑局部葡萄糖代谢减低的规律.方法:将266例(21～87岁)健康体检者的PET脑图像,按年龄以10岁为一个年龄段,分成7个组.在Matlab平台上用SPM2软件对7个组中每相邻两组进行组间分析,并以20～29岁组作为基准,其他各年龄组分别与该基准组进行比较,设统计学检验显著性阈值P为0.001.结果:SPM分析显示:①随着年龄的增长,全脑代谢减低区范围逐渐扩大,且程度逐渐加重,于70～79岁时达到高峰,80岁以后代谢减低进程有所减慢;②随着年龄的增长,不同脑区出现代谢减低的时间段不同:40岁之前未见明显代谢减低区;40～49岁仅有左侧额叶出现很小范围的代谢减低,是最先出现代谢减低的脑区;50～59岁右侧额叶、右侧顶叶和前扣带回出现代谢减低;60～69岁双侧顶叶和尾状核出现代谢减低;③随着年龄的增长,不同脑区代谢减低的程度不同:按程度由高到低依次为双侧额叶、前扣带回、双侧顶叶、尾状核头、双侧颞叶及小脑;④各年龄段均未见双侧枕叶、后扣带回、壳核和丘脑出现代谢减低.结论:脑老化进程中,正常人脑葡萄糖代谢减低的程度和范围与年龄呈正相关;不同脑区出现代谢减低的时间段不同,左侧额叶是最早出现代谢减低的脑区;不同脑区代谢减低的程度不同, 其中以双侧额叶及前扣带回代谢减低最为明显.     

地质灾害监测星载SAR卫星数据源参数选取研究

随着SAR遥感应用越来越广,数据源的可选性越来越多,如何选取合适SAR数据源至关重要.本文分析了SAR影像回波强度影响因素,在此基础上从卫星拍摄飞行方向、入射角、波长、极化类型、产品类型等参数选择方面进行论述,从而得到SAR卫星数据用于高山峡谷区地质灾害形变监测时的参数选择方案,最终达到保证数据源质量,保障监测效果的目的.本文研究内容对采用SAR遥感数据源进行地质灾害的早期识别与动态监测选用合适数据源提供技术支持,并具有重要的参考价值.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.