青藏高原东北缘六盘山盆地烃源岩的地球化学特征

在前人认识的基础上,依据近年来的勘探成果,对六盘山烃源岩进行了评价分析,发现目前较明确的3套主要烃源岩中,白垩系下统的乃家河组、马东山组和李洼峡组源岩在盆地内分布较广,除北部埋藏较浅的区域未成熟外,大部分已趋于成熟。石炭系也是重要的源岩,由于埋藏较深,后期改造作用大,应以找气为勘查目标。三叠系烃源岩成熟度较好,但分布范围局限,勘探潜力受到影响。盆地的诸多油气显示及地面油气异常响应特征,充分证实了该盆地具有烃类的生成、运移和聚集的过程。整个盆地的油气地球化学异常响应特征明显,油气苗显示丰富,分布广泛。地球化学勘探测量发现了盆地内有3个近东西向展布的油气地球化学异常区带。根据三维荧光光谱图,对油气属性进行了判别,均表现为轻质油的地球化学特性。     

Geochemical characterization of source rock from the north bank area,upper Assam basin

The study area is confined to a part of upper Assam basin, north of river Brahmaputra (north bank). Seven exploratory wells have been drilled in this part of the basin in order to probe the hydrocarbon prospects of the area. The exploratory efforts did not indicate significant hydrocarbon prospects in the north bank. Since the presence of source rock is an important component of the petroleum system, a detailed systematic study of source rock potential was carried out by analysing known source rock intervals in these seven wells. In the present study, Rock-Eval pyrolysis combined with specific geochemical analyses like GC and TLCFID has been used to characterise the source rocks, their distribution and thermal maturity of the organic matter. The source rocks in the area show mainly Type III, land-plant derived organic matter along with some Type II organic matter. They are predominantly gas prone in nature, although mixed and oil-prone source rocks are occasionally present. Although source rock intervals have been identified in the Langpar, Sylhet limestone and Kopili formations, the Barail Group and the Tipam sandstone Formation, the bulk of the source rock occurs within the Kopili Formation. Geochemical analyses of the cores indicate oil signatures at certain depths, although no commercial oil was discovered. The hydrocarbon generation potential of these source rocks are constrained by low maturity at the presently drilled depths.     

楚雄盆地烃源岩有机地化特征及综合评价

对楚雄盆地各组段烃源岩的厚度分布特征、地化特征及成熟度特征分别进行静态研究，对各组段烃源岩的优劣及生烃潜力作出了综合评价，并预测了各区块的油气勘探前景。     

Petroleum system analysis of the Hammerfest Basin (southwestern Barents Sea): Comparison of basin modelling and geochemical data

Exploration in the Hammerfest Basin, southwestern Barents Sea, has proven several petroleum systems and plays with the presence of multiple source rocks of mainly Jurassic and Triassic age. To date several fields and discoveries have been found and are described to mainly contain gaseous hydrocarbons with the presence, in some cases, of an oil leg.Our 3D Hammerfest Basin model shows that the Jurassic Hekkingen Formation and the Triassic Snadd and Kobbe formations reached high maturity levels (gas window) in the western and the northwestern margin. At the same time, this model reproduces the main hydrocarbon accumulations that have been found in the basin. An analysis of the volumetrics and the proportion of oil and gas contributions to each field and discovery, suggests that the gas contribution stems mainly from Triassic source rocks, while the oil phases contain variable proportions from the Jurassic Hekkingen Formation and Triassic source rocks.Gas isotope and maturity related biomarker ratios confirm the maturity trends derived from the basin modelling results. Light hydrocarbons indicate the influence of secondary processes (biodegradation and long distance migration) in the petroleum from the Goliat field and the Tornerose discovery. Age related biomarker ratios such as the ETR (extended tricyclic terpane ratio) and the C₂₈/C₂₉ steranes ratio did not provide a clear separation when evaluating a contribution from Jurassic vs. Triassic source rocks.     

青藏措勤盆地下白垩统烃源岩中可溶有机质的地球化学特征

应用生物标志物分析技术、结合其它地化资料,对青藏高原措勤盆地下白垩统多巴组、郎山组烃源岩,进行了有机质的丰度,生源构成,沉积环境、成熟度及成油潜力等方面的初步研究。研究结果表明,该盆地下白垩统暗色碳酸盐岩的有机质丰度中等,类型较好,成熟度适中,具备了形成油气的条件。为该区进一步开展油气勘探工作提供了可靠的依据。     

珠江口盆地文昌A凹陷烃源岩特征及热成熟演化史

在烃源岩分布特征及有机质丰度、类型和成熟度分析的基础上,运用含油气盆地数值模拟技术,定量恢复了烃源岩热成熟演化史.研究表明,文昌A凹陷各层系烃源岩分布广,厚度大,有机质丰度高;有机质类型文昌组偏Ⅱ1型,恩平组偏Ⅲ型,二者现今多处于高成熟—过成熟阶段.凹陷内烃源岩成熟时间早（文昌组约45.5 Ma）,成熟度高,以干气生成为主;凹陷边缘烃源岩成熟时间较晚（文昌组约30.0 Ma）,成熟度相对较低,以石油生成为主.凹陷内气藏及凹陷边缘油藏的分布格局受制于有机质类型差异和不同的热演化史.气藏的天然气来自文昌组石油裂解气以及恩平组自身生成的天然气,油藏的石油来自文昌组和恩平组,且油气勘探的方向：凹陷内以天然气为主,边缘以石油为主.     

苏丹Muglad盆地Fula坳陷油气地球化学特征与成藏意义

Fula坳陷位于Muglad盆地东北部,面积约5 000 km2,FN油田是该坳陷最大的亿吨级油田。油气储层主要为白垩系Abu Gabra、Bentiu和Aradeiba组。应用油藏地球化学的方法对FN油田的成藏期次进行了探讨。FN油田Abu Gabra、Bentiu和Aradeiba组原油特征相似,来源于同一套烃源岩,原油既表现出正构烷烃、藿烷、甾烷系列分布完整等正常油特征,又表现出色谱基线抬升、高峰度UCM、25 降藿烷出现等生物降解油特征,这些特征表明FN油田经历了至少两期成藏过程,早期充注的原油遭受生物降解后又接受后期成熟度较高的原油充注。根据构造演化、埋藏史和生排烃史可以研究生烃期次及油气成藏特征。Abu Gabra组烃源岩发生了两次生烃作用,第一次生烃作用发生在晚白垩世,Ro达到0.6%以上,进入生排烃作用阶段,晚白垩世末构造抬升作用使这次生烃产物遭受较为严重的生物降解;第二次生烃作用发生在古近纪,Abu Gabra组烃源岩进入生油高峰阶段,是本区最重要的一次生油作用和成藏过程,与该次成藏事件相关的构造圈闭是Fula坳陷油气勘探的重点。     

东海盆地椒江凹陷古新统烃源岩地球化学特征及生烃历史

为揭示东海盆地椒江凹陷油气勘探潜力,基于地球化学和盆地数值模拟方法对古新统月桂峰组、灵峰组和明月峰组烃源岩开展生烃能力和生烃过程研究.结果表明,月桂峰组和灵峰组泥岩有机质丰度高,以Ⅱ型干酪根为主,为水生生物和陆源高等植物混合来源,且形成于偏还原环境.夹有薄层炭质泥岩和煤的明月峰组泥岩有机质丰度低,以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,为陆源高等植物来源且形成于氧化环境.古新世至始新世,椒江凹陷大幅度沉降且古热流较高,是古新统烃源岩热演化程度增加的主要时期.受埋藏史和成熟度史共同控制,月桂峰组和灵峰组经历了2次生烃作用,第1次发生在古新世晚期,第2次发生在始新世中期至晚期,生烃强度高.明月峰组仅在始新世末期经历了1次生烃作用,生烃强度低.椒江凹陷古新统烃源岩生烃潜力强,具有广阔的油气勘探前景,应围绕生烃中心尤其是月桂峰组生烃中心选择形成于中新世之前的有效圈闭进行钻探.      

Generation of hydrocarbons in the burial history of Silurian formations in the Libyan part of the Ghadames Basin

Burial history, temperature variations, and organic matter maturation in the sedimentary rocks in the Ghadames Basin were numerically reconstructed using the GALO system for basin modeling taking into account repeated tectonic (stretching) and thermal activation events in the basin lithosphere. The modeling improved the reconstruction of the thermal history of the basin and hydrocarbon generation potential compared with previous model estimates based on the assumption of a constant temperature gradient during the whole period of basin development. In particular, the results of modeling suggest that the amplitude of Cenozoic erosion was smaller than that proposed in previous studies. The central part of the Ghadames Basin, which was considered in this study, is the western part of the Libyan sector of the basin, which underwent intense subsidence reaching 4000 m already in the Carboniferous. Given the relatively active thermal history of the basin, the modeling suggests high degrees of organic maturity in the source rocks of the Lower Silurian in the modern section of the basin and confirms the high generation potential of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in these formations. Significant hydrocarbon generation has occurred there since the Late Carboniferous. On the other hand, the generation potential of the Late Devonian (Frasnian) sequences is limited and strongly dependent on burial depth. The main stage of hydrocarbon generation in these rocks coincided with the Cenozoic thermal activation of the basin lithosphere. In all the areas considered, the oil window overlaps a significant portion of the modern sedimentary section of the Ghadames Basin.     

湖相碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机显微组分分类及其岩石学特征——以酒西盆地为例

酒西盆地主力烃源岩为下白垩统下沟组和赤金堡组暗色半深湖相-深湖相的白云质泥岩和泥质白云岩,是典型的湖相碳酸盐岩烃源岩。通过对酒西盆地下白垩统二百多块湖相碳酸盐岩烃源岩详细的有机岩石学研究,解剖了湖相碳酸盐岩烃源岩中有机质的赋存形式,揭示了藻纹层为有机质纹层的主要发育形式,其与富泥晶白云石纹层和富粘土纹层构成湖相碳酸盐岩烃源岩特有的"三元式纹层"沉积结构,系统总结了各显微组分的光性、成因、生烃性及分布规律,提出了以全岩和干酪根为基础的湖相碳酸盐岩有机显微组分分类方案,首次鉴定出对酒西盆地油气有贡献的主要生烃组分为腐泥无定形体、腐殖无定形体以及浮游藻类体、孢粉体、壳屑体五种有机显微组分。     

莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地成藏条件的比较及天然气勘探方向

莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地常被合称为莺琼盆地，但二者的天然气成藏条件明显不同，莺歌海盆地第三－第四系巨厚，老第三纪崖城组和陵水组强烈过成熟，有效源岩为新第三纪三亚组和梅山组，而琼东南盆地的主要源岩为崖城组和陵水组，上第三系的生烃强度较低；尽管莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地均为超压盆地，但莺歌海盆地强超压和右旋张扭应力场的共同作用导致超压囊顶部破裂并发育底辟，实现了超压流体包括天然气的垂向集中排放，而琼东南盆地总体上仍为侧向分散流体系统。莺歌海盆地的重要勘探领域是与底辟有关的圈闭，而琼东南盆地的主要勘探领域应为与下第三系源岩具有良好输导通道的上第三系岩性－构造复合圈闭或下第三系构造圈闭。     

吐哈盆地台北凹陷上二叠统源岩生烃潜力分析

台北凹陷装腔作势不罗系是目前吐哈盆地获取新增储量最有利的接替区，但因埋藏深，地震反射信号弱，层位难以识别和追踪而无法确定源岩分布及生烃规模，通过对鲁克沁构造带稠油的油源分析，证实了台北凹陷深层不仅在二叠系生油岩，而且生烃潜力及资源规模巨大，并已发生过多期油气生成，聚集。     

北羌塘盆地侏罗系布曲组烃源岩地球化学特征及意义

布曲组海相碳酸盐岩是北羌塘盆地发育的重要的烃源岩之一。笔者从有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度,尤其是生物标志物特征等方面揭示了北羌塘盆地侏罗系布曲组烃源岩地球化学特征。研究结果表明,该烃源岩的发育环境为海相还原环境,有机质母质主要为低等水生生物为主兼有一定高等植物的输入,有机质热演化程度高,处于高成熟阶段。     

Petrography and major element geochemistry of the Permo-Triassic sandstones, central India: Implications for provenance in an intracratonic pull-apart basin

Detrital mode, composition of feldspars and heavy minerals, and major element chemistry of sandstones from the Permo-Triassic succession in the intracratonic Satpura Gondwana basin, central India have been used to investigate provenance. The Talchir Formation, the lowermost unit of the succession, comprises glacio-marine and glacio-fluvial deposits. The rest of the succession (base to top) comprising the Barakar, Motur, Bijori, Pachmarhi and Denwa formations, largely represent variety of fluvial depositional systems with minor fluvio-deltaic and fluvio-lacustrine sedimentation under a variety of climatic conditions including cold, warm, arid, sub-humid and semi-arid. QFL compositions of the sandstones indicate a predominantly continental block provenance and stable cratonic to fault-bounded basement uplift tectonic setting. Compositional maturity of sandstones gradually increases upwards from the Early Permian Talchir to the Middle Triassic Denwa but is punctuated by a sharp peak of increased maturity in the Barakar sandstones. This temporal change in maturity was primarily controlled by temporal variation in fault-induced basement uplift in the craton and was also influenced by climatic factors. Plots of different quartz types suggest plutonic source rocks for the Talchir sandstones and medium-to high-rank metamorphic plus plutonic source rocks for the younger sandstones. Composition of alkali feldspars in the Permo-Triassic sandstones and in different Precambrian rocks suggests sediment derivation from felsic igneous and metasedimentary rocks. Compositions of plagioclase in the Talchir and Bijori sandstones are comparable with those of granite, acid volcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the Precambrian basement suggesting the latter as possible source. Rare presence of high-K plagioclase in the Talchir sandstones, however, indicates minor contribution from volcanic source rock. Exclusively plagioclase-bearing metasedimentary rock, tonalite gneiss and mafic rocks are the probable sources of plagioclase in the Upper Denwa sandstones. Quartz-rich nature of the sandstones, predominance of K-feldspar over plagioclase and albite rich character of plagioclase in the sandstones is consistent with deposition in an intracratonic, pull-apart basin like the Satpura Gondwana basin. Composition of garnet and its comparison with that from the Precambrian basement rocks suggests mica-schist and amphibolite as possible sources. Predominance of dravite variety of tourmaline in the Permian sandstones suggests sediment supply from metasedimentary rocks. Presence of both dravite and schorl variety of tourmaline in subequal amount in the Triassic sandstones indicates sediment derivation from granitic and metasedimentary rocks. However, schorl-bearing rocks are absent in the basement complex of the study area. A-CN-K plot suggests granites, acid volcanic rock and meta-sediments of the basement as possible sources of the Talchir sandstones and metasedimentary rocks for the Barakar to Pachmarhi sandstones. The Denwa sandstones were possibly derived from K-feldspar-free, plagioclase-bearing metasediments, mafic rocks and tonalite gneiss. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values suggest low intensity source rock weathering for the Talchir sandstones and higher intensity source rock weathering for the others. Various bivariate plots of major oxides composition of the sandstones suggest passive to active continental margin setting and even arc tectonic setting for a few samples.     

Change in the degree of catagenesis and hydrocarbon generation in the sedimentary rocks of the South Sumatra Basin,Indonesia

Temperature and catagenetic history of the South Sumatra Basin in Indonesia is considered by the example of the sedimentary sequence of the Limau graben during its subsidence from the Oligocene to the present time. GALO system for basin modeling was applied for numerical reconstruction of six sedimentary successions in the area of holes Pandan-81, Petanang-1, Tepus-2, Tepus-1, Gambir-1, and Lembak-8 located along the profile cutting across the Limau graben. Modeling suggests significant cooling of the basemen for the last 15–20 Ma from the high initial heat flow of 105 mW/m², which is typical of axial zones of continental rifting, and significant heating of the basin lithosphere during the last 2–5 Ma. Examination of variations in tectonic subsidence of the basin confirms the possible extension of the lithosphere in the Oligocene-Miocene with an amplitude β increasing from 1.12 on the flanks of the Limau graben (Hole Lembak-8) to 1.32 in the central part of the graben (Tepus-1 and 2), Tectonic analysis indicates also the notable thermal activation of the basin in the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene. This activation is consistent with the high temperature gradient typical of the present-day sedimentary cover of the basin. Numerical modeling of the evolution of the organic matter maturity and hydrocarbon generation by main source formations of the basin confirms good prospects of the inferred source formations (Lemat, Talang Akar, and Gumai) of the South Sumatra basin for the generation of liquid hydrocarbons (HC) in the Limau Graben. It is also demonstrated that the source rocks of the Lemat Formation are ore-generating rocks in the main part of the Limau graben and are gas-generating rocks only in the deepest portions of the graben. The rocks at the base and roof of the Talang Akar Formation could be considered as highly oil-generating rocks, probably except for the upper horizons of the formation in the shallowest portions of the graben (Hole Lembak-8). Oil generation reached peak in the last 5–10 Ma. Modeling showed that intense oil generation by the Gumai Formation may be significant in the most part of the Limau graben and negligible only in the distant flanks of the graben (Hole Lembak-8).     

羌塘盆地中生界含油气系统特征

羌塘盆地位于青藏高原中北部,具有广泛的中生代海相沉积。羌塘盆地中生代具有发育良好、分布广泛的烃源岩,其中上三叠统的肖茶卡组、中侏罗统布曲组和夏里组有机质类型好,丰度高,成熟度高,埋藏较好,其生油量巨大,是盆地油气的主要来源之一。羌塘盆地储集层和盖层发育,储盖层性能优越。根据Magoon的含油气系统理论,把羌塘盆地含油气系统分为3套:肖茶卡组(T3x)、布曲组(J2 b)和索瓦组(J3s)含油气系统,其关键时刻主要有:a.侏罗纪末—早白垩世早期;b.新近纪沉积之后,生储盖时空配置好。      

地质条件下湖相烃源岩生排烃效率与模式

烃源岩排烃研究是油气地球化学研究中最薄弱的环节,而排烃效率又是准确评价常规油气与非常规页岩油气资源的关键参数。目前对于烃源岩排烃效率的认识差异很大,尚未建立完整的各种类型有机质湖相烃源岩在地质条件下生排烃效率与模式。本文以中国渤海湾、松辽等4个大型湖相含油气盆地以及酒泉青西凹陷、泌阳凹陷等9个中小型湖相富油盆地/断陷为对象,通过15000余个湖相烃源岩样品在自然热演化过程中热解生烃潜力指数的变化研究,揭示了湖相烃源岩在地质条件下的生排烃特征,构建了湖相烃源岩在地质条件下的生排烃效率与模型。无论是大型湖相沉积盆地还是中小型断陷盆地,甚至是盐湖相沉积盆地,烃源岩生排烃特征基本一致。随着成熟度的增高,湖相烃源岩排烃效率逐渐增高,在低成熟阶段排烃效率较低,在成熟与高成熟阶段具有高或很高的排烃效率。Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型有机质类型烃源岩排烃模式相似,相对排烃效率在低成熟阶段小于45%,成熟生油高峰时达85%~90%,至生油窗下限时达90%以上;累积排烃效率在低成熟阶段小于10%,生油高峰时达50%~60%,生油窗下限时达75%~85%,主要的排烃阶段在镜质组反射率0.7%~1.2%之间,生油窗阶段生成并排出了绝大部分烃类。湖相Ⅲ型有机质烃源岩排烃效率明显低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ型有机质烃源岩,生油窗阶段累积排烃效率仅为50%左右,主要生排烃阶段在镜质组反射率0.8%~2.0%之间。控制湖相烃源岩排烃量和排烃效率的主要因素是有机质丰度、类型和成熟度,而盆地类型、断裂发育程度、烃源岩沉积环境、相邻输导层孔渗条件等因素均不影响烃源岩排烃与排烃效率。     

羌塘盆地油气勘探前景展望

羌塘盆地为中生代大型的海相残留型构造盆地。盆地的南北缝合带及中央隆起带,宏观上可视为三条构造活动带,其间所夹持的两个相对稳定的地块,特别是南、北坳陷中部的两个复向斜区,是油气勘探的主攻方向。上三叠统—上侏罗统是盆地内的沉积主体,“两坳夹一隆”的古构造格局控制了沉积和烃源层的发育和展布。生物礁、滩多分布在高隆起周缘的碳酸盐岩台地上,发育于各组段中,但以侏罗系布曲组及索瓦组相对集中。盆地内发育有上三叠统肖茶卡组、中侏罗统布曲组和夏里组以及上侏罗统索瓦组四套主要烃源层,估算盆地的总生烃量为9930.92×108t,远景资源量为52.95×108t,具有雄厚的找油物质基础。盆地内发育了四套生储盖组合,其中以侏罗系(组合Ⅲ)布曲组—夏里组亚组合最好,是盆地主要的勘探目的层。应用多种方法综合研究和评价认为,北羌塘坳陷金星湖—东湖—托纳木地区和南羌塘坳陷比洛错东—土门地区是最有利的含油气远景区。     

松辽盆地双城-太平川地区烃源岩生烃潜力评价

双城-太平川地区为松辽盆地北部重要的油气勘探区域,通过对该区青1段、青2 3段、嫩1段和侏罗系暗色泥岩的有机质丰度和成熟度的综合分析,结果表明成熟的青1段泥岩是该地区最主要的烃源岩,青2 3段有局部的生烃贡献,嫩1段的生烃意义有限,侏罗系只能作为煤成气烃源岩。利用热演化程度参数推断出该区源岩的生烃模式和两个生烃高峰阶段。在此基础上,通过对不同构造单元的青1段泥岩生烃潜力与成熟度的综合评价,明确了该区3个有利的青1段生烃方位。     

苏丹穆格莱德盆地油气地质新进展与勘探新领域

苏丹穆格莱德盆地Bentiu组-Aradeiba组主力成藏组合构造油气藏勘探进入成熟期,可钻探圈闭日趋减少,勘探难度越来越大。通过成藏地质条件研究,结合近期的勘探实践,提出了浅层次生油藏、岩性油藏、基岩潜山油藏和天然气藏等4个勘探新领域;同时,明确了下步勘探的有利方向,即：Kaikang凹陷断阶带及凹陷内部的古突起是继续寻找浅层次生油藏的有利区,Fula凹陷、Bamboo凹陷、Sufyan凹陷及Neem南斜坡等地区是寻找岩性油藏的有利区,凹陷斜坡区或低部位被Abu Gabra组二段或四段烃源岩整体覆盖的潜山圈闭是寻找基岩潜山油藏的有利目标,Neem地区、Fula-Moga构造带、Sharaf-Abu Gabra构造带、Sufyan凹陷中央构造带Abu Gabra组五段构造圈闭是寻找大中型天然气藏的有利目标。