岔路河断陷万昌-梁家构造带万昌组沉积相和油气成藏特征

万昌构造带和梁家构造带是岔路河断陷的两个重要油气聚集带,在形成演化过程中,万昌构造带受到东南缘控盆断裂的控制,而梁家构造带受Ⅱ号断层的控制,导致了砂体的沉积相差异。岩心、测井和地震资料研究表明,浅层万昌组地层中,万昌构造带主要发育扇三角洲砂体,梁家构造带主要发育水下扇砂体,砂体的连续性和储集物性较好,尤其是离物源较近的分流河道和辫状沟道砂体的孔渗较高,深层双阳组、奢岭组、永吉组发育较好的烃源岩,控盆断裂及其衍生的一系列断层有助于油气的运移和封闭,油气成藏条件较好。     

盐北地区百口泉组沉积体系及储集特征

通过对环玛湖凹陷盐北地区百口泉组储集层样品岩石薄片、铸体薄片鉴定及重矿物、粒度、x-衍射和岩石物性分析,在微观分析基础上,与高精度层序地层学、地震沉积学和石油地质学相结合,对该区沉积体系及储集特征进行研究,明确研究区物源方向、沉积相类型和分布演化特征,确定有利储集相带。研究表明,盐北地区百口泉组物源分北部、东北和东部3个方向,层序上整体为一个水进体系域,主要发育扇三角洲沉积体系。在百一段至百三段持续湖侵过程中,扇三角洲平原面积逐渐缩小,扇三角洲前缘和滨浅湖范围逐渐扩大。扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂砾岩相、河口坝砂岩相储层物性较好,是优质储层发育的物质基础,也是该区有利储集相带。     

东营凹陷青南地区沙四上亚段物源沉积体系与滩坝分布

滩坝砂岩是近年来东营凹陷沙四上亚段油气勘探活跃且成效显著的一类隐蔽岩性地层油气藏,但在青南地区,由于缺乏对物源沉积体系的系统研究,对滩坝的分布范围和规模认识不足,制约了该区的精细勘探和储量升级。通过砂岩重矿物组合和泥岩特征元素比值分布模式的综合物源分析认为,北部物源主要供应方向为西南方向,南部物源主要供应方向为西北方向和正北方向,且南部物源影响范围显著大于北部物源,并将南北物源的混合区域限定在X7井-Wx583井-W58井-W126井-L74井-Wx119井-L108井-L2井-L64井-Lx63井连线一带;通过岩石学和测井研究在研究区划分出冲积扇、三角洲、湖泊、重力流4种沉积体系和近岸水下扇、扇三角洲、河流三角洲、湖泊和深水浊积扇5种沉积相类型;通过物源控制下的沉积相连井对比和不同砂组时期沉积相的平面分布研究,厘清了物源沉积体系的演化特征和各类砂体,特别是滩坝的分布范围和规模,为油田的精细勘探提供依据。青南地区沙四上亚段滩坝主要来自南部物源,其发育规模仅次于河流三角洲,发育层位遍及整个沙四上亚段,单个砂组的发育规模受同时期河流三角洲发育规模的影响较大,受扇三角洲发育规模的影响较小:河流三角洲发育规模较大但扇三角洲不发育的纯下3砂组-纯上4砂组时期,滩坝发育规模较大;河流三角洲发育规模逐渐缩小但扇三角洲发育规模逐渐增大的纯上3砂组-纯上1砂组时期,滩坝发育规模也逐渐减小。     

伊通盆地二号断层与西拉木伦河断裂带及油气的关系

利用重力、航磁、电法和地震资料,结合区域构造地质特征,对伊通盆地二号断层研究认为:二号断层是西拉木伦河断裂带向吉林省东部延伸的一部分。佳木斯-伊通地堑的左旋活动将西拉木伦河断裂带错断,在地堑内保留的西拉木伦河断裂带的一部分作为伊通盆地的基底断层。该断层继承性活动,断层两侧地层发生差异性沉降,逐渐演化为现今的二号断层。作为伊通盆地内一条最重要的同沉积断层,二号断层控制其上下盘地层的沉积和油气成藏。二号断层与其上盘构成陡坡断裂坡折带,控制上盘的沉积物分布;同时断穿基底,沟通下部双阳组和奢岭组的油气源。二号断层早期开启有利于运移油气,晚期盆地反转时封闭,对梁家构造带的油气藏保存起积极作用。     

赵凹油田安棚区核三下段的沉积模式

在对赵凹油田安棚深层系核（核桃园组）三下段砂体的研究中，从岩性特征，结构和成分成熟,沉只构造及古生物特征等方面总经了该区沉积的相标志，结合研究区的沉积背景，笔者认为该区沉积环境为扇三角洲相，并进一步划分了亚相和同相，提出了研究区扇三角洲相的沉积模式，并对扇三角洲砂体的类型进行了研究。该区发育扇三角洲前缘亚相和前扇三角洲两种亚相，近岸水道和远岸水道微相比较发育；距离物源较近，沉积物搬运距离短，沉积物粒度较粗，结构成熟度和成分成熟度较低，水动力较强，在砾岩和粗砂岩中发育有块状层理，平行层理和交错层理，砂体类型对储集层物性有明显的控制作用。     

新疆克拉玛依油田八区上二叠统下乌尔禾组河控型扇三角洲沉积

从岩心、薄片等实际资料着手,结合EMI成像测井等现代技术研究,认为新疆克拉玛依油田八区上二叠统下乌尔禾组属河控型扇三角洲相沉积,并识别出两种亚相和9种微相：2种亚相是扇三角洲平原和扇三角洲前缘亚相,而前扇三角洲不发育。9种微相是辫状河道沉积、漫流沉积、泥石流沉积、筛滤沉积、水下分流河道沉积、水下分流河道间沉积、水下天然堤沉积、碎屑流沉积及颗粒流沉积。同时,以成像测井资料为主要依据,结合岩石粒度及成分特征分析,表明研究区下乌尔禾组5个时期的物源方向不尽一致,表现为从早到晚,由第5亚期至第1亚期,物源方向由以西南方向为主,逐渐变为以西北为主。与物源变化相对应,沉积相也呈现有规律的变化。本文在对沉积相进行详尽研究的基础上,深入解剖了克拉玛依油田上二叠统下乌尔禾组的沉积微相特征,阐明了沉积相的展布和演化。     

扇三角洲沉积体系高精度层序地层学研究

以东营凹陷胜北断层下降盘坨76块沙四上亚段扇三角洲沉积体为例,对扇三角洲沉积体系下的高精度层序地层学进行了研究。经过分析认为,在扇三角洲沉积体系中的高精度层序地层单元划分为准层序组、准层序、层组、层四级,并对准层序和层组的类型和对比方法进行了总结。将扇三角洲沉积体系中的层组类型划分为Fu、Cu和Cu-Fu三大类,准层序类型划分为Fu-Fu、Cu-Fu、Cu-Cu三大类,同时总结出了沿物源方向的相序递变和垂直物源方向的侵蚀切割对比2种准层序和层组对比模式。     

江苏高邮凹陷古近系戴南组一段物源体系和沉积相

对碎屑组分和重矿物的分析结果表明,高邮凹陷戴南组一段沉积时期,北部斜坡带的花庄、富民 北部和永安地区沉积物来自柘垛低凸起方向,联盟庄和马家嘴地区沉积物来自菱塘桥低凸起方向;南部陡坡带 沉积物来自通扬隆起,周庄地区沉积物来自东部物源区。戴一段沉积物母岩岩性以中-低级变质岩为主,中酸 性火山岩的分布较基性火山岩要广,深成岩较少或没有。根据岩心观察、录测井资料分析,及研究区物源体系 特征,认为高邮凹陷戴南组一段沉积时期,发育扇三角洲、三角洲、近岸水下扇和湖泊沉积。凹陷北部斜坡带 地形坡度较缓,来自柘垛低凸起和菱塘桥低凸起方向的沉积物呈点物源形式沿水下河道在缓坡带形成三角洲沉 积,物源供给量的差异导致三角洲朵体大小不同;凹陷南部陡坡带地形高差较大,在湖岸临近高地发育多条水 下河道,沉积物被剥蚀后呈多物源形式就近入湖沉积,加之母岩类型差异,在湖盆陡坡带形成近岸水下扇、扇 三角洲沉积体;凹陷西南部因汉留断层的存在造成三角洲前缘与前三角洲的高差,使原沉积的三角洲前缘沉积 物发生滑塌,并以线状物源形式在较深水处形成滑塌浊积扇;凹陷中部和砂岩及砂砾岩沉积体的侧翼和远端受 构造活动影响较小,物源供给不充分,发育湖泊相沉积。     

伊通盆地梁家构造带扇体预测及成藏条件分析

伊通盆地梁家构造带为富油区带,多口井获工业油气流,油气成藏主控因素为构造背景下的岩性油藏。由于梁家构造带源近流短,储层横向变化快,预测难度大。利用层序地层学原理建立等时格架,在此基础上开展层序约束扇体和砂体预测,预测出了扇体范围和砂体分布。结合构造特征及源储配置关系分析,进一步明确二号断层下降盘鼻状构造背景下的扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体为油气富集区带,为井位部署和储量升级提供借鉴。     

板桥凹陷钱圈地区沙河街组沉积及砂体展布特征

板桥凹陷钱圈地区沙河街组物源主要来自北部陡坡带增幅台地区和南部北大港潜山地区,在研究区北部陡坡带形成了扇三角洲沉积,在南部缓坡带形成了辫状河三角洲沉积。利用层序地层学和地震沉积学的研究思路和方法,在波阻抗数据体的基础上采用地层切片技术,在等时层序地层格架内结合单井岩-电关系,对三角洲体系砂体的展布特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:①南部缓坡带沙三上亚段沉积时期,物源主要来自北大港潜山地区,辫状河三角洲的砂体呈进积特征,展布范围逐渐变大,反映湖盆基准面下降的特征,在沙二段沉积时期,辫状河三角洲沉积物源来自增幅台和北大港潜山2个地区;陡坡带沙二段至沙一上亚段沉积时期,扇三角洲砂体呈退积特征,砂体展布范围逐渐变小,反映湖盆基准面上升的特征;②以地震波阻抗数据体为基础的地层切片技术可以清晰地刻画三角洲沉积体系的砂体沉积相带平面展布,砂体预测结果得到了钻井资料的进一步证实。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。