软γ射线重爆GB790107的辐射机制

本文在中子星吸积彗星云模型的基础上，认为软重爆ＧＢ７９０１０７起源于弱磁化中子星，其阵雨式地吸积彗星云将在中子星表面形成一光厚辐射区，该辐射区的温度分布由激波模型确定，这一辐射区中的高温等离子体产生的黑体辐射将很好地拟合ＧＢ７９０１０７的观测能谱，且获得爆源距离为（１．３５－１３．５）ｐｃ。     

中子星吸积加速与引力辐射影响

研究了中子星双星系统吸积过程中的中子星自旋加速,得到其周期随着吸积质量的变化关系,并且通过对中子星磁场与周期演化分析,对比脉冲星的观测,获得了理论与观测类似的结果,在此基础上,研究了引力辐射作用对中子星自旋加速过程的影响,并且推导了吸积过程中中子星自旋周期变化率,探讨了吸积与引力辐射影响相当的临界角速度Ω_(cr),评估了中子星的自旋在引力辐射下的影响.     

小质量X射线双星中中子星自转演化的研究

为解释毫秒脉冲星自转周期的观测数据和理论结果之间的差异,采用数值分析的方法研究了小质量X射线双星中中子星的自转演化.在计算中,分别考虑了辐射压和中子星辐照引起的物质交流的不稳定性对系统的影响.结果如下:(1)吸积盘内的辐射压会使自转周期有小幅增加,中子星辐照导致的物质传输率的变化会缩短演化路径中自转减慢的阶段;(2)同时考虑辐射压和中子星辐照时在物质传输的高态阶段吸积会被辐射压抑制;(3)吸积的质量和快参数影响达到自转平衡的系统数目.     

中子星的吸积流动

本文分析中子星的吸积流动,其中磁轴与自转轴重合.吸积盘内缘区域的波阻将使盘内的角速度偏离开普勒速度而减小,引力势能使流体加热和加速.吸积盘中有两类流动.完全亚声速流动的引力势能主要使吸积流加热.另一种流动有跨声速过渡和激波.这两种流动都表明,吸积盘的高温区域都位于过渡区中,而外部区域中气体温度不高.还计算了中子星磁层中的吸积流动.在极区距几个中子星半径处,气体被急剧加热,产生X射线辐射,形成热斑.这些结果与中子星吸积流动的主要特征一致.     

SN1987A晚期X射线辐射的分析

在中央中子星吸积模型较好地解释了超新星ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期光度演化的基础上,本文提出了ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期Ｘ射线辐射的一种新的解释．利用模型计算出的吸积光度以及ＳＮ１９８７Ａ膨胀气体包层的化学组分及分布,计算了出射的软Ｘ射线（０．５２ｋｅＶ）光度的演化,并与观测作了比较．我们认为ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期由中央中子星吸积产生的软Ｘ射线光度经过一段时间的增长后,将在４１００天左右开始下降．     

AGN吸积盘辐射区半径的多方法研究

通过收集数据,用标准α盘模型法、短时标光变法、连续波混响滞后法、微引力透镜法分析了活动星系核吸积盘辐射区半径,并对4种方法进行分析讨论。结果表明:(1)将耀变体和类星体参数比较,发现两个子类的中心黑洞质量、光度和吸积盘辐射区半径都没有明显差别。选择高光度源进行研究,出现了两个子类以上参数无明显区别的情况;(2)短时标光变法得到的吸积盘辐射区半径比和黑洞质量没有明显的相关性;(3)连续波混响滞后法得到的吸积盘辐射区半径比对黑洞质量的依赖性高于标准α盘模型法,对于无法确定中心黑洞质量的源,可以利用连续波混响滞后法得到吸积盘辐射区半径;(4)微引力透镜法得到的吸积盘辐射区半径比和黑洞质量没有明显的相关性,且该方法只适用于存在微引力透镜效应的类星体;(5)这些方法从观测上证明了吸积盘辐射区半径与黑洞质量存在相关性,验证了标准模型成立。为进一步在观测上寻找这4种方法所需要的源提供了理论指导,对活动星系核的吸积盘辐射区半径研究有重要意义。     

SN1987A晚期X射线辐射的分析

在中央中子星吸积模型较好的解释了超新星ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期光度演化的基础上,本提出了ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期Ｘ射线辐射的一种新的解释。利用模型计算邮的吸积光度以及ＳＮ１９８７Ａ膨胀气体包层的化学组分及分布,计算了出射的软Ｘ射线（０．５－２ｋｅＶ）光度的演化,并与观测作了比较,我们认为ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期由中央中子星吸积产生的软Ｘ射线光度经过一段时间的增长后,将在４１００天左右开始下降。     

γ爆的磁流管模型

本文讨论了一种基于老年中子星的γ爆的磁流管模型.这个模型认为中子星表面磁场包含有两种成分,一种为弱的偶极背景磁场,另一种为细管状局域强磁场.此模型可以同时解释回旋吸收线和高能尾巴的存在.本文还计算了磁场为1.7×10~(12)G时的Compton散射截面。对于GB880205,根据吸收线的深度定出磁流管内电子数密度与管的直径之积约为10~(21)cm~(-2).     

磁化中子星发射线的激射不稳定性理论

在中子星磁轴吸积柱的上部,少数高能电子通过磁镜点反射,可使部份电子的速度分布形成非热分布,由此激发激射(Maser)不稳定性。波被放大,发射出频率近似为电子迴旋频率及其倍频的相干辐射。用此模型计算了HerX-1的迴旋线发射。发现不稳定性增长率与吸积柱中电子数密度成正比,因而比非相干散射产生的连续辐射随电子数密度增长更快;而且发射线的强度和能量均与脉冲相位关联。这个理论可解释近期的HerX-1观测结果。     

中子星中心致密天体的双星起源

探讨了认为中心致密天体(CCO)起源于双星的可能性.首先, CCO与正常遗迹脉冲星有着相似的平均自旋周期,但CCO的平均表面磁场强度(B～5.4×10~(10)Gs)低于正常遗迹脉冲星(B～7.7×10~(12)Gs)～2个量级.同时,几乎所有的正常遗迹脉冲星均分布在爱丁顿吸积加速线以上,而CCO全部分布在自旋加速线以下.因此怀疑CCO可能起源于双星吸积加速过程.其次,基于中子星再加速理论,分析了CCO可能的双星演化过程:双星系统中, CCO以M～1017g·s~(-1)的吸积率,经过～106yr的时间共吸积△M～10~(-2)M⊙的物质,其自旋周期将会从P～10 s降低至P～0.1 s,表面磁场强度将会从B～10~(12)Gs降低至B～1010Gs.考虑到～106yr的演化时标远大于CCO遗迹的年龄(～0.3–7 kyr),猜想CCO可能是双星系统中第1颗恒星超新星爆发的产物,而第2颗恒星超新星爆发后双星解体,留下CCO和第2颗恒星的超新星遗迹.该模型预言在CCO附近可能存在一颗年轻的正常脉冲星(P～0.02 s, B～1012Gs),并期望未来的射电望远镜和高能探测器能够进行搜寻.     

Open cluster ASCC21 as a probable birthplace of the neutron star Geminga

We analyze the encounters of the neutron star (pulsar) Geminga with open star clusters in the OB association Ori OB1a through the integration of epicyclic orbits into the past by taking into account the errors in the data. The open cluster ASCC21 is shown to be the most probable birthplace of either a single progenitor star for the Geminga pulsar or a binary progenitor system that subsequently broke up. Monte Carlo simulations of Geminga-ASCC21 encounters with the pulsar radial velocity V _r = ?100±50 km s^?1 have shown that close encounters could occur between them within ≤10 pc at about t = ?0.52 Myr. In addition, the trajectory of the neutron star Geminga passes at a distance of ≈25 pc from the center of the compact OB association λ Ori at about t = ?0.39 Myr, which is close to the age of the pulsar estimated from its timing.     

The 59 s periodicity of 2CG 195 + 4 (Geminga) and a low-mass binary model

An examination of the existing period searches for 2CG195 + 4 leads to the conclusion that the 59 second periodicity is highly significant only for the 1981 March 17–18 detection of Bignami, Caraveo & Paul (1984). The statistical significance is increased substantially if the pulsation period is half the previously reported value. The period derivative is not well determined. Here we propose that 2CG 195 + 4 is a neutron star powered by accretion from a low (≲ 1M _⊙) mass main-sequence companion. A distance of a few hundred pc would imply that the neutron star is a fast rotator and is spinning down.     

The high-galactic-latitude O-type star HD 93521

The spectrum of the peculiar O9 star HD 93521 is studied and compared with those of the standard stars 10 Lac and AE Aur. Several possibilities are examined which might explain the high galactic latitude of this star, corresponding toz>750 pc and its slight helium excess. It is suggested that HD 93521 is a runaway binary system composed of the O9 star plus a neutron star left over from a supernova explosion.     

The stochastic background of gravitational waves from neutron star formation at cosmological distances

We investigate the stochastic gravitational wave background that results from neutron star birth throughout the Universe. The neutron star birth rate, as a function of redshift, is calculated using an observation-based model for the evolving star formation rate, together with an estimate of the rate of core-collapse supernovae in the nearby Universe and an estimate of the neutron star/black hole branching ratio. Using three sample waveforms, based on numerical models of stellar core collapse by Zwerger & Müller, the spectral flux density, spectral strain, spectral energy density and duty cycle of the background have been computed. Our results show, contrary to recent claims, that the spectrum of the stochastic background clearly reflects the different physics in the core-collapse models. For a star formation model that is corrected for dust extinction, the neutron star formation rate throughout the Universe is high enough to result in a nearly continuous background of gravitational waves, with spectral features that can be related to emission mechanisms.     

Optical spectroscopy of high proper motion stars: new M dwarfs within 10 pc and the closest pair of subdwarfs

We present spectra of 59 nearby star candidates, M dwarfs and white dwarfs, previously identified using high proper motion catalogues and the DENIS database. We review the existing spectral classification schemes and spectroscopic parallax calibrations in the near-infrared J band and derive spectral types and distances of the nearby candidates. Forty-two stars have spectroscopic distances smaller than 25 pc, three of them being white dwarfs. Two targets lie within 10 pc, one M8 star at 10.0 pc (APMPM J0103−3738), and one M4 star at 8.3 pc (L 225−57). One star, LHS 73, is found to be among the few subdwarfs lying within 20 pc. Furthermore, together with LHS 72, it probably belongs to the closest pair of subdwarfs we know.     

Spatial Distribution of Accreting Isolated Neutron Stars in the Galaxy

In the last few years, the spatial distribution of old, isolated neutron stars has become of great interest (see, for example, Treves and Colpi (1991)). Several sources of this size have been observed by ROSAT. We present here a computer model of the distribution of the luminosity produced by old, isolated neutron stars accreting from the interstellar medium.We use direct calculations of trajectories in the Galaxy potential, taken in the form given by Paczynski (1990). The system of differential equations was solved numerically. We made calculations on a grid with cell size 100 pc in the R direction and 10 pc in the Z direction (centered at R=50 pc, Z=5 pc and so on). Stars were born in the Galactic plane with a specified velocity distribution corresponding to non-symmetrical supernova explosions.In our model, we assumed that the birth rate of neutron stars is proportional to the square of the local density. The local density was calculated using the data and formulas of Bochkarev (1993) and Zane et al. (1995). We then calculated the luminosity using the Bondi formula (in the inner kiloparsec our results are only a rough estimate).We show that for various mean velocities for the old isolated neutron stars, the distribution of the luminosity has a torus-like structure, with the maximum at 5kpc. Since we made very general assumptions, we argue that this type of distribution is not unique to our Galaxy, and all spiral galaxies should have such a distribution of the luminosity density, associated with accreting old, isolated neutron stars.     

Estimating the effect of intermediate-range forces on the mass of rapidly-rotating neutron stars

Intermediate-range gravitational forces have been predicted by certain grand unified theories. If such forces exist, they would naturally affect the structure of neutron stars. Here, a simple rotating neutron star model is constructed which, under fairly mild assumptions, can be integrated exactly for the pressure. According to this model, the effect on neutron star masses by intermediate range forces is negligible, except when the range approaches the radius of the star and the coupling constant is close to the usual gravitation constant. In addition, extremely short range forces can be shown to have negligible effect, even when the coupling constant is many orders of magnitude greater thanG. Thus, there appears to be little hope of using neutron star mass measurements to test such grand unified theories.     

Gravitational collapse of a rotating iron stellar core: A model with Fermi-Dirac neutron degeneracy

The effect of Fermi-Dirac neutron degeneracy on the collapse process is studied. Two computations of a spherically symmetric quasi-one-dimensional model are considered: the case with a full allowance for neutrino deposition and the case with total transparency of the star to neutrino emission. The hindering character of neutron degeneracy with respect to collapse has been revealed quantitatively. A weak sensitivity of both thermodynamics and neutrino characteristics of a rotating collapsar to this effect has been established. However, the hydrostatically equilibrium neutron star obtained is composed of a strongly degenerate neutron gas by more than half. This undoubtedly confirms that the performed computations of a quasi-one-dimensional model with neutron degeneracy are topical.     

A cocoon model for thermal X-ray sources and ‘Oscillars’

A gas cocoon surrounding a neutron star can be heated to a high temperature by the low frequency radiation emitted by the neutron star whose rotation axis is inclined to its magnetic axis. This heated gas can emit X-rays and may be identified with thermal X-ray sources. If the neutron star emission shows periodicities larger than the cooling time of the gas, these will be reflected in the emission of X-ray; the recently observed X-ray sources which show oscillations and quasiperiodicities (Oscillars) may be such sources.     

A model for the rapid X-ray Burster

A model for the Rapid X-ray Burster (MXB 1730-333) based on an accreting rotating magnetized neutron star in a binary system is proposed. The bursts are attributed to instabilities produced at an equilibrium surface above the poles of the neutron star, which is created by the infalling gas supported by a combination of radiation and relativistic gas pressures. The special feature of the proposed model is that, when accretion onto the poles is prevented by radiation pressure, relativistic gas streams out of the polar region.