酸性矿山排水影响的水库沉积物微量元素地球化学特征

为了解酸性矿山排水（AMD）影响下水库沉积物中微量元素的质量分数水平及其分布特征,对常年受酸性废水影响的贵州兴仁猫石头水库沉积物中26种微量元素的质量分数、相关性及控制因素进行了分析。结果表明：猫石头水库沉积物柱中Sr、Ba、Zr、V、Cr和As质量分数平均值超过了100 μg/g,其中As质量分数最高,平均值超过800 μg/g;Be、Ta、Co、Ag、Cd、Sn和Se质量分数的平均值都在5 μg/g以下;其他元素质量分数平均值则在10~60 μg/g之间。相较未受AMD影响的水系沉积物,研究区水库沉积物具有明显的As和Sb富集特征。水库沉积物中Li、Be、Rb、Sr、Cs、Ba、Sc、Y、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th之间存在显著正相关关系,而As与这些元素之间存在显著负相关关系。元素相关分析、因子分析及微量元素图解表明,Li、Be、Rb、Sr、Cs、Ba、Sc、Y、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th、Cr、Sb等元素受控于流域岩石化学风化和土壤物理侵蚀,这也是控制研究区元素分布最重要的因素,而Cu、Cd等重金属元素则与AMD对地层中元素的溶蚀析出和有机质等细颗粒物的吸附有关。另外,研究区重金属元素中,Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn的生态风险轻微,而As和Sb则具有很强的潜在生态风险。     

临兴地区煤系泥岩微量元素特征及其地质意义

为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴地区煤系泥岩微量元素特征及其对沉积、物源及古气候方面的指示意义,采用ICP-MS和ICP-AES对18个泥岩样品做微量元素分析。结果表明:微量元素中Li、Sc、Nb和Th等相对富集,而Sr、Rb、Ba和Cs等相对亏损,Be、Co、Zn和Mo等元素和地壳黏土岩中元素的平均含量相当;聚类距离选择为25和11时,微量元素的"Q"型聚类结果与沉积相划分结果吻合;Th/Sc、Th/U-Th、K₂O-Rb以及多元素物源判别图等表明,研究区物源来自上地壳,以长英质物源和再旋回沉积物为主,有少量中基性物质的加入,且含砂率变化和重矿物组合的分布特征表明物源来自于临兴地区北部;利用泥岩Sr/Cu值及Sr、Ti和P等特征元素的含量变化推测,临兴地区从晚石炭世到早二叠世气候以湿润为主,且向干热转变。      

凯里高硫煤中某些微量元素的富集及成因分析

用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）等方法,对贵州省凯里下二叠统梁山组高硫煤中Be、P、Sc、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Mo、TI、Pb、Th和U等12种有害微量元素进行了测定。结果表明,凯里煤中多数有害微量元素含量明显高于中国煤中微量元素含量平均值。根据数理统计结果,将凯里煤中22种微量元素划分为5个群和4个旋转主因子,其中群5元素Be和Y对4个主因子均无贡献,暗示其成因来源可能具有特殊性。认为凯里煤中相当一部分Be、Co、Cu和Pb起源于成煤植物生长期间的同生阶段;受海水影响强烈的还原偏碱性沼泽环境有利于Be、Co和Cu的相对富集,受海水影响微弱的弱还原性和弱碱性环境条件更有利于Mn、Mo、1Ni、P、Pb、Th、TI和U的富集。     

滇西北羊拉铜矿床里农—路农接合段构造地球化学与找矿预测

羊拉铜矿床是金沙江构造带内的代表性铜矿床,其矿体产出明显受到断裂及层间破碎带控制。本文重点对羊拉矿床里农—路农接合段的3450 m中段进行了构造地球化学研究,R型聚类分析和因子分析表明:该中段断裂构造岩微量元素主要表现为地层岩石微量元素组合(Nb、Hf、Ta、Zr、Rb、V、Sc、Th、Cs、Be、Ga、Li、REE、Ba、Cr、U、Co、Tl、Ge、(Ag、In、Sn、Cu)),中-高温成矿元素组合(Cd、Pb、Bi、Ag、As、Sn、In、Sb、Cu、Zn、Ge、Tl、Mo、U、(Co、Ga))和地质意义不明元素组合(Ni、Sr),揭示羊拉矿床的形成可能经历了成矿前期成矿元素的初步富集和成矿期退夕卡岩化过程中成矿元素的沉淀成矿。构造地球化学异常的分布则指示了找矿预测靶区。     

滇西户撒盆地新近系褐煤微量元素地球化学特征

为探讨滇西户撒盆地新近系褐煤的微量元素地球化学特征及指示意义,采集了5口验证钻孔内15层褐煤的新鲜样品,利用ICP-MS对微量元素含量进行测试。结果表明,与中国煤微量元素背景值进行比较,户撒盆地褐煤Rb、Cs、Th富集,Be、Sc、Cr、Cu、Ga、In、W、Pb、U稍富集。户撒褐煤富集的潜在有害微量元素有Be(5.32mg/kg)、Cr(39.8mg/kg)、Cu(39.7 mg/kg)、Pb(32.8 mg/kg)、Th(39.3 mg/kg)和U(7.39 mg/kg)。褐煤的REE总量为196.03~550.42 mg/kg,平均为306.71 mg/kg,远高于中国煤的REE总量均值(136 mg/kg),表现出LREE明显富集,HREE相对亏损特征。δCe值负异常与微量元素比值特征均表明户撒泥炭的沉积期主要为酸性还原环境。δE负异常与球粒陨石标准化分配模式表明户撒新近系褐煤稀土元素与盆缘酸性花岗岩的陆源供给有关。     

贵州福泉高洞铝土矿床成矿地质地球化学特征

贵州福泉高洞铝土矿床是近年在贵州新的铝土矿成矿区探明的中型矿床之一,其含矿岩系为下石炭统九架炉组,铝土矿呈层状、似层状产于上泥盆统高坡场组碳酸盐岩古侵蚀面之上,与上覆中二叠统梁山组和下伏上泥盆统高坡场组均呈假整合接触,矿床成因类型为古风化壳沉积型。通过对含矿岩系中敏感元素Ga、Ba、Sr、Th含量及B/Ga、Rb/K、V/Zr比值特征分析,认为铝土矿主要形成于陆相沉积环境;δCe、Ni/Co、Th/U、Sr/Cu、V/Cr特征揭示铝土矿成岩成矿过程主要为氧化环境。含矿岩系中Al与Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th、U等呈正相关性反映出铝土矿成矿过程中具同迁移、显著富集特征;含矿岩系中微量元素含量与下伏高坡场组碳酸盐岩相比,总体成强烈富集态势。与黎彤值对比,含矿岩系中高温成矿元素(W、Sn、Mo、Bi)、高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Th、U、Hf、Zr)、粘土矿物易吸附元素(Li、V)及细碎屑岩中高地球化学背景元素(Sb)富集强度高。LREE与HREE分馏作用明显,推测为次生风化淋滤过程中离子半径较小的HREE向下渗滤迁移的速率大于离子半径较大的LREE所致。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘煤中微量元素共生组合特征

以鄂尔多斯盆地西缘石炭-二叠系和侏罗系延安组煤样中Ga、Ru、W、Li、Ge、U等多种微量元素测试结果为基础,分析研究了煤中微量元素的富集特征、展布规律以及各微量元素之间的相关性。研究表明,石炭-二叠系煤中微量元素主要存在于黏土矿物中,其中V、Cr、Co、Ni、Rb、Cs、Ba、Tl等8种元素之间高度正相关,Li、Ga、REE之间正相关,除Ga和REE元素外,Sr与其他元素均为负相关;侏罗系煤中,Li、Sc、Cr、Zn、Ga、Rb、In、Sb、Cs、Pb、Bi、Th、U、REE之间高度正相关。石炭-二叠系煤中微量元素的含量普遍高于侏罗系煤中微量元素含量,是因为石炭-二叠系属海陆交互相,侏罗系为陆相,海洋浮游生物能富集一些微量元素,提供较丰富的物质来源,更主要的是海水改变了泥炭沼泽的p H值、Eh值和H2S含量,产生特定的地球化学障,使之有利于微量元素富集。     

苏北东台坳陷古新统阜宁组三段微量、稀土元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

沉积岩的微量、稀土元素对沉积环境的水介质变化有着较高的敏感度,对于研究古环境、沉积物源性质和构造背景方面具有重要的意义。前人对于东台坳陷元素地球化学方面的研究相对薄弱,利用元素地球化学资料解释古环境和源区性质方面的研究尚属空白。本文以苏北东台坳陷古新统阜宁组三段20件泥岩样品为研究对象,对其进行微量、稀土元素测定,并分析其地球化学特征及所揭示的地质意义。结果表明：①Sr含量、Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr、Lan/Ybn比值指示干热气候;Li、Sr、Ni、Ga微量元素含量和Sr/Ba比值均指示淡水—半咸水的水体环境,整体以淡水环境为主,偶有咸水注入盆地,局部为半咸水环境;而V/（V+Ni）、V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、δCe指示氧化—弱还原的水体环境。②Co/Th—La/Sc、La/Th—Hf判别图解和稀土元素配分模式,表明阜宁组三段沉积岩应来自于上地壳的长英质物质。③La—Th—Sc、Th—Co—Zr/10和Th—Sc—Zr/10构造背景判别图解反映了大陆岛弧与活动大陆边缘的构造背景,且与Bhatia不同构造背景杂砂岩的微量、稀土元素特征值的对比分析结果一致。     

淮南煤田山西组泥页岩微量元素地球化学特征及其意义

泥页岩中微量元素特征对反演泥页岩形成时的沉积和古地理气候条件具有重要意义。采集淮南煤田山西组泥页岩样品,利用ICP-MS对泥页岩中微量元素进行了测试分析,探讨了研究区山西组泥页岩中微量元素的地球化学特征及其意义。结果表明,B、Cr、U、Ga、Li、Sn、Pb、Mo、Th、W等元素富集,Cd、Co、Cu、Ti、Zn、Sc、Ba、Mn、Ni、Sr等元素亏损;揭示淮南煤田山西组形成于温暖湿润和半咸水-高咸水的沉积环境中,沉积体系为开放型,体系内为弱氧化-还原环境,其中以弱还原-还原环境为主,且表现出从早期弱氧化到中后期的还原环境的演化特征;依据U/Th、Ni/Co、Sr/Cu、B/Ga、Sr/Ba、TOC等地球化学参数结果推测,盐度和氧化还原条件受到多种因素的影响,有机质的原始堆积量是影响山西组泥页岩中有机质含量的主要因素,而盐度和氧化还原条件影响有机质中各显微组分含量。研究区温暖湿润的气候和较为还原的环境为有机质的堆积和保存提供了有利条件,为页岩气的成藏提供了物质基础。      

苏北东台坳陷古新统阜宁组三段微量、稀土元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

沉积岩的微量、稀土元素对沉积环境的水介质变化有着较高的敏感度,对于研究古环境、沉积物源性质和构造背景方面具有重要的意义。前人对于东台坳陷元素地球化学方面的研究相对薄弱,利用元素地球化学资料解释古环境和源区性质方面的研究尚属空白。本文以苏北东台坳陷古新统阜宁组三段20件泥岩样品为研究对象,对其进行微量、稀土元素测定,并分析其地球化学特征及所揭示的地质意义。结果表明:(1)Sr含量、Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr、La_n/Yb_n比值指示干热气候;Li、Sr、Ni、Ga微量元素含量和Sr/Ba比值均指示淡水—半咸水的水体环境,整体以淡水环境为主,偶有咸水注入盆地,局部为半咸水环境;而V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、δCe指示氧化—弱还原的水体环境。(2)Co/Th—La/Sc、La/Th—Hf判别图解和稀土元素配分模式,表明阜宁组三段沉积岩应来自于上地壳的长英质物质。(3)La—Th—Sc、Th—Co—Zr/10和Th—Sc—Zr/10构造背景判别图解反映了大陆岛弧与活动大陆边缘的构造背景,且与Bhatia不同构造背景杂砂岩的微量、稀土元素特征值的对比分析结果一致。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Geochemistry of groundwater,Markandeya River Basin,Belgaum district,Karnataka State,India

The Markandeya River Basin stretches geographically from 15o56′ to 16o08′ N latitude and 74o37′ to 74o58′ E longitude, positioned in the midst of Belgaum district, in the northern part of Karnataka. The groundwater quality of 54 pre-monsoon samples in the Markandeya River Basin was evaluated for its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes by estimating pH, EC, TDS, hardness and alkalinity besides major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (HCO3–, Cl–, SO42–, PO43-, F-, NO3–), boron, SAR, % Na, RSC, RSBC, chlorinity index, SSP, non-carbonate hardness, Potential Salinity, Permeability Index, Kelley’s ratio, Magnesium hazard and Index of Base Exchange. Negative Index of Base Exchange indicates the chloro-alkaline disequilibrium in the study area and the majority of water samples fall in the rock dominance field based on Gibbs’ ratio. Permeability indices of classes I and II suggest suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Based on Cl, SO4, HCO3 concentrations, water samples can be classified as normal chloride (96.3%) and normal sulfate (94.4%) and normal bicarbonate (44.4%) water types.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Field setting,mineralogy, chemistry,and genesis of arc picrites,New Georgia,Solomon Islands

The field setting, petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry of a suite of picrite basalts and related magnesian olivine tholeiites (New Georgia arc picrites) from the New Georgia Volcanics, Kolo caldera in the active ensimatic Solomon Islands arc are presented. These lavas, with an areal extent in the order of 100² km and almost 1 km thick in places, are located close to the intersection of the Woodlark spreading zone with the Pacific plate margin. They contain abundant olivine (Fo_94-75) and diopside (Cr₂O₃ 1.1-0.4%, Al₂O₃ 1–3%), and spinels characterised by a large range in Cr/(Cr+Al) (0.85–0.46) and Mg/(Mg+ Fe⁺⁺) (0.65–0.1). The spinels are Fe⁺⁺⁺ rich, with Fe⁺⁺⁺/ (Fe⁺⁺⁺+Cr+Al) varying from 0.06 to 1.0. A discrete group of spinels with the highest Cr/(Cr+Al) (0.83–0.86) and lowest Fe⁺⁺⁺ contents are included in the most Mg-rich olivine (Fo_91–94) and both may be xenocrystal in origin.The lavas, which range between 10–28% MgO, define linear trends on oxide (element) — MgO diagrams and these trends are interpreted as olivine (0.9) clinopyroxene (0.1) control lines. For the reconstructed parent magma composition of these arc picrites, ratios involving CaO, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, Zr, V and Sc are very close to chondritic. REE patterns are slightly LREE — enriched ((La/Sm)^N 1.3–1.43) and HREE are flat. All lavas show marked enrichments in K, Rb, Sr, Ba, and LREE relative to MORB with similar MgO contents, but the TiO₂ content of the proposed parent magma is close to those of postulated primary MORB liquids. It is proposed that the arc parent magma was produced by partial melting of sub-oceanic upper mantle induced by the introduction of LILE — enriched hydrous fluids derived by dehydration and/or partial melting of subducted ocean crust and possibly minor sediments.     

Nd,Sr, Pb,Ar, and 0 isotopic systematics of Sturgeon Lake kimberlite,Saskatchewan, Canada: constraints on emplacement age,alteration, and source composition

Rb-Sr isotopic dating of phlogopite megacryst samples separated from Sturgeon Lake kimberlite, Saskatchewan, yields a crystallization age of 98±1 Ma (2 , MSWD=1.2; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t)=0.7059). The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analyses of a phlogopite megacryst sample indicate the presence of large amounts of excess ⁴⁰Ar and yield an excessively old age of 410 Ma. Assessment of the Ar data using isotope correlation plots indicates clustering of the data points about a mixing line between the radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar component at 98 Ma and a trapped component with uniform ³⁶Ar/⁴⁰Ar and Cl/⁴⁰Ar. Values of {ie212-1} as high as +20%. (VSMOW) for calcite from the groundmass and a whole-rock sample indicate pervasive lowtemperature alteration. The {ie212-2} of matrix carbonate is-11.3%. (PDB), slightly lighter than typical values from the literature. The {ie212-3} values of about +5%. (VSMOW) for brown phlogopite megacrysts may be primary, green phlogopites are interpreted to be an alteration product of the brown variety and are 2%. heavier. Initial Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic ratios for a whole-rock sample {ie212-4}; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.7063, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.67, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.54, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.97) suggest an affinity with group I kimberlites. Initial {ie212-5} values of +1.7 and +0.5 (⁸⁷Sr/ ⁸⁶Sr(t)=0.7053 and 0.7050) for eclogitic and lherzolitic garnet megacryst samples, and values of 0.0 for two phlogopite megacryst samples reflect an origin from an isotopically evolving melt due to assimilation of heterogeneous mantle. Lilac high-Cr lherzolitic garnet megacrysts give an unusually high {ie212-6} of +28.6 (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.7046) indicating a xenocrystic origin probably from the lithospheric mantle. The very radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of the kimberlite are consistent with melting of EM II (enriched) mantle components.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

A new procedure for separating and measuring radiogenic isotopes (U, Th, Pa, Ra, Sr, Nd, Hf) in ice cores

A new method for the radiogenic isotope (U–Th–Pa–Ra, Sr, Nd, Hf) analysis of the soluble and insoluble components found within ice cores is presented. Melting experiments with rock standards in the presence of EDTA indicate that carbonates, as well as silicates, can be buffered sufficiently to preclude dissolution. The use of EDTA allows adsorbing species, such as Th and Hf, to remain in solution during melting thus fully separating the dust (insoluble) and sea salt (soluble) components of the ice after filtration. A new elemental separation scheme for low sample masses, less than 5 mg solid material, utilizes 4 primary ion exchange columns and two “clean-up” columns to fully isolate U, Th, Pa, Ra, Sr, Nd, and Hf while maintaining high yields. Elution schemes measured for USGS rock standards and a Chinese loess are presented to provide a comparison for variable matrix compositions. Mass spectrometer techniques were modified to measure small aliquots of the standards, equivalent to the amounts found in ice core samples, 10 ng and less. A MC-ICPMS was employed for the measurement of U, Th, Pa, Ra, and Hf; results of the experiments show that with ion yields up to 1%, rock standards have errors for ²³⁴U/²³⁸U of 1%, ²³⁰Th/²³²Th of 1.5%, [²²⁸Ra] of 9%, and ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf of 100 ppm. MC-TIMS measurements of Sr and Nd show similar errors for small sample sizes: ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 50 ppm and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd of 80 ppm. This new analytical method increases the number of possible tracers measured from a single sample, reducing separation times and sample consumption, as well as providing the addition of a radiometric clock, U-series, to the traditional suite of isotopic tracers, Sr, Nd, and Hf.     

Sheetfloods,sheetwash, sheetflow,or ... ?

Following McGee's (1897) use of the term sheetflood, there developed a variety of conflicting opinions and numerous terminologies relating to this process, many of which are ill-considered and poorly defined. A classification system is devised on both a hydrologic and geomorphic basis which dispenses with many superfluous terms that have been used with respect to sheetfloods. Magnitude of a storm is expressed in terms of the amount of surface runoff generated from a given storm due to the surface conditions.A sheetflood is defined as a sheet of unconfined flood water moving down a slope. The frequency of a sheetflood is relatively low while its magnitude is relatively great. Sheetflow is defined as relatively high-frequency, low-magnitude overland flow occurring in a continuous sheet and is restricted to laminar flow conditions. Sheetwash, a term of geomorphic origin, is considered to be redundant and is superseded by the more meaningful term rainwash defined as the washing action of rain on slopes.