鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界煤系页岩气藏特征及勘探方向

煤系页岩气是未来非常规天然气的勘探方向。以鄂尔多斯盆地东部为例,对区内上古生界煤系太原组和山西组页岩气成藏的构造条件、储层特征和资源潜力进行了分析。研究认为,区内构造简单,泥页岩储层埋藏浅,厚度大,泥页岩有机质演化程度较高,有机碳含量较高,页岩气含量较高,页岩气成藏条件较优越,页岩气勘探开发的有利区位于府谷-神木-临县一带。鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界煤层发育,煤层气含量较高,局部层段存在砂岩气,页岩气可与煤层气、煤系砂岩气等综合勘查、共同开发。      

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴地区海陆过渡相页岩气地质特征及成藏潜力

海陆过渡相页岩气是我国页岩气增储上产的重要接替领域,基于鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴地区海陆过渡相页岩实验和研究资料,选取山西组、太原组和本溪组页岩层系为研究对象,从沉积环境、页岩展布、有机地球化学特征、矿物学特征、物性特征和含气性特征等方面,系统总结解剖研究区海陆过渡相页岩气地质特征,分析其富集成藏潜力。结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地在晚石炭世–早二叠世受区域内部构造活动影响,水体环境变化频繁,形成多期次的滨浅海–三角洲前缘–滨浅湖组合的沉积旋回,沉积多套海陆过渡相富有机质页岩;临兴地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地东部晋西挠折带的中北地区,区内沉积环境稳定,海陆过渡相富有机质页岩广泛分布;岩性主要为灰白色–浅灰色细粒砂岩和暗色泥页岩互层发育,垂向上页岩累计厚度大,为60~180 m;页岩有机质类型为Ⅱ₂–Ⅲ型干酪根,总有机质碳含量较高,平均TOC质量分数为3.07%,处于成熟生气阶段;页岩矿物成分以石英和黏土类矿物为主,长石和碳酸盐岩类矿物含量较少;宏观上主要孔隙类型为无机孔隙和有机质孔隙,裂缝不发育,微观上孔隙受黏土矿物控制,孔隙形态多为开放狭缝状的微孔和介孔。研究区海陆过渡相页岩具有低孔低渗的物性特征,但平均含气量为1.15 m3/t,具有较好的含气特征,确定研究区内山西组北部、太原组东北部、本溪组东部和北部为页岩气潜力区。研究认识为该区后期页岩气勘探开发提供理论据。      

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界非常规天然气综合勘探前景

在充分调研国内外页岩气研究方法及早期页岩气研究成果的基础上,综合利用钻(测)井资料及样品分析测试资料,分析了鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界页岩气成藏地质特征。研究结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界富有机质泥页岩、砂岩及煤层交互发育,泥页岩单层厚度小,但层数多,累积厚度大,有机质干酪根类型以Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型为主,有机质成熟度高,保存条件好,形成页岩气资源潜力巨大;泥页岩全岩矿物中石英、长石含量较高,泥页岩层脆性大,压裂后容易形成裂缝,有利于页岩气开发;页岩气资源有利区域与致密砂岩、煤层厚度叠合图显示,盆地内非常规天然气资源丰富,垂向分布相对集中,有利于未来非常规天然气集中高效开发。该研究成果为非常规天然气深入勘探开发提供了有益借鉴。     

湘中及湘东南地区上泥盆统佘田桥组页岩气勘探前景

湘中及湘东南地区泥盆纪佘田桥组具有良好的页岩气成藏条件,为页岩气勘探远景区。选取地质条件优越、页岩气特征明显的泥盆纪佘田桥组含气页岩作为主要研究对象,对页岩气储气特征和勘探开发潜力进行了分析。研究表明：含气页岩层分布面积广、有机碳含量高（TOC均值0.61%）、热演化程度高（Ro均值2.71%）,低孔低渗（孔隙度为0.7%,渗透率小于0.04×10^-3μm2）,且吸附能力强。含气页岩层厚度展布在凹陷盆地形成独特的“中心薄边缘厚”格局,结合其成藏特征和物化指数,划分出页岩气潜力较大的四个有利区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴区块页岩气成藏因素分析及富集区预测

结合中联公司前期勘探成果,基于钻井、岩心、测井资料及实验数据,对鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴区块本溪组、太原组和山西组泥页岩沉积特征、有机地球化学特征、储层特征以及含气性特征进行了研究,重点讨论了页岩气的富集区。研究成果表明:本溪组和太原组发育潮坪相沉积环境,山西组发育三角洲相沉积环境;整体属于中等-优质烃源岩,太原组烃源岩最好;本溪组和山西组有机质类型主要以腐殖型为主,太原组有机质类型主要以混合型-腐殖型为主;有机质成熟度整体处于成熟-高成熟阶段,具有良好的生烃潜力;储集层微裂隙较发育,属于低孔低渗类型;山西组和太原组的脆性矿物含量在50%以上,有利于后期压裂;研究区泥页岩具有较高的含气量和较强的吸附能力;山西组页岩气富集区主要集中在北部和西南部,太原组页岩气富集区主要集中在北部,且资源潜力最优,本溪组页岩气富集区主要集中在西北部和东北部边缘一小块区域,且资源潜力有限。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组长7段陆相页岩气地质特征及勘探潜力评价

提要：鄂尔多斯盆地为大型富含油气盆地,发育本溪组、山西组、延长组长7段、长9段等多套页岩层系,具备页岩气形成的基本地质条件。为查明鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组长7段页岩气的勘探潜力,本文利用有机地球化学和岩石学分析、含气量测试、等温吸附曲线测定等多种手段,分析了延长组长7段页岩的基本地质、地化及含气性特征。在此基础上,对长7段页岩气勘探潜力进行了初步评价。结果表明,长7段陆相页岩埋深和厚度适中、有机质类型以Ⅰ、Ⅱ型为主,有机质丰度和脆性矿物含量高,含气量可达1.25~6.45 ml/g。与北美地区典型页岩相比,研究区长7段页岩有机质类型、有机碳含量类似,粘土矿物含量和长石含量偏高,碳酸盐和石英含量偏少,有机质成熟度偏低。研究区内延长组长7段页岩气资源勘探潜力巨大,资源量为1 528.409亿m3,可作为常规油气勘探的重要补充,志丹—甘泉一线西南部为页岩气勘探的有利目标。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界山西组页岩气成藏条件及勘探潜力

为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界页岩气的勘探潜力,对鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系山西组富有机质泥页岩样品有机地球化学、物性特征及等温吸附等方面测试获得的参数进行了数理统计和测井响应特征分析。研究发现：有效泥页岩单层厚度变化较大,最厚可达15 m以上,盆地主体部位w(TOC)一般大于1.0%,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ₂型及Ⅲ型,镜质体反射率平均为1.66%,属于成熟-高成熟阶段,有利于有机质热解生气,具备页岩气成藏的基本地质条件。黏土矿物主要以伊利石（44.9%）和高岭石（33.6%）为主,泥页岩孔隙度平均为3.98%,渗透率平均为0.133×10^-3 μm²。泥页岩吸附含气量平均为1.94 m³/t。综合考虑泥页岩有效厚度、有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化程度以及含气量等因素,预测鄂尔多斯盆地山西组页岩气有利区主要位于天环坳陷西北角、陕北斜坡带东北角及盆地中南部等区域。     

南华北盆地中牟凹陷太原组-山西组页岩气成藏特征——以河南中牟区块ZDY2井为例

河南中牟区块ZDY2井海陆过渡相太原组和山西组页岩气层系地质特征分析表明:太原组和山西组富有机质页岩厚度均为77.5m,有机质类型主要为Ⅲ型,少量Ⅱ型;有机碳平均含量分别为2.18%和1.90%;有效孔隙度分别为1.53%和2.4%,现场解析平均含气量分别为1.32m~3/t和1.1m~3/t,其中太原组中部优质压裂层段平均含气量为1.56m~3/t;有机质成熟度Ro值在2.6%～3.4%之间;黏土矿物以伊利石和伊蒙混层为主。综合研究认为中牟区块太原组、山西组页岩气层系普遍含气,太原组中部页岩层段及山西组下部大占砂岩是有利勘探层位。通过ZDY2井太原组中部43.3m页岩层段压裂,获得日产天然气3 614m~3,南华北盆地海陆过渡相页岩气勘探取得重大进展。     

海陆过渡相页岩气层系沉积研究进展与页岩气新发现

四川盆地海相页岩气成功规模效益开发,使我国页岩气跨入了高速发展的快车道,确立了页岩气在我国能源安全保障中的重要战略地位。我国海陆过渡相页岩气资源丰富,有望成为我国页岩气增储上产的现实领域。目前海陆过渡相页岩气勘探开发和地质评价还处在初期阶段,海陆过渡相富有机质页岩发育特征与分布、沉积模式、有机质富集机理等非常规油气沉积学相关研究有待深入。通过系统厘定海陆过渡相相关概念与特征,明确了国内外典型海陆过渡相页岩气层系;系统总结海陆过渡相页岩沉积研究现状与新进展,揭示了海陆过渡相中富有机质页岩有利发育环境、主要沉积模式和页岩气储层基本特征。系统梳理鄂尔多斯、四川、渤海湾等盆地海陆过渡相页岩气勘探开发新发现,指出了我国海陆过渡相页岩气具有良好勘探开发前景。海陆过渡相页岩层系常伴有煤层,可进行页岩气、煤层气等联合开采,实现“体积开发”,以期有效推动我国天然气产业高质量大发展。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘上古生界煤系页岩气成藏地质条件

鄂尔多斯盆地煤系页岩气储量巨大,主要赋存在盆地东缘的上古生界地层中。总结前人的研究成果,分析了该地区上古生界煤系泥页岩的空间分布特征（沉积环境和空间分布）,有机地球化学特征（总有机碳含量、干酪根类型和有机质成熟度）,储层物性特征（矿物种类及含量、孔隙度和渗透率、微裂缝发育情况）以及含气性特征等成藏条件。结果表明：鄂尔多斯盆地东缘上古生界页岩分布广泛,累计厚度＞30 m,整体上TOC质量分数＞2.0%,镜质组反射率为1.00%～2.25%,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主、Ⅱ型次之,石英等脆性矿物含量高,属于低孔低渗储层,同时微裂缝较发育,这些地质条件有利于页岩气的形成与富集成藏。认为鄂尔多斯盆地东缘上古生界煤系页岩具有巨大的页岩气资源潜力,其中山西组的页岩气成藏潜力最大,在后期的地质研究中应予以重视。     

兰州-民和盆地恐龙足印赋存特征及寻找方向

兰州—民和盆地恐龙足印化石形态具很大的不同。恐龙足印化石形态与古环境紧密相关。盆地扩张时期的滨岸环境是恐龙足印化石赋存的最佳环境。     

A Sm-Nd isotopic study of the South Harris Igneous Complex,the Outer Hebrides

Sm-Nd geochronology may be used to bracket the age of metamorphism in rocks which are difficult to date by other methods. By coupling whole rock Sm-Nd analyses of the principal members of the South Harris Igneous Complex, with Sm-Nd mineral isochrons on two anothositic gabbros, the age of granulite facios metamorphism has been defined. Whole rock analyses of three pairs of closely spaced samples of the anorthosite give consistent ages averaging 2.18±0.06 Gyr, but in general the data from the anorthosite do not define an isochron as a result of variable contamination of the evolving magma chamber. Whole rock data on the tonalite indicate that it is younger than 2.06 Gyr; its mean T_CHUR age is 1.86±0.05 Gyr. Garnet-pyroxene-amphibole-plagioclase mineral isochrons on two anorthosite samples give identical 1.87±0.04 Gyr ages which date cooling after the high pressure granulite facies metamorphism. Together with the tonalite whole rock data this defines the age of that metamorphism and confirms Dearnley's original assignment of an early Laxfordian age.     

Density constraints on the formation of the continental Moho and crust

The densities of mantle magmas such as MORB-like tholeiites, picrites, and komatiites at 10 kilobars are greater than densities for diorites, quartz diorites, granodiorites, and granites which dominate the continental crust. Because of these density relations primary magmas from the mantle will tend to underplate the base of the continental crust. Magmas ranging in composition from tholeiites which are more evolved than MORB to andesite can have densities which are less than rocks of the continental crust at 10 kilobars, particularly if they have high water contents. The continental crust can thus be a density filter through which only evolved magmas containing H₂O may pass. This explains why primary magmas from the mantle such as the picrites are so rare. Both the over-accretion (i.e., Moho penetration) and the under-accretion (i.e., Moho underplating) of magmas can readily explain complexities in the lithological characteristics of the continental Moho and lower crust. Underplating of the continental crust by dense magmas may perturb the geotherm to values which are characteristic of those in granulite to greenschist facies metamorphic sequences in orogenic belts. An Archean continental crust floating on top of a magma flood or ocean of tholeiite to komatiite could have undergone a major cleansing process; dense blocks of peridotite, greenstone, and high density sediments such as iron formation could have been returned to the mantle, granites sweated to high crustal levels, and a high grade felsic basement residue established.     

Grenville tectonic events and evolution of the Yenisei Ridge at the western margin of the Siberian Craton

Geological, petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic geochronological evidence for Grenville events at the western margin of the Siberian Craton are considered. These events were related to assembly of the Rodinia supercontinent. Multiple manifestations of riftogenic and within-plate magmatism at the final stage of orogenic evolution gave rise to breakdown of Rodinia and the formation of the Paleoasian ocean. The results allowed us to develop a new concept on the Precambrian geological evolution of the Yenisei Ridge and the processes that created its tectonic structure. The chronological sequence of events in the history of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge is based on geological evidence and isotopic dating of Precambrian complexes variable in geodynamic nature. Four tectonic stages dated at 1.4?1.1, 1.1?0.9, 0.90?0.85, and 0.8?0.6 Ga were controlled by collision and extension recognized from large regional linear crustal structural elements. The evolution of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge, which lasted for ～650 Ma, corresponds in duration to supercontinental cycles that begin from rifting and breakdown of the predated supercontinent and was completed by orogeny and the formation of a new supercontinent. The regional geodynamic history correlates with the synchronous sequence and similar style of tectonothermal events at the periphery of the large Precambrian Laurentia and Baltica cratons. This is evidenced by paleocontinental reconstructions, which confirm close spatiotemporal links of Siberia with cratons in the northern Atlantic 1400?600 Ma ago and indicate incorporation of the Siberian Craton into the ancient Nuna and Rodinia supercontinents.     

Palaeo-tectonic environment of the Precambrian basaltic mafic dykes on the application of chemical discriminants

Dykes of Chitaldurg and Newer Dolerite I are OFB and represent early attempts to rift and to generate oceanic crust. Shimoga dykes are CAB and belong to orogenic phase. Guntur dykes and Ananthapur-Chittoor dykes are OIB and these are related to ‘hot spot’. Newer Dolerite II is CONB and belongs to healing and filling of fractured crust. The Cuddapah dykes are transitional to all magma types and these represent a compound event of rifting and filling of fractured continental crust.     

Calorimetric study of the stability of spinelloids in the system NiAl2O4-Ni2SiO4

Enthalpies of solution in molten 2 PbO · B₂O₃ at 974 K were measured for four spinelloids, phases I (0.75 NiAl₂O₄ · 0.25 Ni₂SiO₄), II (0.60 NiAl₂O₄ · 0.40 Ni₂SiO₄), III and IV (0.50 NiAl₂O₄ · 0.50 Ni₂SiO₄) in the system NiAl₂O₄ · Ni₂SiO₄. The enthalpies (in cal per 4-oxygen mol) of formation from NiAl₂O₄ and Ni₂SiO₄ spinels are: phase I, 945±366; phase II, 1072±360; phase III, 2253±390; phase IV, 3565±544. Using these enthalpy data in combination with phase relations at high pressure at 1373 K, positive entropies of formation of the spinelloids from NiAl₂O₄ and Ni₂SiO₄ spinels were estimated (in cal mol^?1 K^?1): phase I, 1.2; phase II, 1.5; phase III, 2.0–2.3; phase IV, 3.0–3.1. The thermochemical data obtained above suggest that the spinelloids are “entropy-stabilized” phases with partially disordered cation distributions. The configurational entropies of the spinelloids were calculated based on the observed cation distribution in each spinelloid phase. The positive entropies of formation of the spinelloids from the spinel endmembers are due primarily to the configurational entropies although small positive vibrational entropy changes may also exist.     

Factors effecting the stability field of Ca-poor pyroxene and the origin of the Ca-poor minimum in Ca-rich pyroxenes from tholeiitic intrusions

Ca-poor pyroxene ceases to crystallise towards the end of fractionation in tholeiitic intrusions and is usually replaced by Fe-rich olivine. Using the data of Nicholls et al. (1971), the \(a_{{\text{SiO}}_2 }\) at which olivine and pyroxene can coexist has been calculated at different temperatures and pressures. From these calculations it is clear that the Fe/Mg ratio of the last Ca-poor pyroxene to crystallise from a melt is increased by raising the temperature or pressure of crystallisation. The Ca-poor pyroxene-Fe-rich olivine relationship is also dependent on the \(a_{{\text{SiO}}_2 }\) of the melt. In magmas which crystallise Fe-rich olivine before quartz, inicreasing their \(a_{{\text{SiO}}_2 }\) will raise the Fe/Mg ratio of the last Ca-poor pyroxene to crystallise. If the \(a_{{\text{SiO}}_2 }\) of the magma is so high that SiO₂ saturation is reached before the appearance of cumulus Fe-rich olivine, any further increase in the \(a_{{\text{SiO}}_2 }\) of the melt will not influence the stability field of Ca-poor pyroxene. The replacement of Ca-poor pyroxene by Fe-rich olivine requires the magma to reach a high level of a _FeO late in its fractionation. If a magma fractionates with an FeO depletion trend, Ca-poor pyroxene is replaced by Ca-rich pyroxene. The reaction is initiated by the appearance of cumulus K-feldspar which results in a marked reduction in the amount of anorthite crystallising from the magma. This increases the a _CaO of the melt so that Ca-poor pyroxene is replaced by Ca-rich pyroxene.     

Modern diversity of the macroalgae of the Sea of Azov,the Black Sea,and the Caspian Sea

Currently, the species list of the macroalgae (excluding Charales) inhabiting the southern seas of Russia includes 388 species, specifically, 362 species in the Black Sea, 46 species in the Sea of Azov, and 70 species in the Caspian Sea. The species list has been increased by approximately 30% (96 species, most of them are registered in the Black Sea), compared to the data obtained 30 years ago. The green and red macroalgae of warm-water Mediterranean and tropical origin (Ceramium, Polysiphonia, Laurencia, Ulva, and Chaetomorpha) and brown algae (Sargassum and Cytoseira) were the key invaders. Nowadays the maximal species diversity is found on the Crimean coast and the Turkish coast of the Black Sea; and the species list of the Turkish coast differs significantly from all the other studied sites of the Black Sea. The number of the algae of the warm-water complex increased the most in 1990s–2000s in the Black Sea; species of boreal-tropical and subtropical origin dominate. However, such a tendency was not observed in the Sea of Azov and in the Caspian Sea, but expansion of the habitats of the brackish green algae has been registered.     

Mineralogy of the Stibnite-Antimonselite Series

Minerals of the stibnite-antimonselite series, in close association with tiemannite, clausthalite, kullerudite, Se-bearing stibioluzonite, native gold, quartz, and barite, were discovered in Cambrian stratabound gold deposits at La'erma and Qiongmo, western Qinling, China. Based on S/(S + Se) ratios of microprobe analyses, the binary stibnite-antimonselite system is divided into four series: stibnite, Se-stibnite, S-antimonselite, and antimonselite. Micro-hardness of the stibnite series (Sb = 58.47 to 72.99 wt%, S = 11.86 to 28.76, and Se = 0.00 to 29.12) and the antimonselite series (Sb = 48.94 to 59.13 wt%, Se = 29.20 to 46.86, S = 1.99 to 11.43) is 101.26 and 103 kg/mm², respectively. Representative reflectivities of the four series are (470 nm) Rg'= 42.62 to 47.62%, Rp' = 30.83 to 40.55%; (550 nm) Rg' = 41.84 to 46.75%, Rp'= 31.48 to 38.85%; (590 nm) Rg' = 42.25 to 46.63%, Rp' = 30.73 to 39.46%; (650 nm) Rg' = 43.30 to 46.48%, Rp' = 30.01 to 41.56%. Cell parameters obtained from two stibnite samples (containing 3 to 5% Se) are a = 1.1209 to 1.1212 nm, b = 1.1299 to 1.1303 nm, c = 0.3847 to 0.3849 nm; and those of S-antimonselite and antimonselite are a = 1.1591 to 1.1593 nm, b = 1.1724 to 1.1747 nm, and c = 0.3941 to 0.3984 nm.     

Competition for the general cargo transports of Sweden's foreign trade

The object of the paper is to analyze changes in modal and port allocation of general cargo flows in Sweden's foreign trade between 1960 and 1976. It summarizes some results of a forthcoming report on the project ‘Tendencies in Liner Shipping’ financed by the ‘Transport Research Delegation’, Stockholm.