Rapid Determination of Complete Distribution of Pore and Throat in Tight Oil Sandstone of Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, China

This study aimed to investigate the complete distribution of reservoir space in tight oil sandstone combining casting slices, field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), the pore-throat theory model, high-resolution image processing, mathematical statistics, and other technical means. Results of reservoir samples from the Xin'anbian area of Ordos Basin showed that the total pore radius curve of the tight oil sandstone reservoir exhibited a multi-peak distribution, and the peaks appeared to be more focused on the ends of the range. This proved that pores with a radius of 1–50,000 nm provided the most significant storage space for tight oil, indicating that special attention should be paid to this range of the pore size distribution. Meanwhile, the complete throat radius curve of the tight oil sandstone reservoir exhibited a multipeak distribution. However, the peak values were distributed throughout the scales. This confirmed that the throat radius in the tight oil sandstone reservoir was not only in the range of hundreds of nanometers but was also widely distributed in the scale approximately equal to the pore size. The new rapid determination method could provide a precise theoretical basis for the comprehensive evaluation, exploration, and development of a tight oil sandstone reservoir.     

Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Pore Structure on Resistivity,Formation Factor and Cementation Index in Tight Sandstone

Tight sandstone,with severe diagenesis and complex pore structure,differs greatly from conventional sandstone in terms of rock electrical parameters.In subsurface rock electrical experiments,various electrical parameters are confounded and can only be analyzed qualitatively.The lack of quantitative analysis for each individual electrical parameter presents a challenge for the evaluation of oil and gas saturation in tight sandstone.Based on the 2D pore-throat model and the features of pore structure in the tight sandstone of the Penglaizhen and Shaximiao Formations in the upper and middle Jurassic of the Western Sichuan Depression,this paper presents 3D micro pore-throat models for three types of tight sandstone.It proposes a finite element-based rock electrical simulation method to analyze the influence of pore structure parameters,such as throat radius and throat tortuosity,on electrical parameters such as resistivity,formation factor,and cementation index quantitatively.The research revealed the following results:(1)Throats of tight sandstone usually have lamellar or curved lamellar shapes that are slender and narrow.The lamellar throat used in the proposed porethroat model is more consistent with the features of tight sandstone than the tubular throat used in the original model.(2)The throat determines the conductivity of tight sandstone.The throat parallel to the electric potential has the greatest influence on conductivity,and the throat perpendicular to the potential has the least influence.(3)In tight sandstone grades I to III,as the porosity decreases,the formation factor increases and the cementation index decreases.(4)The results of the rock electrical simulation are consistent with the results of the rock electrical experiment,which indicates that the proposed rock electrical simulation method of tight sandstone is effective and accurate.     

Pore Characteristics of the Fine‐Grained Tight Reservoirs in the Yabulai Basin,Northwestern China

This work investigated the pore structure characteristics and reservoir features of the finegrained tight reservoirs in the lower member of the Xinhe Formation(J_2 x_1) in the Xiaohu subsag,Yabulai Basin based on core samples through various techniques. Interbedded silt/fine sandstones and mudstones are developed in the study area. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images were used to delineate different types of pores, including primary intergranular pores, secondary intergranular and intragranular pores, organic pores and fractures. The pore types were distinguished by pore size, pore area, location and formation process. The pore radii of the fine-grained rocks range from 1 nm to 1.55μm, mainly concentrated between 5 and 300 nm by low pressure N_2 adsorption and MICP analyses. The pore structure parameters of pore throat size and pore throat sorting coefficient are both positively correlated with porosity, while pore throat sorting coefficient has a negative correlation with permeability. The pore structures of the studied samples are much related to the mineral type and content and grain size, followed by TOC content. In these rocks with relatively low TOC and low maturity, the rigid minerals protect pores with pressure shadow from collapse, and dissolution-related pores contribute a lot to inorganic porosity. In contrast, these rocks with abundant TOC contain a large number of organic pores. The permeability of the fine-grained tight reservoir is mainly dominated by larger pore throats, while a large number of small pores(mostly 0.1 μm) contribute considerably to porosity. These results have deepened our understanding of the interbedded fine-grained tight reservoirs and can be applicable to fine-grained reservoirs in a similar setting.     

Pore-Throat Combination Types and Gas-Water Relative Permeability Responses of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs in the Zizhou Area of East Ordos Basin,China

With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin, a total of222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments. In this study, three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability. The type-Ⅰ sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats, of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio 30%). The pores in the type-Ⅱ sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores, and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-Ⅱ sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio 15%). Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-Ⅲ samples, which are connected by various throats. The throat size distribution curves of type-Ⅲ sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis(peak ratio 10%), and the micro-scale throat radii(0.5 μm) constitute a large proportion. From type-Ⅰ to type-Ⅲ sandstones, the irreducible water saturation(Swo) decreased; furthermore, the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased. Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types, which indicate the type-Ⅲ sandstones are better reservoirs, followed by type-Ⅱ sandstones and type-Ⅰ sandstones. As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality, the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.     

Controlling Effects of Tight Reservoir Micropore Structures on Seepage Ability: A Case Study of the Upper Paleozoic of the Eastern Ordos Basin,China

In this study, the types of micropores in a reservoir are analyzed using casting thin section(CTS) observation and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) experiments. The high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI) and constant-rate mercury injection(CRMI) experiments are performed to study the micropore structure of the reservoir. Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), gas-water relative seepage, and gas-water two-phase displacement studies are performed to examine the seepage ability and parameters of the reservoir, and further analyses are done to confirm the controlling effects of reservoir micropore structures on seepage ability. The experimental results show that Benxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi, and Shihezi formations in the study area are typical ultra-low porosity and ultra-low permeability reservoirs. Owing to compaction and later diagenetic transformation, they contain few primary pores. Secondary pores are the main pore types of reservoirs in the study area. Six main types of secondary pores are: intergranular dissolved pores, intragranular dissolved pores, lithic dissolved pores, intercrystalline dissolved pores, micropores, and microfracture. The results show that reservoirs with small pore-throat radius, medium displacement pressure, and large differences in pore-throat structures are present in the study area. The four types of micropore structures observed are: lower displacement pressure and fine pores with medium-fine throats, low displacement pressure and fine micropores with fine throats, medium displacement pressure and micropores with micro-fine throats, and high displacement pressure and micropores with micro throats. The micropore structure is complex, and the reservoir seepage ability is poor in the study areas. The movable fluid saturation, range of the gas-water two-phase seepage zone, and displacement types are the three parameters that well represent the reservoir seepage ability. According to the characteristic parameters of microscopic pore structure and seepage characteristics, the reservoirs in the study area are classified into four types(Ⅰ–Ⅳ), and types Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ are the main types observed. From type Ⅰ to type Ⅳ, the displacement pressure increases, and the movable fluid saturation and gas-water two-phase seepage zone decrease, and the displacement type changes from the reticulation-uniform displacement to dendritic and snake like.     

The Effection of Authigenic Illite on Relatively High-quality Tight Sandstones Reservoirs

<正>1 Introduction The relatively high-quality tight sandstones reservoirs is the emphasis of oil exploration phase.Generally dense cases with high pore throat may gather a lot of oil.The quality of high-quality reservoirs is not only determined by the rock size,sedimentary environment and so on,clay minerals also affects the distribution of high quality     

Diagenesis of the Triassic Yanchang Formation Tight Sandstone Reservoir in the Xifeng–Ansai Area of Ordos Basin and its Porosity Evolution

This work aims to reveal the evolution of the porosity in the Triassic Yanchang Formation tight sandstone reservoir of the Xifeng–Ansai area of Ordos Basin. Based on destructive diagenesis(compaction and cementation) and constructive diagenesis(dissolution) of sandstone reservoirs, this study analyzed the diagenesis characteristics of the tight sandstone reservoirs in this area, and discussed the relationship between sandstone diagenesis and porosity evolution in combination with present porosity profile characteristics of sandstone reservoir. The effect simulation principle was employed for the mathematical derivation and simulation of the evolution of porosity in the Yanchang Formation tight sandstone reservoirs. The result shows that compaction always occurs in tight sandstone reservoirs in the Yanchang Formation, and cementation occurs when the burial depth increases to a certain value and remains ever since. Dissolution occurs only at a certain stage of the evolution with window features. In the corresponding present porosity profile, diagenesis is characterized by segmentation. From the shallow to the deep, compaction, compaction, cementation and dissolution, compaction and cementation occur successively. Therefore, the evolution of sandstone porosity can be divided into normal compaction section, acidification and incremental porosity section, and normal compaction section after dissolution. The results show that the evolution of sandstone porosity can be decomposed into porosity reduction model and porosity increase model. The superposition of the two models at the same depth in the three stages or in the same geological time can constitute the evolution simulation of the total porosity in sandstone reservoirs. By simulating the evolution of sandstone reservoir porosity of the eighth member in Xifeng area and the sixth member in Ansai area, it shows that they are similar in the evolution process and trend. The difference is caused by the regional uplift or subsidence and burial depth.     

Influence of Acid Treatment on Pore Structure and Fractal Characterization of a Tight Sandstone: A Case Study from Wudun Sag, Dunhuang Basin

In this study, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption (N2A), and mercury intrusion (MI) experiments were used to investigate the influence of acid treatment on pore structure and fractal characterization of tight sandstones. The results showed that acid treatment generated a certain number of ink-bottle pores in fine sandstone, aggravated the ink-bottle effect in the sandy mudstone, and transformed some smaller pores into larger ones. After the acid treatment, both the pore volume in the range of 2–11 nm and 0.271–8 μm for the fine sandstone and the entire pore size range for the sandy mudstone significantly increased. The dissolution of sandstone cement causes the fine sandstone particles to fall off and fill the pores; the porosity increased at first but then decreased with acid treatment time. The fractal dimension obtained using the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill model was positively correlated with acid treatment time. However, the total fractal dimensions obtained by MI tests showed different changes with acid treatment time in fine sandstone and sandy mudstone. These results provide good guiding significance for reservoir acidification stimulation.     

Diagenesis and Their Succession of Gas-bearing and Non-gas-bearing Reservoirs in the Sulige Gas Field of Ordos Basin,China

Abstract: Comparisons have been made among lithology, diagenesis, and reservoir characteristics of gas-bearing and non-gas-bearing ones in the Sulige gas field of the Ordos Basin based on the laboratory analysis of thin sections, scanning electron microscope, and liquid inclusion of the reservoirs. The reservoirs of the Sulige gas field are now in the middle stage of diagenesis and have undergone compaction, cementation and dissolution. The secondary pore of the reservoir originated from the dissolution of the feldspar and tuff because of the organic acid action from the source rocks during the diagenetic middle stage. Gas-bearing reservoirs are common in soluble pore diagenetic facies of coarse detritus quartzose sandstone, whereas non-gas-bearing ones are common in tense compaction diagenetic facies of mud-bearing medium-fine detritus quartzose sandstone and residual intergranular pore diagenetic facies of mud-bearing medium-coarse detritus quartzose sandstone. The secondary pore is developed in gas-bearing reservoirs of the Sulige gas-field as the medium-coarse grain reservoirs formed in a powerful sedimentary environment and experienced strong dissolution. However, the sediments of fine grain size form the non-gas-bearing reservoirs because of less residual primary pore and secondary pore.     

Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs in the Huahai Depression, Jiuquan Basin

<正>It is significant to study the reservoir features and formation mechanisms of unconventional reservoirs.The reservoir characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs in the Huahai Depression,Jiuquan Basin are systematically described in this paper,and in particular the micro pore structures of observed core samples are qualitatively classified.Fundamentally,this research is benefit for the     

致密混积岩储层物性及孔径分布影响因素——以辽河西部凹陷雷家地区杜家台油层杜三段为例

研究储层物性控制因素对储层评价至关重要.致密混积岩储层所含矿物成分多样, 孔隙结构复杂, 造成储层物性变化大.辽河坳陷西部凹陷雷家地区沙河街组四段位于浅湖-半深湖相带, 其中的杜家台油层杜三段发育方沸石、白云石、长石、石英等多种组分混积储层, 具有较大的致密油资源潜力.根据矿物成分可以将杜三段储层分为泥晶云岩、细粒混积岩和方沸石岩3大类.铸体薄片分析与扫描电镜分析结合, 发现3大类储层均发育中微米孔(孔喉半径>10 μm)-微微米孔(孔喉半径为1~10 μm)-纳米孔(孔喉半径<1 μm)多级孔喉系统.中微米孔主要为粒间溶孔及白云石、方沸石晶间和晶内溶孔.微微米孔主要为白云石晶间孔、碎屑矿物粒间孔及部分微溶孔.大部分白云石晶内溶孔、粘土矿物晶间孔属于纳米孔.高压压汞分析结果表明, 3类致密储层的孔径均具双峰特征.泥晶云岩类储层微微米孔的孔径峰值约为4 μm, 纳米孔的孔径峰值约为10 nm, 二者所占比例分别为25.1%和63.1%.细粒混积岩主要发育中微米孔及纳米孔, 所占比例分别为20.9%和79.1%.方沸石岩类储层的中微米孔和纳米孔所占比例分别为12.1%和85.9%.不同矿物成分发育的孔隙类型及大小控制了混积岩储层的整体孔喉结构, 是造成混积岩储层孔径分布呈双峰特征的主要原因.由于白云石晶间孔连通性好, 方沸石主要以充填物的形式出现, 长石-石英碎屑易溶蚀, 粘土矿物主要发育纳米级晶间孔等原因, 致密混积岩储层孔隙度与方沸石含量负相关, 与长石-石英碎屑含量正相关.在储层中裂缝广泛发育的背景下, 致密混积岩矿物成分与渗透率相关性差.     

致密砂岩储层孔喉结构差异对可动流体赋存特征的影响——以苏里格气田东区和西区盒8储层为例

为探讨致密砂岩储层的微观孔喉结构参数对可动流体赋存特征的影响,本文以苏里格气田东区和西区盒8储层为例,利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、恒速压汞及核磁共振等实验方法,对比并分析了微观孔喉结构差异对可动流体赋存特征的影响。结果表明:喉道大小及分布特征是造成致密砂岩储层渗流能力不同的主要因素,喉道半径分布范围越宽,峰值越大,渗流能力就越强;相反,喉道半径分布范围越窄,峰值越小,渗流能力就越弱。致密砂岩储层在可动流体赋存特征方面的差异本质是源于喉道发育程度不同,特别是在孔喉结构非均质性越强的储层中,喉道对可动流体的赋存特征影响越为显著。致密砂岩储层的有效孔隙体积相比于有效喉道体积对可动流体的影响更大,也更能表征流体的赋存状态。     

中国致密砂岩储层流体可动性及其影响因素

致密砂岩储层流体可动性对油气开发、预测和评价具有重要意义。查阅国内近十年相关成果，对致密储层流体可动性的相关参数、测试方法、分布特征及其影响因素进行了分析。发现致密砂岩储层的弛豫时间T₂谱截止值为0.540~41.600 ms，可动流体孔隙度为0.12%~14.35%，可动流体饱和度为2.16%~90.30%，Ⅲ—Ⅳ类储层是致密砂岩储层的主要类型，致密储层可动流体的孔喉半径下限为0.013~0.110 μm，高压压汞、核磁共振、恒速压汞识别的孔喉半径下限分别为0.037 5、0.070 0~0.200 0、0.120 0 μm，水膜厚度为0.05~1.00 μm。统计分析显示，核磁共振、恒速压汞测得致密储层可动流体饱和度偏低；水膜厚度是影响致密砂岩储层流体渗流的主要因素；低煤阶煤层可动流体饱和度最高，致密砂岩储层次之，页岩储层最低；致密砂岩储层约是页岩储层、低煤阶煤层可动流体孔隙度的10倍；砂岩储层可动流体赋存于孔隙和喉道中，受孔隙和喉道共同控制；致密砂岩具有喉道分布集中，有效孔隙发育差，孔隙大部分为喉道半径小于1.000 μm的微细孔；喉道半径越集中、孔喉半径比越小、有效喉道半径越大，越有利于储层流体的渗流；砂岩渗透率（<2×10^-3 μm²）越低，可动流体参数衰减越快；渗透率（>2×10^-3 μm²）越高，可动流体参数升高越缓慢；喉道半径是控制致密砂岩储层流体可动性的主要因素。     

中国油气储层中纳米孔首次发现及其科学价值

油气储层孔隙可分为毫米级孔、微米级孔、纳米级孔3种类型,常规储层孔隙直径一般大于1μm。北美地区页岩气储层纳米级孔径范围为5~160nm,主体为80~100nm。在对中国非常规油气储层研究中,应用场发射扫锚电子显微镜与纳米CT重构技术,首次发现了小于1μm的油气纳米孔。其中,致密砂岩油气储层中纳米级孔隙以颗粒内孔、自生矿物晶间孔及微裂缝为主,喉道呈席状、弯曲片状,孔隙直径范围10~1000nm,主体为300~900nm;页岩气储层纳米级孔隙以有机质内孔、颗粒内孔及自生矿物晶间孔为主,孔隙直径范围5~300nm,主体为80~200nm。纳米级孔是致密储层连通性储集空间的主体。纳米级孔隙系统的发现,改变了微米级孔隙是油气储层唯一微观孔隙的传统认识,为认识常规油气局部富集,非常规油气连续聚集的地质特征、研究连续型油气聚集机理、增加资源潜力具有重要的科学意义。     

基于孔喉结构建立致密砂岩储层评价方案——以松南中央坳陷泉四段为例

致密砂岩储层评价方案是识别储层"甜点"的基础,也是致密油勘探的重点和难点,但目前国内对此尚无统一认识。为此,以松南中央坳陷区泉四段致密砂岩为例,综合常规压汞、恒速压汞、高压压汞等多种资料对致密储层微观孔喉结构进行了精细表征,并以此为基础建立了致密砂岩储层评价方案。结果表明:研究区致密砂岩孔喉小、物性差,储集空间以次生溶孔为主;储层渗透性主要由占小部分体积的最大孔喉半径所控制,喉道半径越大、大喉道所占比例越高,致密储层的渗透率(K)就越高、品质就越好。在此基础上,由孔喉结构的差异性出发,将松南中央坳陷区泉四段致密砂岩储层分类4类,其中,石油能够充注至Ⅰ—Ⅲ类致密储层,且Ⅰ类致密储层(K为(0.1~1.0)×10~(-3)μm~2)品质最高,可视为储层"甜点"。     

孔喉半径对松辽盆地南部青一段特低-超低渗透储层质量的控制作用

针对青山口组一段特低-超低渗储层开发时,仍然存在储层认识程度低的问题.其中,明确特低-超低渗储层物性、含油性及流动性的主控因素是亟待解决的重要问题.利用常规压汞、核磁共振、孔渗测定、粒度分析和X衍射等实验方法,对松辽盆地南部青山口组一段特低-超低渗储层特征参数进行定量表征.结果表明:松辽盆地南部青山口组一段特低-超低渗透储层平均孔喉半径主要分布于0.3~1.7 μm之间.大于1.5 μm的孔喉半径对应常规低渗透储层,以细粒长石岩屑砂岩为主;0.5~1.5 μm孔喉半径对应特低渗透储层,以极细粒长石岩屑砂岩和粗粉砂岩为主,可动流体饱和度大于65%;0.1~0.5 μm孔喉半径对应超低渗透储层,以粗-细粉砂岩为主,可动流体饱和度介于50%~60%.孔喉半径决定了储层物性和流体饱和度特征,并在宏观上受控于沉积相带,应作为特低-超低渗储层评价的重要参数.      

南堡凹陷南部不同构造带东二段储层孔隙结构差异及其对储层质量的影响

为阐明碎屑岩储层孔隙结构差异性及其对储层质量的影响,以南堡凹陷南部4号和2号构造带东二段碎屑岩储层为例,采用常规物性、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、压汞、粒度分析、X衍射等手段,在储层基本特征研究的基础上,对储层孔隙结构差异及其对储层质量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,4号构造带东二段以岩屑质长石砂岩为主,碎屑含量平均为Q40.6F30.1R29.3,平均成分成熟度0.69,2号构造带东二段则主要以长石质岩屑砂岩为主,碎屑含量平均为Q32.9F26.8R40.2,平均成分成熟度为0.49;4号构造带东二段主要以低渗砂岩储层为主,而2号构造带则以致密储层(渗透率小于1 m D)为主;4号构造带东二段砂岩储集空间主要以原生剩余粒间孔为主,且孔喉间的连通性相对较好,2号构造带砂岩储集空间则以粒间溶孔等次生孔隙为主,孔喉间的连通性较差;4号构造带东二段孔喉大小分布主要呈现单峰式,进汞增量主要集中在大于1μm的喉道半径范围,2号构造带东二段储层的孔喉分布也主要为单峰式,但进汞增量主要集中在小于1μm的喉道半径范围。整体上,造成南堡凹陷4号与2号构造带东二段储层差异的原因主要是微观孔隙结构的差异,而微观孔隙结构存在差异的原因是两个构造带东二段储层的沉积和成岩作用后期改造的不同。     

深层高压低渗砂岩油藏储层微观孔喉特征:以东濮凹陷文东油田沙三中段油藏为例

为深入探讨深层高压低渗透砂岩油藏储层微观孔喉特征,开展了岩心样品的恒速压汞测试。结果表明,储层孔道大小及分布性质差异不大,孔隙半径呈正态分布,主峰分布在100～300μm;喉道半径是控制储层性质的主要因素,渗透率与喉道半径的相关性好于其与孔隙半径的相关性。储层有效喉道半径、有效孔隙半径、有效喉道体积、有效孔隙体积、有效孔喉半径比等孔喉特征参数与物性参数具有较好的相关关系。高渗透率岩样的有效孔喉半径比较低,且有效孔喉半径比分布频率较高。渗透性越好,孔喉半径比越低,且其分布越集中。分析认为,恒速压汞的孔喉特征参数中排驱压力(pT)、中值压力(pc50)、最大进汞饱和度(SHgmax)小于常规压汞的,最大连通孔喉半径(Rmax)、中值半径(r50)大于常规压汞的。相对于常规压汞,恒速压汞获得的孔喉特征参数更准确。     

致密滩坝砂储集层孔隙分形特征、预测及应用

储层孔隙分形可以有效表征储层孔渗性能,综合反映储层孔隙结构特征及评价储层开发效果。为确定开发区块动用次序,对于东营凹陷西部区块沙四上纯下次亚段的致密滩坝砂储层,首先,利用薄片、物性及压汞等相关测试数据,计算致密滩坝砂孔喉分形维数（D）;其次,探讨分形维数与储层物性、孔隙结构参数相关性;然后,优选测井数据,建立孔喉分形维数的测井预测模型,并对东营凹陷西部区块滩坝砂分形维数平面分布进行了预测;最后,根据分形维数和油井产能相关性分析,建立了基于分形维数的储层评价标准,对研究区的致密滩坝砂储层进行了分类与评价。结果表明:当2相似文献