河北省主要矿区关闭煤矿资源再利用模式探讨

关闭煤矿资源评价与利用,具有资源、环境双重效益,可为煤矿企业提供一条转型发展路径。在河北省主要矿区关闭煤矿资源调查工作的基础上,通过对国内外关闭煤矿资源再利用典型案例的总结,重点归纳了河北省关闭煤矿农林用地、建设用地、塌陷水域综合利用、矿山公园模式、关闭煤矿资源综合利用、矸石山利用、井下空间利用等7类19种资源再利用推荐模式,分析了推荐模式选择因素,划分了资源类型。依据矿山地质环境影响程度、问题类型及矿山区位差异,按照推荐模式选择原则,提出适合不同关闭煤矿山资源利用模式。综合考虑关闭煤矿背景条件和资源开发利用条件,对河北省主要矿区118个关闭煤矿提出了资源再利用途径。在相关研究基础上,针对河北省主要矿区关闭煤矿资源再利用存在的支撑条件不足、安全评价、支撑政策和管理办法欠缺、资源调查评价与利用技术指南欠缺等现实问题,提出了资源利用典型项目建设、及时掌握关闭煤矿综合信息、构建关闭煤矿资源调查与评价技术指南、开展相关治理工程做好资源利用统筹工作、加强科技投入和关键技术研发、树立矿井全生命周期理念并重视矿业资产的后周期管理及完善闭坑管理等建议,以期选择生态敏感性较弱、资源丰富、区位条件优越、符合当地经济社会发展需求、便于协调开发利用的关闭煤矿作为重点研究对象,开展资源综合利用工业性试验和示范工程,系统构建关闭煤矿资源评价体系,实现关闭煤矿资源利用与生态保护协同发展。      

关闭煤矿的资源开发利用与地质保障

在关闭煤矿中除煤炭剩余外,还赋存丰富的煤层气、矿井水、地下空间、地热等资源,具有巨大的二次开发潜力。依据全国煤层气、矿井水、地热等资源赋存现状,梳理部分重点关闭煤矿资源的绿色开发与清洁高效利用发展趋势;通过系统介绍集钻探、物探、遥感、计算机等勘查技术于一体的综合勘探体系,总结了其在关闭煤矿资源有效开发利用的地质保障作用,并从资源、环境、技术体系及数据库等七个方面提出关闭煤矿资源开发利用地质保障工作建议。     

华北煤田矿山开采导致含水层破坏风险评估:以淄博洪山煤矿为例

煤矿由建设到关闭后多年的生命过程都对含水层具有破坏作用,造成生态环境破坏、影响社会经济发展,其风险具有长期性.在华北煤田水文地质结构及矿山地质环境问题分析的基础上,总结了含水层破坏形式及其风险组成,提出了含水层破坏风险评估与管理的技术思路.利用淄博洪山煤矿从开采到关闭多年的试验和监测数据开展了实证研究.结果表明:（1）矿业活动对含水层破坏形式表现为含水层结构破坏、地下水流场变化和地下水污染3类,洪山煤矿奥灰水遭受破坏的可能性高,危险性低、中等和高的危险区面积分别为20.61、22.39、19.26 km2;（2）社会、经济和生态易损性由破坏性、脆弱性和可恢复性三项指标表达,洪山煤矿社会经济高度依赖奥灰水,其易损性高.（3）含水层破坏风险是可利用地下水资源量减少、生态环境恶化、社会经济负面影响及其长期效应的综合表达,洪山煤矿关闭后奥灰水遭受破坏的风险高.      

加快关闭煤矿煤层气资源开发利用的思考与建议

关闭煤矿中富集大量煤层气资源,其开发利用具有经济、环境、安全和社会多重效益,我国已开展了一些关闭煤矿煤层气资源勘探开发的科技攻关及其抽采工作,但由于我国关闭煤矿煤层气资源开发利用研究属于初级阶段。通过对我国高瓦斯矿井关闭情况研究发现,高瓦斯关闭煤矿主要分布在重庆、湖南、贵州、云南、四川、山西、江西、安徽等地区,尤其以贵州、重庆以及湖南等地区最多。这些高瓦斯关闭煤矿煤层气资源存在抽采技术及模式适配性差、基础研究薄弱、矿井封闭质量不确定、矿井水无相应处理措施、开发利用成本高等问题。建议系统开展关闭煤矿煤层气资源评价,通过加强科技攻关、建立关闭煤矿闭坑监测制度、制定相应关闭煤矿产业发展政策等多方面工作,确保我国关闭煤矿煤层气资源的有效开发利用。     

闭坑煤矿资源二次规划利用可行性分析——以永定县培丰镇培丰煤矿为例

随着煤炭资源的枯竭及去产能力度的加大,大量的煤矿随之关闭。由于煤矿开采对矿山生态环境造成了一定的破坏,因此矿山关闭后需对矿山的地面生态环境进行修复。实际上矿山关闭虽然存在对生态环境损害的副作用,但同时也遗留下许多宝贵的资源,如井下矿山开采遗迹资源、矿山地下空间资源、矿山开发文化资源、地面矿山设施资源、景观资源等。对于遗留资源的合理利用,可以避免一关了之造成的资源浪费。对于闭坑矿山资源的有效利用已有一些成功的案例。借鉴成功经验,对福建省永定县培丰煤矿闭坑煤矿地的规划利用进行可行性分析,提出了地面资源利用与地下空间开发的模式,如地上景观、地上地下博物馆及井下探秘游等。     

煤矿开采环境影响评价中地下水问题探析

煤矿的开采与地下水资源紧密相连,煤层往往与地下含水层相邻,采煤时会疏干地下水,这不仅影响了地下水资源的数量和质量,而且破坏了水的动态平衡和生态环境,造成一系列不良后果.根据煤炭开采工程的环境影响特点及环境保护的最新发展趋势,概略提出了煤矿区地下水环境影响评价的相关问题、煤矿开采引起的地下水环境问题、以及由煤矿地下水疏干引发的地面沉陷及其植被景观的影响.     

地下水放射性同位素测年方法研究进展

放射性同位素测定地下水年龄是研究煤矿区含水层系统中地下水的赋存条件、运移规律和含水层系统中地下水资源可更新能力的重要手段,对煤矿水灾害防治和地下水资源的可持续利用至关重要,近年来它已成为国际水文地质研究的热点问题。在详细阐述地下水放射性同位素测年及分类方法的基础上,对国内外有关地下水测年方法的原理和优缺点进行了分析评述。并讨论了目前地下水测年方法中存在的一些问题,指出地下水放射性同位素测年方法研究的发展趋势和亟待加强研究的关键问题。      

煤矿开采对娘子关泉域岩溶地下水水质的影响分析

娘子关泉域内煤系地层分布面积近4 500 km2,占泉域总面积的60%以上,由于煤矿长期、大规模的开采对泉域岩溶地下水水质造成了较大的影响。分析煤矿采煤期间和闭坑后两种情况下矿坑水对岩溶水水质的影响及其污染途径。认为:煤矿开采期间,煤层及周围地层中有硫铁矿发生氧化及水解反应,矿坑水中硫酸根离子、总硬度、矿化度含量均比天然地下水高,煤矿关闭后会在矿坑内形成老窖水,造成严重污水环境问题,对此应足够重视,治理污染,保护娘子关泉域地下水。     

新时期我国煤矿地下空间综合利用现状及展望

我国煤炭资源的长期大规模开采,产生了大量的地下空间,直接一关了之不仅造成地下空间资源浪费,还可能产生一系列安全、环境及经济问题,因此,如何科学、高效地解决煤矿地下空间的综合开发利用问题,对煤炭产业乃至国民经济的发展具有重要现实意义。笔者等以主要产煤省份为代表,结合调研收集的最新生产煤矿和关闭煤矿数据,深入分析了“十三五”期间生产煤矿地下空间和关闭煤矿地下空间总体情况,系统总结了国内外煤矿地下空间在储物、储能等方面的功能化利用现状,指出了当前我国煤矿地下空间利用存在资源数据信息匮乏、整体开发利用率低、相关技术研究工作仍相对滞后、可供推广借鉴的成熟示范工程较少等问题,提出了新时期煤矿地下空间基础数据库建设、利用体系构建、关键技术攻关、示范工程推广4个方面作为重点发展方向。     

采矿活动对煤矿区地下水环境的影响评价原则

采矿活动对煤矿区地下水环境的影响评价原则成春奇，徐龙，徐强（淮南矿业学院）（合肥煤矿设计院）１引言与地表水相比，地下水资源具有分布广泛、温度变化小和抗污染能力强等特点。因此，人类对地下水的需求日趋增加。目前，地下水已和煤、石油、天然气、金属矿产及材料...     

An Assessment of Performance in the Routine Analysis of Silicate Rocks Based on an Analysis of Data Submitted to the GeoPT Proficiency Testing Programme for Geochemical Laboratories (2001–2011)

Data reported by laboratories contributing to the GeoPT proficiency testing programme for geochemical laboratories over the period from 2001 to 2011 have been assessed to identify the elements and concentration ranges over which analytical performance can be considered satisfactory. Criteria developed in the paper indicated that performance in the content determination of the elements/constituents SiO₂, Al₂O₃, MnO, Cs, Dy, Er, Eu, Ga, Hf, Ho, Lu, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sr, Tb, Tl, Tm, U, Y, Yb and Zn was satisfactory over the full concentration range assessed. The elements/constituents TiO₂, Fe₂O₃(T), MgO, CaO, Na₂O, K₂O, P₂O₅, Ba, Be, Cd, Ce, Co, Gd, La, Li, Nb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sn, Ta, Th, V and Zr showed some degradation in performance at lower concentration levels (approaching the detection limit of some techniques). Performance in determining LOI, As, Bi, Cr, Cu, Ge, Mo, Ni, Pb and W was in general unsatisfactory over the full concentration range assessed. Other elements (especially Fe(II)O, H₂O⁺, CO₂, Ag, Au, B, Br, Cl, F, Hg, I, In, Ir, N, Os, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, S, Se, Te) could not be evaluated as they were not routinely reported by laboratories participating in the GeoPT programme, often because they are present in silicate rocks at sufficiently low concentrations to require a pre‐concentration stage. Some suggestions are made for the causes of unsatisfactory performance, but further progress will require a detailed assessment of the methods used by participating laboratories, which will form the subject of a further paper.     

Geology and the dark side

The diabolical and supernatural folklore traditions of geology are examined systematically for the first time. The following have all been suggested explanations for fossil remains: Devil's footprints, bones, toenails, fingers, thumbs, buttons, money and ninepins; Hobgoblin's claws; Fairy's fingers, heads, faces, hearts, beads, causeways, saltcellars, bottles, weights, money and loaves; elf arrows; witches’ beads and tongues. Twinned staurolite crystals have been called Fairy crosses.     

Quality, palynology, and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Ilgin lignite, Turkey

The Ilgin lignite field can be subdivided into the Haramiköy and Kurugöl areas which are separated by an area of basement and a fault. The lignite-bearing sequence consists mainly of fluvial and lacustrine Neogene deposits. The Ilgin lignite, averaging 8 m (up to 25 m) thick, is blackish brown and dark brown in colour. The lignite contains abundant brown wood, plant remains and white gastropod shells. Samples have an average of 38.9% moisture on an as-received basis and a mean of 3.9% total sulphur on an air-dried basis. Geochemical analysis, using an ICP-MS, was undertaken. Thirteen lignite core samples from three boreholes drilled in the Kurugöl area were ashed at 750°C. The average trace element contents of the lignite show a higher concentration of U (average 43 ppm) when compared to the range for most coals in the world, while the others (Ti, P, Sc, Be, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Cs, Ba, Y, Ta, W, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, Lu) agree with the global ranges. The Ilgin lignite is identified as of Middle Miocene (Middle Serravallian) age and occurs within lacustrine sediments deposited under subtropical climatic conditions.     

Heavy Mineral Placer Deposits of Ekakula Beach, Gahiramatha Coast, Orissa, India

Abstract: Ilmenite, hematite, garnet, monazite, zircon, rutile, magnetite, sillimanite, pyroxene and amphibole from the beach sands of Ekakula, Gahiramatha coast, Orissa, India are reported here for the first time. Their total concentration varies from 26. 4 to 100%. Ilmenite, monazite and zircon are between 100 and 300 um in size and are well rounded in shape. Ilmenite-hematite intergrowth is common. Ilmenite has 50. 02–54. 73% TiO₂, 42. 42–46. 90% FeO (total Fe) and small amounts of Al, Mn, Mg, Ca, Ba, Si, V, Cr, and Zn. The bulk samples contain 10. 63–41. 42 % TiO₂, 6. 15–26. 07 % FeO, 5. 86–16. 75 % Fe₂O₃, 7. 41–61. 74 % SiO₂, 1. 39–12. 83% A1₂O₃, 0. 32–4. 97% CaO, 0. 53–4. 24% P₂O₅, 0. 17–3. 27% MgO, 0. 15–2. 97% Na₂O, 0. 07–2. 34% K₂O, and 0. 05–0. 71% V₂O₅ together with appreciable amounts of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Y, U, Th, Zr, and trace amounts of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, and Cr. Khondalite, charnockite, calc-silicate granulite, leptynite, migmatite, gneiss, basic granulite and pegmatite of the Eastern Ghats appear to be the major source for the above heavy mineral assemblages. The samples are amenable to gravity and magnetic methods of beneficiation.     

贵阳花溪地区下三叠统大冶组遗迹化石及沉积环境分析

贵阳花溪下三叠统大冶组中富产遗迹化石,产出18个遗迹属:Beaconichnus,Circulichnis,Cosmorhaphe,Dendrohaphe,Glockerichnus,Gyrochorte,Gordia,Maeandropolydora,Micatuba,Mammillichnis,Megagrapton,Planolites,Palaeophycus,Phycodes,Phycosiphon,Rhizocorallium,Thalassinoides和Undichna。自下而上可识别出三个遗迹组构,分别为Phycodes、Phycosiphon Mammillichnis和Thalassinoidess遗迹组构。根据遗迹化石各属种分布,大冶组自下而上出现四个遗迹相:Cruziana遗迹相、Zoophycoss遗迹相、Nereites遗迹相和Cruziana遗迹相。结合遗迹组构,对大冶组的沉积环境进行了讨论,Phycodes组构属于Cruziana相,指示浅水环境;Phycosiphon Mammillichnis组构属于Zoophycos遗迹相—Nereites遗迹相,代表台缘下斜坡半深海低能环境;Thalassinoides组构属于Cruziana相,指示早三叠世印度期末的浅水高能环境。     

Geological characteristics of the Sizhuang gold deposit in the region of Jiaodong, Shandong Province——A study on tectono-geochemical ore prospecting of ore deposits

Tectono-geochemical samples were systematically collected from 5 drillcores along the No. 304 explora-tion line and at the -310 m level under the pit in the mining area, totalling 705 samples from the metamorphic rocks, granites, altered rocks and orebodies, and were determined for their contents of 20 kinds of elements including Au, Ag, As, Sb, Hg, Cu,,Pb, Zn, Sn, Bi, Mo, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, Ba, Rb, Sr, etc. By using the Surfer software the geochemical exploration line profile maps for the 20 kinds of elements and the curves for the element geochemical contents of individual ore vein groups were established. In conbination with the geochemical map analytical method and Gregorian’s zoning index calculation method, the vertical, longitudinal and lateral zonation sequences of the elements were ascertained and the geochemical three-dimentional zonation model of the primary halos was estab-lished on the basis of the analysis of metallogenic structures and alteration zonation. Coupled with the results of analysis of the geology and geochemistry data, it may be concluded that the process of alteration of granites in the mining area is also accompanied with the process of gold enrichment and mineralization. With the intensification of alteration of granites from granite →potash feldspathization granite →sericite-quartz alteration granite, seric-ite-quartz rocks →beresitized granite, pyrite sericite-quartz rock, silicified granite →gold ore, the contents of thio-phile ore-forming elements such as Au, Ag, As, Cu, Bi, Mo, Pb, Sb, Hg, and Sn tended to increase. Factor analysis of trace elements indicated: factor F2 (Au, Ag, Cu, Sn, As) represents the element association brought in at the main stage of hydrothermal metallogenesis; factor F4 (Bi, Sb) and factor F5 (Pb, Zn) represent the ore-forming element association supperposed during the late stage of Au-bearing sulfides. By using the Gregorian’s zoning index and map analysis method we have ascertained the primary halo axial zonation sequence (form frontal halo →tail halo): Pb, Zn, Mn, Ba, Sr, Rb, As, Sb, Ag, Cu, Sn, Mo, Au, Bi, Hg, Ti, Cr, V, Ni, and Co. The geochemical anomalies in the mining area display a tendency of lateral plunging to WS, which is consistent with the lateral plunging of orebodies and mineralization alteration zone. Comprehensive analysis of the results of investigations on ore-controlling structures, mineralization-alteration zonation and geochemical zonation of the primary halos indicates that the gold orebodies in this area are still of greater extension.     

酸溶蚀模拟实验与致密砂岩次生孔隙成因机理探讨： 以鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段为例

鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段发现并探明了一批目前中国内陆最大的致密砂岩气田（藏）,该致密砂岩气田的储层岩性主要为 一套“低长石、低杂基、高成分成熟度”的石英砂岩,储集空间类型以多类型的次生溶蚀孔隙为主。针对盒8段致密砂岩 次生孔隙的成因机理,本文在大量薄片观察、扫描电镜、场发射、CT扫描分析的基础上,开展了高温高压条件下真实岩心 的酸溶模拟实验,实验样品为鄂尔多斯盆地石盒子组绿灰色中粗粒含凝灰质长石石英砂岩、绿灰色中粗粒含凝灰质长石岩 屑砂岩、灰色中粗粒含凝灰质岩屑石英砂岩和灰色中粗粒含凝灰质石英砂岩等4种不同类型的砂岩岩心,采用地层水中普 遍存在的乙酸配置成0.5mol/L的反应介质,选用2mL/min流速,动态溶蚀100h后,不同类型砂岩的次生孔隙显著增加, 物性明显改善,通过对不同岩性实验前后样品的同位扫描、水-岩反应速度、离子浓度等测定分析,发现盒8段致密砂岩储 层次生孔隙的成因主要为凝灰质、长石等铝硅酸矿物和碳酸盐矿物的溶蚀,探讨了实验样品中不同矿物的溶蚀序列,凝灰 质、碳酸盐矿物主要在低温条件下发生溶蚀蚀变,高温条件下主要为长石的溶蚀。揭示凝灰质、碳酸盐岩、长石等矿物溶 蚀、次生孔隙形成、新生矿物的发育机理,结合埋藏史、热史分析,建立了盒8段致密砂岩储层埋藏-成岩-孔隙演化模 式,明确了鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段石英砂岩次生孔隙的成因机理。     

Taxonomical and Biogeochemical Investigation of Elements in Holocene Mollusk Shells in the South and Southwestern Marmara Basin, Turkey

Concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements such as Cr,Ga,Ni,Zn,Mo,Cu, Pb,Yb,Y,Nb,Ti,Sr,Ba,Mn,Sc,Co,V,Zr,Fe,Al,W,Se,Bi,Sb,As,Cd in recent mollusk shells and factors affecting their distribution and deposits collected from various depths in the southern and southwestern parts of the Marmara Sea are investigated.The distribution of the elements in the shells is categorized into four groups.Of these,concentrations of 12 elements(As,Bi,Cd,Co,Ga,Mo,Nb, Sb,Se,Sc,W and Yb)are below zero [(0.053-0.79)×10~(-6)];concentrations of seven elements(Cr,Ni, Pb,V,Y,Zr and Cu)are(1.0-6.0)×10~(-6);concentrations of four elements(Ti,Mn,Ba and Zn)are 10- 20×10~(-6);and concentrations of five elements(Si,Al,Fe,Mg and Sr)are(47.44-268.11)×10~(-6).The taxonomic characteristics of the 29 elements were studied separately in mollusk shells such as Chamalea gallina(Linné),Pitar-rudis(Poll),Nassarius reticulatus(Linné),Venerupis senescens (Coocconi),Mytilus galloprovincialis(Lamarck),Mytilaster lineatus(Gemelin in Linné)and Chlamys glabra.It was found that,in mollusk taxonomy,the elements have unique values.In other words, element concentrations in various mollusk shells depend mainly on the taxonomic characteristics of mollusks.In various bionomic environments different element distributions of the same species are attributed to the different geochemical characters of the each environment.Data obtained in this study indicate that the organisms are the most active and deterministic factors of the environment.     

老君庙油田古近系M层冲积扇低渗透 储层特征及形成机理

通过薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、岩心物性及测井曲线对老君庙油田古近系M层进行了储层特征与形成机理研究, 包括沉积储层基本特征、成岩作用及孔隙演化分析等。结果表明,M层为快速堆积下的沉积物,分选差,杂基含量高,总 体属于相对细粒的冲积扇相沉积;主要储集空间为粒间孔,为中孔低渗储层;成岩作用类型主要有压实、胶结和溶解作用 等。沉积作用控制了储层的原始孔隙度,杂基含量高,分选较差的储层原始物性差,主要分布在扇根片流带片流砂坝和扇 中漫流带;相比而言,低杂基含量,分选相对较好的辫流带砂岩受到碳酸盐胶结物的影响大,胶结作用进一步降低了这类 储层物性,使储层整体物性表现为低渗透。杂基含量和碳酸盐胶结是导致储层为低渗透的主要因素。     

Taxonomical and Biogeochemical Investigation of Elements in Holocene Mollusk Shells in the South and Southwestern Marmara Basin,Turkey

Concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements such as Cr, Ga, Ni, Zn, Mo, Cu, Pb, Yb, Y, Nb, Ti, Sr, Ba, Mn, Sc, Co, V, Zr, Fe, Al, W, Se, Bi, Sb, As, Cd in recent mollusk shells and factors affecting their distribution and deposits collected from various depths in the southern and southwestern parts of the Marmara Sea are investigated. The distribution of the elements in the shells is categorized into four groups. Of these, concentrations of 12 elements （As, Bi, Cd, Co, Ga, Mo, Nb, Sb, Se, Sc, W and Yb） are below zero [（0.053-0.79）×10^-6]; concentrations of seven elements （Cr, Ni, Pb, V, Y, Zr and Cu） are （1.0-6.0）×10^-6; concentrations of four elements （Ti, Mn, Ba and Zn） are 10- 20×10^-6; and concentrations of five elements （Si, Al, Fe, Mg and Sr） are （47.44-268.11）×10^-6. The taxonomic characteristics of the 29 elements were studied separately in mollusk shells such as Chamalea gallina （Linn6）, Pitar rudis （Poli）, Nassarius reticulatus （Linn6）, Venerupis senescens （Coocconi）, Mytilus galloprovincialis （Lamarck）, Mytilaster lineatus （Gemelin in Linne） and Chlamys glabra. It was found that, in mollusk taxonomy, the elements have unique values. In other words, element concentrations in various mollusk shells depend mainly on the taxonomic characteristics of mollusks. In various bionomic environments different element distributions of the same species are attributed to the different geochemical characters of the each environment. Data obtained in this study indicate that the organisms are the most active and deterministic factors of the environment.