粒度端元记录的靖边地区MIS 3以来的气候变化

黄土作为典型的多物源沉积物,粒度分布常呈现多峰分布。端元分析可以从复杂的沉积物粒度中分离出代表不同沉积物源和沉积动力的端元组分,在黄土研究中得到了广泛应用。利用Paterson参数化端元模型对处于毛乌素沙漠东南缘的靖边三道沟剖面粒度进行端元分离与解释,并讨论其代表的环境意义。靖边三道沟黄土可分为4个端元:EM1(众数粒径8.93μm)为背景粉尘;EM2(众数粒径25.18μm)为与季风环流有关的组分;EM3(众数粒径39.91μm)和EM4(众数粒径56.37μm)都是与冬季风有关的组分,其中EM3为黄土高原黄土主要组分,EM4与现代沙尘暴的粒级大致相同。通过对各端元组分随年龄变化的曲线进行分析,得到以下结论:该剖面记录了靖边地区自MIS 3以来经历了MIS 3(32.8～29.8 ka BP)、LGM(29.8～22.8 ka BP)、冰消期(22.8～11.3 ka BP)和全新世(8.7～1.7 ka BP)共4个气候时期。端元组分还记录了冰消期H 1事件(16.2～13.8 ka BP)、B/A事件(13.8～12.8 ka BP)、YD事件(12.8～11.3 ka BP)共3次气候快速变化事件和D-O旋回。该剖面还记录了毛乌素沙漠末次冰期经历的3次主要的扩张-收缩旋回以及全新世8.7～8.2,6.0～5.0,3.5～2.5 ka共3次干旱沙进事件。     

粒度端元模型在新疆黄土粉尘来源与古气候研究中的初步应用

基于新疆伊犁盆地肖尔布拉克黄土剖面粒度数据,以贝叶斯粒度端元模型法为主,粒级标准偏差法为辅探寻对气候变化响应敏感的粒级组分及其对粉尘来源示踪和古气候重建的意义。研究结果表明粒度端元组分EM1（众数粒径:21.22 μm）代表大气粉尘中较为稳定的背景值,其含量的变化与高空西风环流强度有关。EM2（75.29 μm）主要代表了近源河流沉积物的悬移搬运组分,可视为较敏感的古气候指标。EM3（47.5 μm）也代表了近距离的悬移搬运组分,可能主要由较粗颗粒对地表的碰撞磨蚀作用而产生。EM2记录了深海氧同位素2阶段（MIS2）以来的北大西洋气候波动事件,如Heinrich事件、YD事件等。贝叶斯粒度端元模型能够区分不同的沉积动力过程,在新疆黄土古气候研究中具有广泛的应用前景。     

长江武汉段天兴洲低滩沉积物粒度端元对河流—风成沙丘沉积环境的指示意义

河床沙波向风成沙丘演变的过程具有特殊的沉积动力机制。笔者等以68份长江武汉段天兴洲洲头低滩沉积物的粒度分布数据为例,利用端元分析方法从每个粒度分布中分离提取4个粒度端元组分(EM1、EM2、EM3和EM4),探讨了河流—风成沙丘不同沉积环境中粒度端元的异同。研究结果表明：EM1和EM3组分在粒度分布中占比与沉积物粒度中值分别呈较好的线性正相关和负相关;河流沉积物主要由EM1、EM2和EM3组成的跳跃方式搬运,对应滚动次总体的EM4组分占比5%~10%,少悬浮搬运;风成沙纹沉积物主要包括两段跳跃次总体,以EM2组分为主、EM1和EM3组分为辅,少EM4组分;沙丘背风面沉积物主要靠颗粒流顺坡滑塌,以EM2组分为主、EM1和EM3组分为辅,含占比约为5%的EM4组分;未被风成沙纹覆盖的沙丘波谷沉积物记录了河流和小型滞水洼地的沉积特征,代表滚动次总体的EM4组分占比7%~15%,悬浮次总体占比可达20%。本文提取的沉积物粒度端元为弱风环境中河道内局部小型河流—风成沙丘的沉积环境和演化过程研究提供了参考。     

长江武汉段天兴洲低滩沉积物粒度端元对河流—风成沙丘沉积环境的指示意义

河床沙波向风成沙丘演变的过程具有特殊的沉积动力机制。笔者等以68份长江武汉段天兴洲洲头低滩沉积物的粒度分布数据为例,利用端元分析方法从每个粒度分布中分离提取4个粒度端元组分(EM1、EM2、EM3和EM4),探讨了河流—风成沙丘不同沉积环境中粒度端元的异同。研究结果表明：EM1和EM3组分在粒度分布中占比与沉积物粒度中值分别呈较好的线性正相关和负相关;河流沉积物主要由EM1、EM2和EM3组成的跳跃方式搬运,对应滚动次总体的EM4组分占比5%～10%,少悬浮搬运;风成沙纹沉积物主要包括两段跳跃次总体,以EM2组分为主、EM1和EM3组分为辅,少EM4组分;沙丘背风面沉积物主要靠颗粒流顺坡滑塌,以EM2组分为主、EM1和EM3组分为辅,含占比约为5%的EM4组分;未被风成沙纹覆盖的沙丘波谷沉积物记录了河流和小型滞水洼地的沉积特征,代表滚动次总体的EM4组分占比7%～15%,悬浮次总体占比可达20%。本文提取的沉积物粒度端元为弱风环境中河道内局部小型河流—风成沙丘的沉积环境和演化过程研究提供了参考。     

哈萨克斯坦南部Shayan黄土粒度端元指示的14.4 cal.ka B. P.以来的风尘历史

中亚干旱区不仅是全球主要的风尘源区之一,也是气候变化的敏感区域之一。重建中亚干旱区风尘历史、解释其驱动机制对治理现代沙尘天气和改善人类生存环境至关重要。然而,关于中亚干旱区风尘驱动机制的问题仍存在不同观点。本研究采用参数化粒度端元分析方法对哈萨克斯坦南部的Shayan黄土剖面(厚度约650 cm)进行了分析。结果表明：1)Shayan剖面沉积物粒度组分分为4个端元,EM1代表高空西风远距离搬运和以团聚体的形式被粗颗粒携带的粘土组分,EM2代表沉积时期大气粉尘的背景,以浮尘的形式存在的细粉砂组分,EM3代表低空短距离搬运的近源粗粉砂组分,EM4代表较强风力条件下被搬运的局地砂粒组分;2)EM3+EM4含量指示的风尘历史显示,14.4 cal.ka B. P.至早全新世阶段(14.4～8.2 cal.ka B. P.)风力较强,中全新世(8.2～4.2 cal.ka B. P.)风力较弱,晚全新世(4.2～0 cal.ka B. P.)再次增强;3)西伯利亚高压强度变化是中亚干旱区过去风尘活动变化的主要驱动力。     

端元分析在长江武汉段古洪水识别中的应用

端元建模分析能够从具有复杂粒度分布特征的沉积物中提取出代表不同沉积动力过程的端元,进而对区域古洪水期进行揭示。以具有代表性的长江堤后湖泊ZK145钻孔晚第四纪沉积物为例,采用特征向量旋转算法对该钻孔粒度资料进行了端元建模分析。结果显示,可分离出4个具有明确地质意义的端元:EM1代表河流冲积砂;EM2代表经流水作用的细砂;EM3、EM4代表静水湖泊沉积。利用钻孔中粗粒端元组分(EM1、EM2)的含量结合磁化率指标,在湖相沉积阶段(22.9~3 m)识别出了9期特大古洪水。端元分析为长江堤后湖泊的古洪水研究提供了一种新的思路和方法,同时为古洪水的反演创造了条件。     

末次冰期以来辽东半岛风沙沉积的粒度端元特征与古气候演变研究

辽东半岛风沙沉积位于东亚季风区边缘和海陆交界地带,对研究东亚季风演化、海平面升降变化、古气候环境变迁等具有重要意义。采用参数化端元分析模型对辽东半岛整体厚320 cm的风沙沉积剖面的粒度数据进行分析,提取出反映沉积动力特征的3个端元组分,结果表明：1)EM1由细粉砂和极细砂组成,是受冬季风影响的敏感粒级,指示冬季风强度变化,EM2与EM3由粒径较粗的细砂和中砂组成,在低空地方风系作用下以尘暴形式对近地表粗颗粒沉积物进行搬运堆积;2)OSL测年结果显示剖面自末次冰期开始堆积,期间经历了冷暖旋回的气候变化,并发育相应的沉积地层;3)结合OSL测年结果,各端元含量、磁化率和中值粒径与深海氧同位素曲线变化趋势基本一致,说明辽东半岛风沙沉积揭示的沉积环境演变与全球环境变化密切相关,虽然存在一定的内部差异,但在反演古气候变迁方面仍具有很好的优越性,是研究渤海沿岸古环境特征的良好信息载体。     

粒度分布的端元建模分析及检验:以“吉兰泰——河套”盆地西部DK-12钻孔晚第四纪沉积物为例

端元建模分析能够从复杂的多峰分布特征的沉积物中提取出具有不同沉积动力过程的端元,但是,由于沉积物的粒度分布还受到沉积环境等多种因素的影响,该方法的有效性及获得的端元组分的地质意义有待其他环境代用指标的进一步检验。以位于"吉兰泰—河套"盆地西部磴口次级隆起区的DK-12钻孔晚第四纪沉积物为例,采用BEMMA算法对该钻孔沉积物的粒度资料进行了端元建模分析,并以黏土矿物组合和前人的孢粉组合数据作为检验指标,结合该地区的区域地质背景,对获得的4个端元进行了综合检验分析,认为获得的沉积物粒度端元具有明确的地质意义,其中EM 1为远源粉尘、EM 2为近源的风成沙、EM 3和EM 4为河流冲积沙。     

更尕海现代碎屑物质粒度组成空间分异及其输入过程

文章分析了更朵海表层沉积、流域地表沉积、湖泊水体沉积以及岩芯沉积等的粒度组成,并比较了不同沉积类型之间有关的沉积动力联系.更尕海海表层沉积具有4种类型的粒度分布模式,其粒度组成由两个端元组分(粗、细颗粒组分)或者二者的混合构成.湖泊现代沉积物表现出自西北向东南逐渐变细的趋势.粗颗粒组分主要由风力输入,反映了流域风场状况或风沙活动的强度(如尘暴事件);而细颗粒组分输入过程复杂,其环境意义需要进一步理解.更尕海沉积岩芯样品具有类似于湖泊表层沉积的粒度组成特征,然而其粗颗粒组分的变化可能还受控于湖泊水域面积的分异作用.未来的工作拟将在合理评价湖泊水位变化的基础上,进一步明确湖泊沉积岩芯中粗颗粒的环境意义.     

粒度分布的端元建模分析及检验:以“吉兰泰—河套”盆地西部DK-12钻孔晚第四纪沉积物为例*

端元建模分析能够从复杂的多峰分布特征的沉积物中提取出具有不同沉积动力过程的端元,但是,由于沉积物的粒度分布还受到沉积环境等多种因素的影响,该方法的有效性及获得的端元组分的地质意义有待其他环境代用指标的进一步检验。以位于“吉兰泰—河套”盆地西部磴口次级隆起区的DK-12钻孔晚第四纪沉积物为例,采用BEMMA算法对该钻孔沉积物的粒度资料进行了端元建模分析,并以黏土矿物组合和前人的孢粉组合数据作为检验指标,结合该地区的区域地质背景,对获得的4个端元进行了综合检验分析,认为获得的沉积物粒度端元具有明确的地质意义,其中EM 1为远源粉尘、EM 2为近源的风成沙、EM 3和EM 4为河流冲积沙。     

地震成因软沉积物变形记录的地震强度研究进展

〗确定地震震级对中长期地震预报、震后应急救援和地震危险性评价具有重要意义。古地震学是研究地质记录中的地震事件,特别是它们的位置、时间和震级大小。然而,传统由地表破裂参数确定的古地震震级仍存在不确定性（大多数地震事件不会导致地表破裂,或位移小于0.3m）,尤其是由湖泊沉积记录的古地震事件。为了解决未发现明显位错地震震级问题,本文依据软沉积物变形构造的类型和形式,对确定地震震级/强度的方法（经验估算、最大液化距离、扰动层厚度、软沉积物变形类型,经验公式,快速沉积砂层厚度）进行总结和讨论,并分析其理论基础、优缺点、误差大小、适用性、存在问题等。并以中东死海盆地利桑组晚更新世湖相沉积中的震积岩(混杂层)和岷江上游萝卜寨晚第四纪湖相沉积中地震成因的液化底劈为例,利用上述6种方法推断,其代表的震级分别为M5.5~6.5和M6.0~7.0,进一步证实了前人的研究结果。这6种方法的结合,为确定地震震级/强度,特别是湖泊沉积中的地震事件提供了一种新的、相对便捷的方法。该研究可为基于地表破裂参数确定的古地震震级提供可靠的参考,为更好地认识构造活跃的地震活动性和危险性提供数据支持。     

地震成因软沉积物变形记录的地震强度研究进展

〗确定地震震级对中长期地震预报、震后应急救援和地震危险性评价具有重要意义。古地震学是研究地质记录中的地震事件,特别是它们的位置、时间和震级大小。然而,传统由地表破裂参数确定的古地震震级仍存在不确定性（大多数地震事件不会导致地表破裂,或位移小于0.3m）,尤其是由湖泊沉积记录的古地震事件。为了解决未发现明显位错地震震级问题,本文依据软沉积物变形构造的类型和形式,对确定地震震级/强度的方法（经验估算、最大液化距离、扰动层厚度、软沉积物变形类型,经验公式,快速沉积砂层厚度）进行总结和讨论,并分析其理论基础、优缺点、误差大小、适用性、存在问题等。并以中东死海盆地利桑组晚更新世湖相沉积中的震积岩(混杂层)和岷江上游萝卜寨晚第四纪湖相沉积中地震成因的液化底劈为例,利用上述6种方法推断,其代表的震级分别为M5.5~6.5和M6.0~7.0,进一步证实了前人的研究结果。这6种方法的结合,为确定地震震级/强度,特别是湖泊沉积中的地震事件提供了一种新的、相对便捷的方法。该研究可为基于地表破裂参数确定的古地震震级提供可靠的参考,为更好地认识构造活跃的地震活动性和危险性提供数据支持。     

Last Deglacial Soft−Sediment Deformation at Shawan on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and Implications for Deformation Processes and Seismic Magnitudes

The eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is characterized by frequent earthquakes; however, research of paleo?earthquakes in the area has been limited, owing to the alpine topography and strong erosion. Detailed investigations of soft?sediment deformation (SSD) structures are valuable for understanding the trigger mechanisms, deformation processes, and the magnitudes of earthquakes that generate such structures, and help us to understand tectonic activity in the region. To assess tectonic activity during the late Quaternary, we studied a well?exposed sequence of Shawan lacustrine sediments, 7.0 m thick, near Lake Diexi in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. Deformation is recorded by both ductile structures (load casts, flame structures, pseudonodules, ball?and?pillow structures, and liquefied convolute structures) and brittle structures (liquefied breccia, and microfaults). Taking into account the geodynamic setting of the area and its known tectonic activity, these SSD structures can be interpreted in terms of seismic shocks. The types and forms of the structures, the maximum liquefaction distances, and the thicknesses of the horizons with SSD structures in the Shawan section indicate that they record six strong earthquakes of magnitude 6–7 and one with magnitude >7. A recent study showed that the Songpinggou fault is the seismogenic structure of the 1933 Ms7.5 Diexi earthquake. The Shawan section is located close to the junction of the Songpinggou and Minjiang faults, and records seven earthquakes with magnitudes of ~7. We infer, therefore, that the SSD structures in the Shawan section document deglacial activity along the Songpinggou fault.     

Quaternary environmental changes in tropical Lake Towuti,Indonesia, inferred from end-member modelling of X-ray fluorescence core-scanning data

Continental and marine sediments are composed of a mixture from different sources and are influenced by a variety of environmental factors and transport processes prior to deposition. For analysis and interpretation, these sources and processes are often challenging to disentangle. We show that end-member modelling of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core-scanning data helps to overcome these challenges by unmixing different environmental signals from high-resolution sediment geochemical records. We apply this approach to a 100 m long lacustrine succession from Lake Towuti, Indonesia, to separate the regional climate and tectonic history from local ecological and diagenetic processes. The resulting six end-members (EMs) are interpreted to represent changes in ecological (EM1), climatic (EMs 2–4), tectonic (EM 5) and geomorphic (EM6) processes determining changes in sediment composition. Because end-member analysis allows for the tracking of transient and overlapping processes, climatic changes can be followed throughout the 100 m-long succession, suggesting alternating wet and dry periods in Central Sulawesi over long (several 100 000 years) time scales. We show that end-member analysis on elemental data sets offers a detailed and objective means to disentangle depositional processes in sedimentary successions resulting from varying tectonic and environmental factors involved in sediment formation and deposition.     

Early Jurassic Soft-Sediment Deformation Interpreted as Seismites in the Wuqia Pull-Apart Basin and the Strike-Slip Talas–Ferghana Fault, Xinjiang, China

The early Jurassic soft-sediment deformation occurring within lacustrine sandstone is distributed mainly in the Wuqia region of SW Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, western China. Triggered by earthquakes, such deformation was found to occur in three beds overlying the lower Jurassic Kangsu Formation. The main styles of deformation structures comprise load cast, ball-and-pillow, droplet, cusps, homogeneous layer, and liquefied unconformity. The deformation layers reflect a series of three strong earthquakes at the end of early Jurassic in the Wuqia region. The differences of deformation mechanisms undergone might represent the varying magnitudes of the earthquake events. During the early Jurassic, the Wuqia region was located in a pull-apart basin controlled by the significant Talas-Ferghana strike-slip fault in central Asia, which initiated the soft-sediment deformation induced by earthquakes. Our research suggests that the paleoseismic magnitudes could have ranged from Ms 6.5 to 7.     

大别山北缘石炭系碎屑岩地球化学及碎屑锆石年代学分析及其对物源区大地构造属性判别的制约

大别山北缘石炭系作为古生代唯一不变质或轻微变质的沉积地层,记录了其物源信息和古生代的构造演化.针对研究区这一地质特征,本文分析了研究区砂岩的碎屑组分、常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素,以及碎屑锆石的同位素年龄,并据此对物源区的大地构造属性进行了研究.研究区碎屑岩主要以中细粒石英砂岩和长石石英砂岩为主,砂岩的QFL平均值为Q 76.2％,F 15.9％,L7.9％,Q/(F+ L) 4.26;主要元素氧化物平均百分含量SiO263.69％,Al2O3 11.25％,MgO 3.66％,CaO 5.15％,Fe2O3T 6.15％,K2O 1.68％,Na2O 0.68％;部分特征微量元素Th,U,Hf,Sc,Zr,Y平均含量分别为10.78×10-6、2.64×10-6、4.39×10-6、15.67×10-6、166×10-6、25.33×10-6.Rb/Sr,Th/U,La/Y,La/Sc,Th/Sc比值分别为1.49、4.10、14.75、31.92和0.89;稀土元素总量ΣREE平均146.2×10-6(54.11×10-6 ～256.0×10-6),Eu异常0.64,轻稀土略有富集,La/Yb为12.58(3.94～15.42),(La/Yb)N为9.02.锆石年龄测定表明,早石炭世地层中碎屑锆石的年龄主要集中在400 ～500Ma,晚石炭世地层中碎屑锆石年龄主要为900～ 1300Ma,其次为2000～ 2800Ma.上述结果表明大别山北缘石炭系沉积物来源于不同的源区,包括早古生代的大陆岛弧、扬子板块中-新元古代基底以及华北板块古-中元古代基底.     

Earthquake imprints on a lacustrine deltaic system: The Kürk Delta along the East Anatolian Fault (Turkey)

Deltas contain sedimentary records that are not only indicative of water‐level changes, but also particularly sensitive to earthquake shaking typically resulting in soft‐sediment‐deformation structures. The Kürk lacustrine delta lies at the south‐western extremity of Lake Hazar in eastern Turkey and is adjacent to the seismogenic East Anatolian Fault, which has generated earthquakes of magnitude 7. This study re‐evaluates water‐level changes and earthquake shaking that have affected the Kürk Delta, combining geophysical data (seismic‐reflection profiles and side‐scan sonar), remote sensing images, historical data, onland outcrops and offshore coring. The history of water‐level changes provides a temporal framework for the depositional record. In addition to the common soft‐sediment deformation documented previously, onland outcrops reveal a record of deformation (fracturing, tilt and clastic dykes) linked to large earthquake‐induced liquefactions and lateral spreading. The recurrent liquefaction structures can be used to obtain a palaeoseismological record. Five event horizons were identified that could be linked to historical earthquakes occurring in the last 1000 years along the East Anatolian Fault. Sedimentary cores sampling the most recent subaqueous sedimentation revealed the occurrence of another type of earthquake indicator. Based on radionuclide dating (¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb), two major sedimentary events were attributed to the ad 1874 to 1875 East Anatolian Fault earthquake sequence. Their sedimentological characteristics were determined by X‐ray imagery, X‐ray diffraction, loss‐on‐ignition, grain‐size distribution and geophysical measurements. The events are interpreted to be hyperpycnal deposits linked to post‐seismic sediment reworking of earthquake‐triggered landslides.     

Study of directivity effect on electromagnetic emissions in the HF band as earthquake precursors: Preliminary results on field observations

This work focuses on the use of electromagnetic emissions (EM) in the HF band as a warning event for earthquakes. EM at HF components 41 MHz and 46 MHz were monitored and recorded from eight field stations in Greece and correlated with seismological events. Directivity effect raised since EM emissions at specific station locations were correlated to earthquake events from prescribed regions. EM recordings during 1999 were used and by visual inspection were associated to most of the earthquake events greater than 5R. Using these observations a novel algorithm based on the ratio of short term to long term signal average, together with a prediction rules set derived from 1999's EM emissions study were developed to combine results from several field stations. Performance of the system was promising, but was dependent on the geographic area of interest. Overall performance for earthquakes events of magnitude greater than 5.7 R was 75% of seismic events were correctly predicted by EM activity, while 25% were not predicted.     

松辽盆地北部裂后反转期层序地层格架及其形成机制

应用高精度层序地层学分析的原理和方法, 通过对研究区新处理的区域性地震反射剖面、测井和岩心等资料的综合分析, 建立了松辽盆地北部裂后反转期层序地层格架.通过盆地的充填记录、湖平面变化和区域演化等信息, 论证了松辽盆地裂后反转期各级界面的地质属性, 分析了其形成机制, 建立了盆地的沉积演化过程模型.研究表明, 盆地裂后反转期发育的一级界面SB02和二级界面SB03、SB11均是区域构造挤压事件的响应界面; 而湖平面的变化和物源供给导致了三级层序体系域构成样式的多样化; 嫩江组二、三段识别出的7个四级层序则是在三级湖平面旋回的高位稳定期盆地物源充足、沉降速率较低的条件下形成的.本研究为松辽盆地中浅层隐蔽油气勘探提供了重要的等时地层对比格架.