济南泉水水化学动态特征分析

济南是山东省省会城市,以泉水而闻名,济南泉域位于济南市中部,为掌握济南泉水水质变化情况,根据多年监测的泉水水质资料,采用年度及年内对比方法,分析研究了泉水主要离子多年动态特征及年内变化,研究结果表明,从1984—2013年近30年间,济南泉水主要水质指标呈恶化趋势,主要驱动因素是CO2,SO2-4,Cl-离子含量的增长,其与当地燃煤量持续增长联系密切;而年内主要离子含量动态变化,属短期波动,与泉区排泄点周边的环境影响有关。     

济南泉域岩溶水动态特征及有关问题讨论

济南泉域岩溶水补给来源主要为大气降水渗入和河流渗漏，排泄方式主要为人工开采和泉水排泄，总体向北径流，多年平均补给量为70×104m3／d。1987～1996年间济南泉域岩溶水动态受降水影响极为明显：1987～1990年枯水期由于降水量少，水位呈下降趋势，1990年枯水期市区水位达到历年来最低点，为20．8m±；1991～1996年降水相对充沛，岩溶水水位总体呈上升趋势，1996年丰水期市区水位为十几年来最高值，达到29．4m。受人工开采量增加的影响，近十年泉域岩溶水水位较70年代以前明显下降，泉流量变小。济南市区岩溶水与西郊炒米店断裂（带）以东地区岩溶水联系密切，为此，加大峨嵋山水厂开采量或在炒米店断裂以西地区增加开采量不会对市区水位产生明显影响。     

济南岩溶水系统划分及典型泉域水力联系

济南地区岩溶地下水研究程度较高,但泉域边界争议较多,命名混乱。为统一思想认识,以地下水系统理论为指导,依据相关边界划分及定名原则,将济南单斜岩溶水系统划分了三级系统,明确了各级系统的边界范围。通过对主要构造水文地质特征分析,揭露了典型泉域之间的水力联系及补排关系。对济南岩溶地下水系统划分及相互关系的综合研究结果,可为济南保泉供水提供地质依据。     

济南地区岩溶地下水污染程度评价

岩溶水环境背景值(污染起始值)是确定岩溶水污染程度的主要参数。通过2013年济南地区岩溶地下水水质资料与济南地区岩溶水环境地质背景值对比分析及综合评价,反映了济南地区岩溶地下水水质污染变化情况。该文地下水污染综合评价是根据以往不同年份的水质资料进行对比评价的,评价结果存在一定的局限性和不全面性,但基本能够反映济南地区岩溶地下水污染程度的总体情况。     

济南泉域重点地段可视化三维地质模型建立

为深化对济南泉域的认识,运用已有钻孔、地质图、地形图及剖面图等多源地质数据,通过对钻孔数据、地质边界、DEM数据、断层数据以及辅助数据等多源数据进行耦合,对剖面进行CAD设计以完善空间信息,建立了济南泉域钻孔模型、断层模型、层面模型,采用Horizons-to-solids方法实现了实体模型的重构,最终完成了济南保泉三维地质建模。该模型实现了空间信息全方位、一体化显示,刻画了地质对象之间复杂的空间关系,解决了地质空间数据的查询、分析、计算与管理,为济南保泉工作提供了有力的地质依据。     

济南泉域岩溶地下水动态开采模型研究

通过收集近3年来济南泉域岩溶地下水开采量、降雨量、泉水流量及泉群水位资料,进行了相关性分析及回归分析。揭露了四大泉群之间内在联系及影响泉群水位变化关键变量间的相互关系,以此为基础建立了岩溶地下水年内动态开采模型。该模型量化了不同时期地下水的开采量,有利于引导当前开采模式下水资源配置,对实现泉水保护及城市供水具有重要意义。     

济南市主要水源地地下水资源潜力评价

综合考虑水源地水质、水量、开采程度、开采地下水产生的环境地质问题及政策等因素,采用综合分析法对济南市主要水源地潜力进行评价。结果表明济南泉域水源地为了保泉,已无扩大开采的潜力;长清-孝里水源地具有较大的潜力,白泉泉域水源地潜力一般。该研究为城市地下水可持续开发利用、环境保护及经济发展提供了科学依据。     

济南泉域岩溶水系统管理模型研究

利用Visual Modflow软件建立了济南泉域岩溶地下水数值模拟模型,并在此基础上,采用响应矩阵法建立了济南泉域岩溶水系统管理模型,重点研究并利用模型定量计算了济西、西郊、市区、东郊开采地下水以及补源等对泉水位的影响,进行了2个方案的优化管理,对济南市水资源进行优化配置,为实现"保泉供水"向政府提供了可靠的决策依据。     

济南泉域四维环境可视化平台数据库建设研究

济南泉域四维环境可视化平台从济南市轨道交通建设对地质工作的实际需求出发,以地理信息系统为基础开发平台,基于2000国家大地坐标系,综合应用数据库、GIS、三维地质建模与可视化、数值模拟与数学模型分析评价等核心技术,建立基于空间数据库的四维可视化信息系统,实现多源、异构、海量地理地质数据的规范化处理和统一管理,为轨道交通建设与泉水保护、政府决策、城市建设布局和功能区划、灾害防治、城市土地地下空间合理开发利用等提供地质科学依据。数据内容的规范与统一是保障平台功能正常运行的关键,该文结合济南泉域四维环境可视化平台的数据库建设实践,探讨了该平台数据库对数据源进行的分析与处理过程。该平台数据库的建立实现了空间数据与属性数据的统一存储与管理,为济南泉域四维环境可视化平台的科学应用提供了有力保障。     

山东典型岩溶水水源地水质演化预测

根据山东省多年地下水水质监测资料,选取水质变化大、监测资料较为齐全的典型岩溶水水源地,采用均值自回归模型,研究水质历时变化规律和演化趋势。现状经济社会发展环境和开采条件下,预测2020年、2030年典型水源地水质呈劣向演化趋势,部分水源地主要组分含量将达Ⅳ类或Ⅴ类水,部分单项指标含量将超过生活饮用水卫生标准,原本优质饮用地下水供水前景堪忧,加强水源地外部环境保护和调蓄岩溶水系统资源量是防治水质恶化的主体内容。     

济南城市四维动态地质信息系统构建研究

近20多年,济南泉水流量逐渐衰竭,泉水断流时有发生,为保护泉水,恢复泉水喷涌,塑造济南城市形象,该次研究基于50多年的济南地下水勘查、试验和研究成果,实现对城市多源、海量、多期次、多比例尺、异构地质数据的有效管理,然后建立不同地质数据的专业模型,实现对模型时空展布特征的三维可视化再现,并提供对模型的专业处理与分析。最后,从二维三维等水文地质概念模型出发,加入时间维度,由历史积累的时空关系,反映济南城市地下水的时空变化规律,在三维地质模型的基础上实现地下水动态监测数据的嵌入,构成地下水四维地质信息系统,在其空间表征的基础上,介绍了城市地下水的形成,泉水的分布、成因、演化以及泉水断流的原因、保泉供水的对策措施等,引导城市地下水的保护和发展,为政府决策提供参考。     

济南泉域重点地段地铁建设适宜性评价

为评价济南泉域重点地段地铁建设适宜性,分析了影响地铁建设的主要影响因子,选取岩溶顶板埋深、岩溶水位埋深、岩溶含水层富水性、岩溶水功能分区、隔水层厚度、裂隙水位埋深、裂隙水富水性、地表水体分布、孔隙水位埋深、孔隙水富水性、活动断裂共11个因子建立评价指标体系,采用GIS空间分析法及AHP确定隶属度及权重,根据模糊评价结果,将济南泉域重点地段地铁建设划分为适宜区、一般区和不适宜区,并给出了各主要交通干道地铁建设与泉水保护的可行性建议。     

Seasonal variation of tidal prism and energy in the Changjiang River estuary:a numerical study

Tidal rivers are intrinsically complex because tidal propagation is influenced by river discharge. This study aims to examine the seasonal variation of tidal prism and energy variance in the tidal river of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary in China. In order to quantify the behaviour of river and tide,we use numerical modelling that has been validated using measured data. We conduct our analysis by quantifying the discharge and energy variance in separate components for both the river and the tide,during wet and dry seasons. We note various definitions of tidal prism and explore the difference between tidal discharge on the flood and ebb and tidal storage volume. The results show that the river discharge attenuates the tidal motion and reduces the tidal flood discharge but the tidal storage volume is approximately constant with different riverine discharge since part of the fresh water discharge is intercepted and captured in the estuary due to the backwater effect. It appears that the tidal discharge adjusts according to the variation of river discharge to keep a constant tidal storage volume. An analysis of the hydraulics shows that the transition from tidal dominance(at the mouth) to river dominance(upstream) depends on the location of tidal current reversal which varies from wet season to dry season. Duringthe wet season,the Changjiang River estuary is totally dominated by energy from fresh water discharge.     

Identifying key environmental factors influencing spatial variation of water quality in upper Shitoukoumen Reservoir Basin in Jilin Province, China

Based on the observed data in monitored drainage areas and GIS spatial analysis tools, watershed basic database of Shitoukoumen Reservoir Basin was built. The multivariate analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of water quality, identify the key environmental factors and their patterns influencing the spatial variation of water quality, and determine the main types and forms of the non-point source (NPS) pollutant export controlled by the key environmental factors. The results show that different patterns of environmental factors lead to great changes in water quality at spatial and seasonal scales. All selected environmental factors explain 64.5% and 68.2% of the spatial variation of water quality over dry season and rainy season, respectively, which shows clear seasonal difference. Over dry season, residential land is the most important environmental factor, which possesses 35.4% of the spatial variation, and drainage area is the second key environmental factor, which possesses 17.0% of spatial variation in the total variance. Over rainy season, slope length and drainage area are the key environmental factors, which possess 29.3% of the spatial variation together. Residential land influences nitrogen export by changing NH₄ ⁺-N and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) discharge over dry season, and drainage area controls phosphorus export by regulating dissolved phosphorus (DP) drainage over dry season and phosphorus associated particulate (PAP) loss over rainy season, respectively. Although slope length is an important environmental factor, it does not influence NPS pollutant export. It is interesting that soil organic matter, as a minor environmental factor, highly determines phosphorus and nitrogen export by enhancing the DP, PAP and PON loss.     

Zooplankton community structure in relation to environmental factors and ecological assessment of water quality in the Harbin Section of the Songhua River

To study the relationship between zooplankton community structure and environmental factors and water quality in the Harbin Section of the Songhua River, investigations were carried out in June, August, and October 2011. Canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） and saprobic indices were used to process and analyze the data. Seasonal variability was identified as a significant source of variation, which explains the fluctuation in zooplankton density. In autumn, the dry season, water residence time increased and zooplankton biomass and abundance accumulated in the slow flowing waters. Zooplankton abundance increased when food conditions improved. Therefore, the total zooplankton abundance in autumn is much higher than that in spring and summer. According to the saprobic indices, all the sample sites had mesosaprobic water and water quality was worse in autumn. CCA revealed that temperature accounted for most of the spatial variation in the zooplankton community. Moreover, pH, dissolved oxygen saturation, and turbidity were important factors affecting zooplankton community distribution.