华北平原及其邻近地区大地热流资料报道与讨论

本文报道的我国第一批正式热流数据,系几年来我们在开展地温普查、矿山地温等工作的同时,选取了一部分较为理想的钻孔进行大地热流测量的结果。测点主要位于华北平原及其近邻的山区,个别在江淮地区。这项工作得到煤炭、地质、冶金等部门的大力协助。     

东北地区大地热流数据的分布及分析

系统地收集了国内已公开发表的东北地区热流数据８１个,并对其进行了初步统计分析。这些数据的地理分布还很不均匀,热流值变化范围为３０－９４ｍＷ／ｍ＾２,多种统计平均方法得到的结果表明,东北大陆地区平均热流值变化范围为６０－６３ｍＷ／ｍ６２。然后,根据上述统计结果初步讨论了我国东北地区地热场分布的基本特征和概况,并阐述了这项研究的地质和地球物理意义。     

基于居里面深度对中国东北部大地热流的研究

大地热流值是表征地球热状态的重要参数,也是进行深部地温预测和评价一个地区地热资源的最基本数据。受钻孔测温的影响,盆地外的无钻孔测温地区缺少实测的大地热流值。目前的热流分布图都是依据相邻盆地的实测值进行插值绘制的,无钻孔区热流值可信度较低。由于岩石居里点与温度密切相关,可以通过居里面深度来研究地表热流值。本文依据东北地区现有的居里面深度分布图,结合实测的岩石热导率、岩石生热率数据和相应的地壳分层状况,计算了东北地区的大地热流值,重新绘制了中国东北地区精细的大地热流分布图。东北地区整体大地热流处于42.5~95 mW/m 2 之间,热流高值位于五大连池及敦化 密山断裂带海龙—牡丹江一带,松辽盆地内部、小兴安岭和长春 延吉缝合带也有局部的高热流值。热流高值与居里面隆起区域有较高的一致性,即居里面隆起处热流较高,而坳陷区热流较低。本次研究填补了中国东部地区热流实测值空白,为该区深部地温预测和地热资源评价提供了更加准确的参数。     

下辽河盆地大地热流

下辽河盆地属华北地堑系的一部分,是一个在前中生代基底上发育起来的中、新生代断陷盆地(张文佑等,1981;马杏垣等,1983;朱夏等,1983),解政文等(1980)曾报道过一个异常高的热流值,引起了各方面的不同反响。近年来,我们于辽河油田开展系统地热研究的同时,取得了一大批实测地温资料和岩石热物理性质参数,在此基础上计算出下辽河盆地大地热流值,并对盆地深部热状况作出相应评价。     

热流的折射和再分配的数学模拟

目前,陆地大地热流的测量大多在1-2公里深的钻孔中进行,测量结果除受地形变化、气候变迁等因素的影响外,还受构造形态变化的影响。一般隆起区的浅部热流和地温梯度高于拗陷区的热流和地温梯度。有时在隆起的最高部位的地表热流值可高于平均热流值的30%-40%,从而形成局部的异常区。隆起区的地表热流值和地温梯度值高于拗陷区的原因是由于在热流扰动区内,热流产生折射和再分配的结果。为此,我们采用数学模拟方法,研究了在不同构造形态和岩层热导率条件下,热流折射和再分配对区域热流的影响。     

全球大地热流研究进展

大地热流是表征地球热状态的重要地球物理参数,它记录了发生在地球深部各种作用过程和能量平衡的信息。大地热流的测量与汇编是固体地球物理学领域的基础性工作。本文对最近20年来全球大地热流研究的相关进展进行了综述,包括介绍近年来全球大地热流数据库建立和汇编情况,据此阐述了全球大地热流的分布规律及主控因素。继而重点对大陆和大洋热流研究中的若干重要概念或关键问题（如热流省、热流-生热率关系、壳幔热流配分系数、大洋岩石圈热演化模型和地下水循环等）、全球热量收支及其时空变化等方面进行了分析。最后,就全球热流汇编研究中需注意的问题以及今后的研究方向做了一些讨论。     

青海省贵德盆地大地热流研究

贵德盆地位于青藏高原东北缘,地热资源丰富,勘查发现其西部山区的扎仓寺热田赋存可供发电的干热岩地热能,但是整个盆地内的大地热流研究仍为空白,制约该区域地热资源的研究评价及开发利用。采集扎仓寺热田16块岩心样品进行了热导率测试,通过温度的校正,获得了扎仓寺热田的原地热导率值。利用钻孔(ZR1)的测温资料和热导率数据,根据热传导定理采用2种方法分别计算传导层段及有对流影响层段的热流值,获得厚度加权平均热流值为79.5mW/m2,高于全球大陆地区平均热流值[(65±1.6)mW/m2]和中国大陆地区平均热流值[(61±15.5)mW/m2],为高热流值,反映了该区域新生代构造活动较为强烈。本研究工作为继续探索该热田的形成演化和地球动力学过程及地热资源评价提供了地热参数。     

青藏高原隆升的构造热演化机制

对“地球的第三极”青藏高原近代隆起成因的探讨,是地球科学中重要的地质命题之一,长期以来,中外地质学家对隆起的时代、幅度、速度、形式和过程,作了大量探讨和论述,并发表了一批隆起速率和起迄年代的数据。     

中国东南地区各造山带大地热流特征

本文依据近几年在我国东南地区取得的１２５个大地热流数据，以区内造山带或造山带内主要大地构造单元为单位，分析和比较了各单元的大地热流特征。报道了反映各单元区域热背景的代表性热流值变化范围和平均值，为研究区内各造山带构造－热演化历史提供了重要参数。     

川东地区大地热流及其对地热资源评价的启示

大地热流是揭示一个地区的温度空间展布、地热资源形成和赋存条件的综合性评价指标。川东地区大地热流的研究十分薄弱, 制约着对该地区地热资源潜力及展布的认识。本文首先利用4口钻井178个系统稳态测温数据和25口钻井76个试油温度数据, 计算得到了川东地区的地温梯度和大地热流, 再利用一维稳态热传导方程计算得到川东地区下二叠统栖霞—茅口组热储的地温, 最后明确栖霞—茅口组发育的地热资源类型及潜力。结果表明: 川东地区地温梯度在16.0~21.3 °C/km之间, 平均为(18.3±1.59) °C/km; 大地热流值在44.3~67.7 mW/m2之间, 平均为(55.5±6.0) mW/m2, 具有构造稳定区的低温型地温场特征。栖霞—茅口组是川东地区最重要的热储, 主要发育中-低温型地热资源, 其中, 低温型地热资源主要发育在西南构造分区; 中温型地热资源主要发育在东南构造分区、东北构造分区及西北构造分区。结合热储特征, 可以得出川东地区栖霞—茅口组具有形成丰富地热资源的热储和地温条件。该成果可为川东地区的地热资源勘探评价提供重要的地热信息。     

Heat flow and thermal modeling of the Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea

Geothermal gradients are estimated to vary from 31 to 43 °C/km in the Yinggehai Basin based on 99 temperature data sets compiled from oil well data. Thirty-seven thermal conductivity measurements on core samples were made and the effects of porosity and water saturation were corrected. Thermal conductivities of mudstone and sandstone range from 1.2 to 2.7 W/m K, with a mean of 2.0±0.5 W/m K after approximate correction. Heat flow at six sites in the Yinggehai Basin range from 69 to 86 mW/m², with a mean value of 79±7 mW/m². Thick sediments and high sedimentation rates resulted in a considerable radiogenic contribution, but also depressed the heat flow. Measurements indicate the radiogenic heat production in the sediment is 1.28 μW/m³, which contributes 20% to the surface heat flow. After subtracting radiogenic heat contribution of the sediment, and sedimentation correction, the average basal heat flow from basement is about 86 mW/m².Three stages of extension are recognized in the subsidence history, and a kinematic model is used to study the thermal evolution of the basin since the Cenozoic era. Model results show that the peak value of basal heat flow was getting higher and higher through the Cenozoic. The maximum basal heat flow increased from 65 mW/m² in the first stage to 75 mW/m² in the second stage, and then 90 mW/m² in the third stage. The present temperature field of the lithosphere of the Yinggehai Basin, which is still transient, is the result of the multistage extension, but was primarily associated with the Pliocene extension.     

Heat flow in the Altai-Sayan Area: new data

Eleven new estimates of heat flow (q) from the southern Altai-Sayan Folded Area (ASFA) have provided update to the heat flow map of Gorny Altai. Measured heat flow in the area varies from 33 to 90 mW/m², with abnormal values of >70 mW/m^q at four sites. The anomalies may have a deep source only at the Aryskan site in the East Sayan (q = 77 mW/m²) while high heat flows of 75–90 mW/m² obtained for the Mesozoic Belokurikha and Kalguty plutons appear rather to result from high radiogenic heat production in granite, which adds a 25–30 W/m² radiogenic component to a deep component of 50–60 mW/m². The latter value is consistent with heat flow estimates derived from helium isotope ratios (54 mW/m² in both plutons). Heat flow variations at other sites are in the range from 33 to 60 mW/m². The new data support the earlier inferences of a generally low heat flow over most of ASFA (average of 45–50 mW/m²) and of a “cold” Cenozoic orogeny in the area (except for southeastern ASFA), possibly driven by shear stresses associated with India indentation into Eurasia.     

Burial and thermal history of the West Bashkirian sedimentary basins

The GALO system is applied to the numerical reconstruction of burial and thermal histories of the West Bashkirian lithosphere from the Riphean to the present. An analysis of the variation in tectonic subsidence of the basin during its development is utilized to estimate approximately the mantle heat flow variations. Our variant of basin evolution suggests that after cooling in the Early Riphean, the rather weak thermal reactivations have not led to considerable heating of the lithosphere in the study region. Surface heat flow decreased from relatively high values in the Early Riphean (60–70 mW/m² in the eastern area and 40–50 mW/m² in the western part) to present-day values of 32–40 mW/m². In spite of the relatively low temperature regime of the basin as a whole, a syn-rifting deposition of more than 10 km of limestone, shale and sandstone in the Riphean resulted in rather high temperatures (180–190 °C) at the base of present-day sedimentary blanket in the eastern area. In agreement with the observed data, computed present-day heat flow through the sediment surface increases slightly from 32 to 34 mW/m² near the west boundary of the region to 42 mW/m² near the boundary of the Ural Foldbelt, whereas the heat flow through the basement surface decreases slightly from 28–32 to 24–26 mW/m² in the same direction. The mantle heat flow is only 11.3–12.7 mW/m², which is considerable lower than mean heat flow of the Russian Platform (16–18 mW/m²) and comparable with the low heat flow of Precambrian shields.     

Numerical modelling of the thermal evolution of the northwestern Dniepr–Donets Basin (Ukraine)

The Dniepr–Donets Basin (DDB) is a Late Devonian rift structure located within the East-European Craton. Numerical heat flow models for 13 wells calibrated with new maturity data were used to evaluate temporal and lateral heat flow variations in the northwestern part of the basin.The numerical models suggest that heat flow was relatively high during Late Carboniferous and/or Permian times. The relatively high heat flow is probably related to an Early Permian re-activation of tectonic activity. Reconstructed Early Permian heat flow values along the axial zone of the rift are about 60 mW/m² and increase to 90 mW/m² along the northern basin margin. These values are higher than those expected from tectonic models considering a single Late Devonian rifting phase. The calibration data are not sensitive to variations in the Devonian/Carboniferous heat flow. Therefore, the models do not allow deciding whether heat flows remained high after the Devonian rifting, or whether the reconstructed Permian heat flows represent a separate heating event.Analysis of the vitrinite reflectance data suggest that the northeastern Dniepr–Donets Basin is characterised by a low Mesozoic heat flow (30–35 mW/m²), whereas the present-day heat flow is about 45 mW/m².     

Terrestrial heat flow around the aseismic front of the Japanese Island Arc

Very few data on heat flow are available in the area around the aseismic front of the Japanese Islands. In order to remedy this situation, measurements of the terrestrial heat flow were made at three locations in the eastern part of Fukushima Prefecture, northeastern Honshu, Japan. The observed values of heat flow were 37 mW/m² (0.88 μcal/cm²·s) at Soma, 52 mW/m² (1.25 μcal/cm²·s) at Kashima and 19 mW/m² (0.46 μcal/cm²·s) at Naraha, respectively. These data partially fill the gaps in the terrestrial heat flow data on land in northeastern Honshu, Japan. These values are considerably lower than the average heat flow over the world, but agree well with the previous estimation for the area.     

The variability of heat flow both regional and with depth in southern Alberta, Canada: Effect of groundwater flow?

Detailed studies of terrestrial heat flow in southern and central Alberta estimated on the basis of an order of magnitude larger data base than ever used before (33653 bottom-hole temperature data from 18711 wells) and thermal conductivity values based on detailed rock studies and measured rock conductivities show significant regional and local variations and variations with depth. Heat flow values were estimated for each 3 × 3 township/range area (28.8 × 28.8 km). A difference in heat flow exists between Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata. Generally lower heat flow values are observed in the strata above the Paleozoic erosional surface (20–75 mW m⁻²). Much higher values are estimated for the Younger Paleozoic formations, with large local and regional variations between 40 and 100 mW m⁻².Average heat flow values based on heat flow determinations below and above the Paleozoic surface that agree within 20% show an increase from values less than 40 mW m⁻² in southern and southwestern Alberta to values as high as 70 mW m⁻² in central Alberta. The predominance of regional downward groundwater flows in Mesozoic strata seem to be responsible for the generally observed heat flow increase with depth.The results show that the basin heat flow pattern is influenced by water movement and even careful detailed heat flow measurements will not give correct values of background steady-state heat flow within the sedimentary strata.     

Geothermal regime and Jurassic source rock maturity of the Junggar basin, northwest China

We analyze the thermal gradient distribution of the Junggar basin based on oil-test and well-logging temperature data. The basin-wide average thermal gradient in the depth interval of 0–4000 m is 22.6 °C/km, which is lower than other sedimentary basins in China. We report 21 measured terrestrial heat flow values based on detailed thermal conductivity data and systematical steady-state temperature data. These values vary from 27.0 to 54.1 mW/m² with a mean of 41.8 ± 7.8 mW/m². The Junggar basin appears to be a cool basin in terms of its thermal regime. The heat flow distribution within the basin shows the following characteristics. (1) The heat flow decreases from the Luliang Uplift to the Southern Depression; (2) relatively high heat flow values over 50 mW/m² are confined to the northern part of the Eastern Uplift and the adjacent parts of the Eastern Luliang Uplift and Central Depression; (3) The lowest heat flow of smaller than 35 mW/m² occurs in the southern parts of the basin. This low thermal regime of the Junggar basin is consistent with the geodynamic setting, the extrusion of plates around the basin, the considerably thick crust, the dense lithospheric mantle, the relatively stable continental basement of the basin, low heat generation and underground water flow of the basin. The heat flow of this basin is of great significance to oil exploration and hydrocarbon resource assessment, because it bears directly on issues of petroleum source-rock maturation. Almost all oil fields are limited to the areas of higher heat flows. The relatively low heat flow values in the Junggar basin will deepen the maturity threshold, making the deep-seated widespread Permian and Jurassic source rocks in the Junggar basin favorable for oil and gas generation. In addition, the maturity evolution of the Lower Jurassic Badaowan Group (J_1b) and Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Group (J_2x) were calculated based on the thermal data and burial depth. The maturity of the Jurassic source rocks of the Central Depression and Southern Depression increases with depth. The source rocks only reached an early maturity with a R₀ of 0.5–0.7% in the Wulungu Depression, the Luliang Uplift and the Western Uplift, whereas they did not enter the maturity window (R₀ < 0.5%) in the Eastern Uplift of the basin. This maturity evolution will provide information of source kitchen for the Jurassic exploration.     

Research on the characteristics and influencing factors of terrestrial heat flow in Guizhou Province

Terrestrial heat flow is an important physical parameter in the study of heat transfer and thermal structure of the earth and it has great significance in the genesis and development and utilization potential of regional geothermal resources. Although several breakthroughs in geothermal exploration have been made in Guizhou Province. The terrestrial heat flow in this area has not been properly measured, restricting the development of geothermal resources in the province. For this reason, the terrestrial heat flow in Guizhou was measured in this study, during which the characteristics of heat flow were determined using borehole thermometry, geothermal monitoring and thermal property testing. Moreover, the influencing factors of the terrestrial heat flow were analyzed. The results show that the thermal conductivity of rocks ranges from 2.0 W/(m·K) to 5.0 W/(m·K), with an average of 3.399 W/(m·K); the heat flow varies from 30.27 mW/m² to 157.55 mW/m², with an average of 65.26 ± 20.93 mW/m², which is slightly higher than that of the average heat flow in entire land area in China. The heat flow in Guizhou generally follows a dumbbell-shaped distribution, with high values present in the east and west and low values occurring in the north and south. The terrestrial heat flow is related to the burial depths of the Moho and Curie surface. The basaltic eruptions in the Emeishan led to a thinner lithosphere, thicker crust and lateral emplacement, which dominated the basic pattern of heat flow distribution in Guizhou. In addition, the dichotomous structure of regional active faults and concealed deep faults jointly control the heat transfer channels and thus influence the terrestrial heat flow.     

New terrestrial heat flow map of Europe after regional paleoclimatic correction application

Heat flow variations with depth in Europe can be explained by a model of surface temperature changes >10°C. New heat flow map of Europe is based on updated database of uncorrected heat flow values to which paleoclimatic correction is applied across the continent. Correction is depth dependent due to a diffusive thermal transfer of the surface temperature forcing of which glacial–interglacial history has the largest impact. It is obvious that large part of the uncorrected heat flow values in the existing heat flow databases from wells as shallow as few hundreds of meters is underestimated. This explains some very low uncorrected heat flow values 20–30 mW/m² in the shields and shallow basin areas of the craton. Also, heat flow values in other areas including orogenic belts are likely underestimated. Based on the uncorrected and corrected heat flow maps using 5 km × 5 km grid, we have calculated average heat flow values (uncorrected heat flow: 56.0 mW/m²; SD 20.3 mW/m² vs. corrected heat flow: 63.2 mW/m²; SD 19.6 m/Wm²) and heat loss for the continental part. Total heat loss is 928 E09 W for the uncorrected values versus corrected 1050 E09 W.     

郯庐断裂带地温场研究

笔者根据郯庐断裂带两侧(东经115°-121°、北纬30°-40°)117个热流数据,绘制了该区热流值平面图,并从断裂带两侧热流值的分布及高、中、低热流值频度分布特点,得出该断裂带中、南段(鲁西、皖北地区)热流值在50-80mW/m2范围内的频度最高,总平均值为67.67mW/m2,明显高于全球平均值(63mW/m2),也比中国大陆平均值(66mW/m2)略为偏高。沿断裂带存在一条明显的热流梯度递变带,东侧平均热流值(67.78mW/m2)明显高于西侧平均值(55.35mW/m2)。3条热流值剖面图显示由西向东穿过断裂带热流值有台阶、折线及跳跃型上升特点。笔者认为,这种东高西低的形貌反映了郯庐断裂带东、西侧地壳结构存在明显差异,这种差异与地震测深、大地电磁测深等地球物理量反映的东侧下地壳存在低速低阻层及莫霍面位置偏高相一致。