全新世镜泊湖粒度特征记录的该地区古降水变化历史

在湖泊沉积与环境演变研究中,粒度参数通常用来反映湖泊水动力条件的变化,进而反映湖面波动状况以及湖区环境有效湿度的变化．镜泊湖JPH-1钻孔沉积物粒度分析表明:全新世以来镜泊湖沉积物粒度的变化呈现明显的粗细交替变化的规律性．结合14C测年,镜泊湖沉积物粒度特征有效地指示了历史时期镜泊湖水动力变化的情况．进而揭示了该地区古降水的变化历史．9300-8540cal aBP,是一个降水较少的偏干旱时期;8540-6350 cal aBP,降水颇丰的湿润时期; 6350-3120cal aBF,气候波动频繁,前期(6350-4800 cal aBP)由湿润向干旱过渡,后期(4800-3120cal aBP左右)又由于早转向湿润,31 20-1 580 cal aBP,降水较多,气候湿润;1 580 cal aBP至今,降水变化波动剧烈,这阶段粒度特征的变化除了与降水的自然变化有关外,还与人类活动的剧烈影响有关系．湖区周围人类活动破坏了原始植被,大量地表裸露,降水冲刷地表作用明显增大,陆源物质被携带人湖,粗颗粒含量显著增多．     

青海湖QH-2000钻孔沉积物粒度组成的古气候古环境意义

据孢粉记录所划分的气候演化阶段,研究了青海湖QH—2000孔沉积物粒度组成的变化．结果表明,冷干和暖湿气候条件下沉积物的粗颗粒组分明显增多;介于二者之间的气候条件下,沉积物的粒径变化相对较平缓．QH—2000孔沉积物粒度的波动特征表明：晚冰期冰川的消融开始于14300aBP左右;博令(Boelling)暖期是冰川大量消融的时期,冰融水对青海湖的补给结束于博令暖期的晚期,即12000aBP左右;新仙女木冷事件和8200aBP左右的冷事件具有突变性的特点．全新世大暖期结束后,气候在转型过程中具有相对冷暖和干湿的快速波动特征;2100—0aBP间,沉积物粒度的变化特征同人类活动有关．     

可可西里库赛湖揭示的青藏高原北部近4000年来的干湿变化

通过青藏高原北部可可西里库赛湖KS-2006孔(深637cm)沉积岩芯总有机碳、总氮含量及沉积物粒度变化的研究,恢复了该地区近4000年来的干湿变化历史.结果表明,该地区近4000年来经历了显著的干湿变化,干旱时段出现在3900-3590cal aBP、3320-2630cal aBP、1720-1420cal aBP及1100-840cal aBP期间:湿润时段出现在3590-3320cal aBP、2630-1720cal aBP、1420-1100cal aBP以及840cal aBP之后小冰期有效降水升高的相对湿润时期.区域对比分析表明库赛湖地区近4000年来的干湿变化受亚洲季风影响;同时,该地区存在明显的中世纪暖期及小冰期的三次降温事件记录.     

洪湖沉积物的磁性特征及其环境意义

以洪湖沉积物为研究对象,通过对Hh01-2(B)孔岩芯磁参数的测量发现在岩芯所代表的时间段内洪湖沉积物磁化率呈现了明显的四个主阶段变化;频率磁化率变化与磁化率变化具有较好的相关性,亚铁磁性矿物的变化主导了沉积物磁化率的变化.同时结合年代、孢粉分析以及参考相关历史记载资料,发现磁化率高值段对应湖水动力强、湖面较宽、气候较湿润,而磁化率低值段对应湖水动力弱、湖面较小、气候偏干旱.从而得出了洪湖沉积物磁参数曲线波峰和波谷分别对应洪湖在历史上曾经历了扩张和收缩、气候温湿和冷干的旋回.     

流域数据模型研究—以太湖流域西苕溪流域为例

对江汉平原江陵剖面沉积物中的总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、有机碳同位素δ13C值和粒度参数的分布特征与环境气候的关系进行了研究.结果表明：沉积物中有机碳、总氮较高,有机质的δ13C值偏负,沉积物的平均粒径较粗时,气候温暖湿润;反之,沉积物中有机碳、总氮较低,有机质的δ13C值偏正,沉积物的平均粒径较细时,气候温凉偏干.结合14C测年,判别江汉平原江陵地区的古气候演化过程：8900-6070 aBP,为温湿时期;6000-4600 aBP为相对冷干时期;4600-2500 aBP为温暖湿润时期;2500 aBP以来为温凉偏干时期.     

太湖西北部表层沉积物粒度特征与沉积环境

对太湖西北部主要入湖河流、河口及近岸湖区64个表层沉积物样品进行粒度分析,结合粒度参数计算和聚类分析,探讨了表层沉积物的粒度分布特征及其沉积类型.研究结果表明:研究区沉积物平均粒径介于4.0~58.7μm之间,粒级组分为黏土、粉砂和砂,其含量的均值分别为7.19%、81.81%和11.00%.太湖西北部表层沉积物以粉砂和砂质粉砂为主;研究区粒度总体呈南粗北细的分布特征,太湖西部沿岸区距离物源区较近且水动力条件复杂,沉积物粒度较粗.太湖北部入湖河流沉积物的频率曲线峰形较宽,峰值位于细粒级;西岸入湖河道多呈单峰态,粒径偏粗;河口区沉积物粒径较河道偏粗,粗颗粒含量高.Q型聚类分析结果表明,研究区可分为4类沉积区,其中3类沉积区有典型特征:第1类沉积区主要分布在太湖西部沿岸,其沉积物粒度相对较粗;第2类沉积区主要位于入湖河流河口,沉积物粒度最粗;第3类沉积区位于蓝藻频发的梁溪河,其沉积物黏土含量极高,表明沉积物粒度特征可能与污染状况有一定的联系.     

青海湖全新世硬水效应随时间变化性及其对沉积物~(14)C年龄的校正

通过研究青海湖全新世硬水效应变化与大气~(14)C浓度(X_(atm))之间的关系,确定了湖水溶解无机碳(DIC)与大气~(14)C浓度之比值(X_(DIC)/X_(atm))约为0.790.利用已知X_(atm)随时间变化曲线重建了青海湖全新世的硬水效应,并对沉积物年龄作了相应校正.结果表明,青海湖全新世沉积物(有机质)~(14)C年龄偏老主要缘于湖泊硬水效应,从全新世早期的1000a左右升高到核爆近前的2300a左右,核爆效应之后2005AD又降至1500a左右,其变化至少在很大程度上受控于X_(atm)的波动(对应于以上3个时期,根据X_(atm)所恢复的硬水效应分别为1100a、2150a、1313a).在此基础上,利用硬水效应校正表对青海湖全新世沉积物~(14)C年龄进行了分阶段校正,基于此校正年龄的红度曲线较好地响应了9000-8000cal aBP、6000-5000cal aBP、4200-3800cal aBP、3500-2500cal aBP、1200-1000cal aBP和600-150cal aBP等全球性冷事件.     

河西走廊4200年以来青铜冶炼的元素地球化学记录

金属的使用与冶炼是人类社会发展过程中一项革命性事件。河西走廊地区全新世条湖湖相沉积元素地球化学记录显示,10500-9500cal aBP和8000-7200cal aBP时段Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni元素含量高值区,分别对应了早全新世增温期冰川融水量增加和全新世适宜期季风降水的增强。Cu、As、Pb、Zn、Ni含量在4200-3700cal aBP时段出现最高峰值,另外Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni4种元素在3000-2700和2100-1900cal aBP时段出现较高峰值。4200-3700cal aBP时段元素异常记录了我国西北地区最早的青铜冶炼,As元素是这一时期青铜合金的主要成份。另外,西周时期(3000-2700cal aBP)和汉代(2100-1900cal aBP)Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni元素峰值,可能是先民青铜冶炼的结果。元素地球化学记录不仅可以判定早期青铜冶炼的起迄时间,也提供了甄别不同时代青铜合金元素组成变化的信息。     

四川汉源大树剖面沉积物年代与粒度特征初步研究

汉源大树剖面厚11.2m,光释光测年结果显示其地质时代为中更新世晚期-晚更新世中期.频率曲线有两峰a型、三峰b型和带粗尾巴的三峰c型三种类型,具有1-2Φ、3-4Φ、4-5Φ、5-6.5Φ、6.5-8Φ、10-11Φ等6个众数,各众数在地层纵向各层段上变化趋势明显;具有a型频率曲线特征的沉积物反映湖水较深,而其余的则可能指示了水体较浅的滨浅湖相.粒度组成以粉砂为主,分选性较好,中值粒径平均为18.12μm.粘土与细粉砂、粉砂含量曲线呈正相关关系;中值粒径与砂、粗粉砂含量曲线也呈正相关关系,并与粘土含量曲线呈负相关关系.大树剖面粒度组成可分为八个沉积阶段,构成从细到粗的三个沉积旋回,各沉积阶段分别指示了不同的水动力条件.     

苏州澄湖SC7孔沉积物粒度特征及其古环境意义

苏州澄湖湖底主要由硬粘土组成,同时残留有湖沼洼地和古河道,古河道大致呈NNW-SSE延伸,与历史文献所载"古三江"之一的东江基本一致.保存着硬粘土平原形成后从河流到湖泊环境演化的良好沉积记录,通过对湖心区古河道SC7孔2cm间隔取样和AMS14C测年、粒度、磁化率等测试分析,初步探讨了该孔的沉积粒度特征及古环境意义,研究结果表明,沉积物粗粉砂含量极少或不含,中-细粉砂和粘土分别占53%-65.8%和19.7%-40.1%;与河床硬粘土相比,粉砂含量较低,粘土含量较高,平均粒径较小,为正偏(硬粘土为极正偏),磁化率也明显较高,多种粒度指标和磁化率指标均表明,澄湖的形成具有河流、河流-湖泊过渡到湖泊的阶段性演化特点,为太湖平原湖荡区湖泊的河泛成因提供了新的证据,现代澄湖则明显受到人类活动的扰动影响.     

湖泊沉积物14C年龄硬水效应校正初探——以青海湖为例

在深入探讨湖泊硬水效应成因和变化规律的基础上,借鉴海洋碳库效应校正方法,首次利用湖水和大气14C放射性比度之间关系的方法对青海湖沉积物14C年龄进行硬水效应校正,并重建了青海湖硬水效应在过去8 ka中的变化过程.笔者认为,青海湖表层沉积物有机质14C年龄不老于1549 aBP,青海湖硬水效应在7000-1000 aBP期间是逐渐增强的.     

湖泊沉积物中S、C及其比值的环境意义

本文以浅淡水湖固城湖和微咸水湖岱海为例,研究沉积物中有面碳,总硫和其比值（OC／TS）的垂向分布规律及其沉积环境（沉积时期的气候冷暖及干湿变化等）,古盐度及环境污染等方面的意义,固城湖沉积物的氧化还原交界面（5cm深处）上硫高碳低,OC／TS突然变小,岱海在高水位年代OC／TS增高,低水位年则降低,分别属于冷湿和冷干气候条件下的沉积特征,论证了OC／TS指标从海洋沉积研究移植到湖泊沉积研究的可用性及其应用前景。     

利用~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs和~(241)Am计年法测算云南抚仙湖现代沉积速率

通过对云南抚仙湖沉积物柱芯样品的~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs和~(241)Am测试表明,柱芯剖面上有明显的1963年和1986年~(137)Cs蓄积峰,验证了1975年次级蓄积峰存在的可能性,这些峰形完好的蓄积峰对抚仙湖的现代沉积环境有明显的时标意义。利用~(137)Cs计年法得到抚仙湖沉积物自1963年、1975年及1986年以来到2007年的平均沉积速率分别为0.063g/(cm~2·a)、0.052g/(cm~2·a)和0.039g/(cm~2·a),说明了过去近五十年抚仙湖沉积速率整体上经历了一个由快到慢的过程。借助于~(241)Am的1963年蓄积峰可以提高~(137)Cs计年的准确性。根据~(210)Pb CRS计年模式,计算出每个样品深度所对应的年代,与~(137)Cs计年法比较存在一定的偏差,分析了两种计年方法存在差异性的原因。通过质量深度和年代分析,抚仙湖的沉积速率变化幅度比较大,表明抚仙湖近129年来的沉积环境不稳定,可能与相应历史时期的人类活动有密切的关系。     

Environmental records of lacustrine sediments in different time scales: Sediment grain size as an example

Understanding the past is the key to know thepresent and to predict the future. As a core project ofthe International Geosphere Biosphere Program, PastGlobal Changes (PAGES) aims to reconstruct theevolution history of global climate, global environ-ment and global ecosystem with resort to all kinds ofnatural records, so as to reveal the change rules(change processes, change amplitude and change rate)of the global environment and thus provide scientificbasis for predicting climate changes p…     

Revisiting lake sediment budgets: How the calculation of lake lifetime is strongly data and method dependent

Lake sedimentation has a fundamental impact on lake lifetime. In this paper, we show how sensitive calculation of the latter is to the quality of data available and assumptions made during analysis. Based on the collection of a large new dataset, we quantify the sediment masses (1) mobilized on the hillslopes draining towards Lake Tana (Ethiopia), (2) stored in the floodplains, (3) transported into the lake, (4) deposited in the lake and (5) delivered out from the lake so as to establish a sediment budget. In 2012–2013, suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and discharge measurements were made at 13 monitoring stations, including two lake outlets. Altogether, 4635 SSC samples were collected and sediment rating curves that account for land cover conditions and rainfall seasonality were established for the 11 river stations, and mean monthly SSC was calculated for the outlets. Effects of the floodplain on rivers' sediment yield (SY) were investigated using measurements at both sides of the floodplains. SY from ungauged rivers was assessed using a model that includes catchment area and rainfall, whereas bedload and direct sediment input from lake shores were estimated. As a result, the gross annual SY was c. 39.55 (± 0.15) Mt, dominantly from Gilgel Abay and Gumara Rivers. The 2.57 (± 0.17) Mt sediment deposited in floodplains indicate that the floodplains serve as an important sediment sink. Moreover, annually c. 1.09 Mt of sediment leaves the lake through the two outlets. Annual sediment deposition in the lake was c. 36.97 (± 0.22) Mt and organic matter accumulation was 2.15 Mt, with a mean sediment trapping efficiency of 97%. Furthermore, SSC and SY are generally higher at the beginning of the rainy season because soils in cultivated fields are bare and loose due to frequent ploughing and seedbed preparation. Later in the season, increased crop and vegetation cover lead to a decrease in sediment production. Based on the established sediment budget with average rainfall, the lifetime of Lake Tana was estimated as 764 to 1032 years, which is shorter than what was anticipated in earlier studies. The sedimentation rate of Lake Tana (11.7 ± 0.1 kg m^?2 yr^?1) is in line with the sedimentation rates of larger lakes in the world, like Lake Dongting and Lake Kivu. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Proglacial sediment trapping in recently formed Silt Lake,upper Lillooet Valley,Coast Mountains,British Columbia

The sedimentology of proglacial Silt Lake was assessed by lake sediment coring and monitoring of lacustrine processes during a late‐summer period of high glacier melt to characterize sediment delivery from the heavily glacierized catchment and investigate the sediment trapping dynamics of this upland lake. A complete varve chronology was established for a distal basin of the lake which was exposed by Lillooet Glacier retreat between 1947 and 1962. The varve record showed decreasing sedimentation rates in the basin while the glacier retreated, and as the lake became free of ice contact in the early 1970s. Although recession has continued over recent decades, and glacier proximity to the lake has, therefore, continued decreasing, lacustrine sedimentation rates are now accelerating due to changing basin morphometry caused by delta progradation. Over shorter time scales, lake sedimentation patterns respond to changing runoff conditions, including late‐summer glacier melt intensity, intra‐annual flooding events, diumal runoff fluctuations, and within‐lake turbidity currents. Turbidity currents included quasi‐regular flows during high diurnal discharges and an episodic flushing of temporarily stored sediment from the sandur or delta at a time of low stage. Suspended sediment yield to Silt Lake is estimated to exceed 10³ Mg km^?2 a^?1, a magnitude that surpasses previous local and regional yield estimates for the glacierized headwaters of the Lillooet River valley. Since Silt Lake currently traps a significant prooportion of that upland sediment supply, and the trapping efficiency of the basin has been variable at decadal time scales, the formation and continued development of Lilt Lake has likely had a significant influence on downstream sediment delivery. Lacustrine sediment‐based proxies of long‐term hydroclimatic variability being developed in glacially distal settings should include provisions for dynamic sediment trapping effects in upstream water bodies that often form in the active proglacial environment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太湖底泥和疏竣堆场中持久性有机污染物的分布及潜在生态风险

以太湖的重污染湖区-五里湖为例,以有机氯农药和多环芳烃为主要目标化合物,分析了疏竣湖区底泥中典型持久性有机污染物的蓄积规律和对生态的潜在影响.分析结果表明:五里湖疏竣湖区底泥中的多环芳烃类有机物在深度上呈指数分布特征,上层底泥中的含量显著高于下层,但对湖区生态没有显著影响;五里湖底泥受到一定的有机氯农药的污染,以六六六和DDE等污染为主,但对比生态风险评估指标仍属于生态安全的底泥.疏竣堆场土壤中多环芳烃的含量仅为五里湖疏竣底泥的1/6,在堆场使用后8个月后,堆场底泥中16种优先检测的多环芳烃含量与湖区底泥仍相当.但堆场使用后,堆场的水花生秸秆内多环芳烃含量发生了显著变化,其总含量增加为原来的6倍,有四种多环芳烃含量超过了生态风险效应区间低值但低于效应区间高值.原秸秆内不含有的苯并[a]蒽和(屈)也被检出,说明堆放五里湖疏竣底泥后对植物产生了一定的生态威胁.     

兴凯湖春季水体悬浮颗粒物和CDOM吸收特性

为了分析兴凯湖水体光学活性物质的吸收特性、来源和空间分布以及对400~700 nm范围内总吸收的贡献,于2013年5月对该水体进行野外实验,对水体中浮游藻类、非藻类颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物的吸收特性和水质参数进行测定.结果表明:总悬浮颗粒物的吸收光谱与非藻类颗粒物相似,色素颗粒物含量较少且单一,非藻类颗粒物在总悬浮颗粒物吸收中占主导地位,其贡献率始终在50%以上.CDOM吸收曲线的拟合函数斜率值Sg均高于其它水体.440 nm处总悬浮颗粒物和非藻类颗粒物的吸收系数ap(440)、ad(440)与总悬浮颗粒物、无机悬浮颗粒物和有机悬浮颗粒物浓度相关性均较好,与叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度的相关性较差.兴凯湖与其它Ⅱ类水体的差异性表现在440 nm处CDOM吸收系数ag(440)与Chl.a浓度、溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度均无显著相关性,说明DOC以无色部分为主.总体上,大兴凯湖各吸收系数和水质参数均值均低于小兴凯湖,后者水质受农耕区退水及周围渔业、旅游业的影响较大.     

MIS-3晚期以来乌伦古湖古湖相沉积记录的初步研究

通过对现代乌伦古湖附近出露的古湖相沉积剖面的AMS~(14)C测年,粒度、总有机碳、总有机氮以及碳酸盐等环境代用指标的分析及其与全新世钻孔沉积记录的对比研究,结果发现:乌伦古湖在MIS-3晚期的33600-22500 cal a BP以及冰后期至早中全新世的16500-6500 cal a BP期间,维持着湖相沉积环境,湖面约比现在湖面高40 m.33600-22500 cal a BP的MIS-3晚期,气候相对温暖,乌伦古湖呈现高湖面特征,湖泊沉积物来源以流水搬运为主;22500-16500 cal a BP的末次冰期冰盛期,气候寒冷干燥,湖泊沉积物来源以风力搬运为主;16500-6500 cal a BP的冰后期以及早、中全新世期间,气候回暖,湖泊沉积物主要来源于河流径流作用.6500-5500 cal a BP,受高温干旱事件的影响,湖面收缩、水位剧降,除沉积中心外的其它钻孔位置出现沉积中断.5500 cal a BP后气候转冷变湿,湖泊重新恢复到现在的状态.乌伦古湖MIS-3晚期以来的古湖相沉积环境变化及其反映的古气候万年尺度上的干湿变化与周边区域气候环境变化记录有很好的一致性,响应了区域环境变化和全球气候突变事件.季风和西风的强度消长变化及其引起的环流条件改变以及温度变化引起的蒸发效应可能是区域气候环境变化的主要原因.这一古湖相沉积记录的研究可为MIS-3晚期以来北疆地区的古湖泊演化以及长时间尺度上西风和季风环流相互关系及其影响区的气候环境演化提供地质证据.     

Radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating of sediments from Lake Karakul,Tajikistan

Lake Karakul in the eastern Pamirs is a large and closed-basin lake in a partly glaciated catchment. Two parallel sediment cores were collected from 12 m water depth. The cores were correlated using XRF analysis and dated using radiocarbon and OSL techniques. The age results of the two dating methods are generally in agreement. The correlated composite core of 12.26 m length represents continuous accumulation of sediments in the lake basin since 31 ka. The lake reservoir effect (LRE) remained relatively constant over this period. High sediment accumulation rates (SedARs) were recorded before 23 ka and after 6.5 ka. The relatively close position of the coring location near the eastern shore of the lake implies that high SedARs resulted from low lake levels. Thus, high SedARs and lower lake levels before 23 ka probably reflect cold and dry climate conditions that inhibited the arrival of moist air at high elevation in the eastern Pamirs. Low lake levels after 6.5 ka were probably caused by declining temperatures after the warmer early Holocene, which had caused a reduction in water resources stored as snow, ice and frozen ground in the catchment. Low SedARs during 23–6.5 ka suggest increased lake levels in Lake Karakul. A short-lived increase of SedARs at 15 ka probably corresponds to the rapid melting of glaciers in the Karakul catchment during the Greenland Interstadial 1e, shortly after glaciers in the catchment had reached their maximum extents. The sediment cores from Lake Karakul represent an important climate archive with robust chronology for the last glacial–interglacial cycle from Central Asia.