Euphotic zone bacterioplankton sources major sedimentary bacteriohopanepolyols in the Holocene Black Sea

Bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) are lipid constituents of many bacterial groups. Geohopanoids, the diagenetic products, are therefore ubiquitous in organic matter of the geosphere. To examine the potential of BHPs as environmental markers in marine sediments, we investigated a Holocene sediment core from the Black Sea. The concentrations of BHPs mirror the environmental shift from a well-mixed lake to a stratified marine environment by a strong and gradual increase from low values (∼30 μg g⁻¹ TOC) in the oldest sediments to ∼170 μg g⁻¹ TOC in sediments representing the onset of a permanently anoxic water body at about 7500 years before present (BP). This increase in BHP concentrations was most likely caused by a strong increase in bacterioplanktonic paleoproductivity brought about by several ingressions of Mediterranean Sea waters at the end of the lacustrine stage (∼9500 years BP). δ¹⁵N values coevally decreasing with increasing BHP concentrations may indicate a shift from a phosphorus- to a nitrogen-limited setting supporting growth of N₂-fixing, BHP-producing bacteria. In sediments of the last ∼3000 years BHP concentrations have remained relatively stable at about 50 μg g⁻¹ TOC.The distributions of major BHPs did not change significantly during the shift from lacustrine (or oligohaline) to marine conditions. Tetrafunctionalized BHPs prevailed throughout the entire sediment core, with the common bacteriohopanetetrol and 35-aminobacteriohopanetriol and the rare 35-aminobacteriohopenetriol, so far only known from a purple non-sulfur α-proteobacterium, being the main components. Other BHPs specific to cyanobacteria and pelagic methanotrophic bacteria were also found but only in much smaller amounts.Our results demonstrate that BHPs from microorganisms living in deeper biogeochemical zones of marine water columns are underrepresented or even absent in the sediment compared to the BHPs of bacteria present in the euphotic zone. Obviously, the assemblage of molecular fossils in the sediments does not represent an integrated image of the entire community living in the water column. Remnants of organisms living in zones where effective transport mechanisms - such as the fecal pellet express - exist are accumulated while those of others are underrepresented. Our work shows a high stability of BHPs over geological time scales. Largely uniform distributions and only minor changes in structures like an increasing prevalence of saturated over unsaturated BHPs with time were observed. Consequently, sedimentary BHP distributions are less suitable as markers for in situ living bacteria but are useful for paleoreconstructions of bacterioplanktonic communities and productivity changes.     

煤层气井低产伤害诊断方法及应用

煤储层不同于常规油气藏,储层易受到伤害且伤害因素复杂。通过大量文献调研发现,前人对煤储层伤害机理研究较多,而对储层伤害类型及相应的措施研究较少。从地质、工程及排采角度出发,研究影响沁水盆地某区块的煤层产气、产水的各种因素,建立典型生产曲线模型并提出判断低产井伤害类型方法,确立增产潜力大的低产井选择标准,并进行二次改造。研究结果表明:地质、工程、排采因素对储层产能影响不可忽略,其中陷落柱、压裂液浸泡时间、压裂施工异常、排采时间间隔、生产时效、降液速率等因素对储层伤害程度较大;煤层伤害主控因素的确定及典型曲线的建立为低产井的储层诊断提供了参考依据,也对低产低效井的二次选井选层改造具有重要指导意义。      

Bacteriohopanepolyol biomarker composition of organic matter exported to the Arctic Ocean by seven of the major Arctic rivers

Bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) are a diverse group of membrane lipids produced by a wide variety of bacteria and can be used as molecular biomarkers for bacterial processes and populations in both modern and ancient environments. A group of BHPs, including adenosylhopane and structurally related compounds, have been identified as being specific to soils, enabling the transport of terrestrial organic matter (terrOM) to the marine realm to be monitored. Estuary surface sediment samples were obtained from the five Great Russian Arctic Rivers (GRARs; Ob, Yenisey, Lena, Indigirka and Kolyma) and river sediments were obtained from two North American Rivers (Yukon and Mackenzie). Analysis of the BHP signatures, using high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MSⁿ), indicated the presence of 15 different BHPs originating from a variety of different bacteria, as well as a significant presence of terrestrially derived OM. Total BHP abundance and the contribution of the “soil-marker” BHPs to the total BHP pool increased eastwards among the GRAR sediments. This suggests increasing terrestrial OM or increased preservation of OM as a result of shorter periods of permafrost thawing. The North American rivers showed greatly differing BHP levels between the Yukon and Mackenzie rivers, with a greater BHP input and thus a relatively higher soil OM contribution from the Yukon. The Indigirka River basin in the eastern Siberian Arctic appeared to be the epicentre in the pan-Arctic BHP distribution trend, with the highest “soil-marker” BHPs but the lowest tetrafunctionalised BHPs. Aminobacteriohopanepentol, an indicator of aerobic methane oxidation, was observed in all the sediments, with the source being either the marine environment or methane producing terrestrial environments.     

煤层气井底流压生产动态研究

井底流压对煤层气的开采至关重要。在考虑煤层产水量与井底流压的耦合作用下,基于质量和能量守恒定律建立了计算井底流压的数学模型。采用压力增量迭代法,利用matlab7.11编写了求解程序,分析了排采参数相互间的关系。研究结果表明:产水量与井底流压两者的关系呈非线性关系;储层渗透率越好、煤层厚度越厚,产水量与井底流压的耦合关系会更显著些;气液两相流阶段中,高产气量不仅能降低环空中气体流动的压降损失,还利于煤层气在地面管汇的运输。      

基于三维地质建模技术的煤层气抽采效果评价

三维地质建模可直观、可视化评价煤层气动态抽采效果,为后续开发方案调整提供指导。借助三维地质建模软件,以晋城寺河煤矿西二盘区3号煤层为研究对象,基于寺河煤矿地质、产能数据分析和数值模拟,建立能反映煤层空间几何形态变化、构造特征及煤储层属性参数动态变化的地质模型,实现研究区煤层气抽采效果动态评价。利用构建的三维地质模型开展产气量、储层压力分布、剩余含气量等重要参数的预测,结果表明:寺河煤矿煤层气井不同排采周期预测的平均日产气量逐渐降低,影响范围逐渐扩大;研究区平均储层压力从2010年的1.31 MPa降至2022年的0.60 MPa,较2010年下降54%;研究区平均剩余含气量从2010年的15.70 m3/t降至2022年5.65 m3/t。研究结果可真实、客观地为三维地质模型在煤层气抽采效果评价中的应用提供科学依据。      

Biomarkers for aerobic methanotrophy in the water column of the stratified Gotland Deep (Baltic Sea)

Filter samples from the oxic zone and suboxic zone of the physically stratified water column and sediment samples of the Gotland Deep, Baltic Sea, were analyzed for bacteriohopanepolyol (BHP) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations. In total, eight BHPs were identified, with the greatest diversity in the suboxic zone. There, 35-aminobacteriohopane-31,32,33,34-tetrol (aminotetrol) and 35-aminobacteriohopane-30,31,32,33,34-pentol (aminopentol), whose concentrations decreased concurrently from the lower to the upper suboxic zone, indicated type I methanotrophic bacteria and thus aerobic oxidation of methane. The presence and activity of type I aerobic methanotrophic bacteria was further supported by the presence of ¹³C-depleted PLFAs, specifically 16:1ω8c and 16:1ω5c (δ¹³C as low as −41.2‰). However, the relative amount of methanotroph-specific compounds was low (aminopentol, <0.2% of total BHPs; 16:1ω8c, ca. 0.5% of total PLFAs), suggesting a minor contribution of aerobic methanotrophic bacteria to the particulate organic matter. The distinctive BHP pattern in the suboxic zone, including aerobic methanotroph biomarkers and a tentative marker for a pelagic redoxcline [putative 22S isomer of the ubiquitous 22R-bacteriohopanetetrol (BHT)], was mirrored in the sediment samples. Our data indicate that a major portion of the sedimentary hopanoids of the Gotland Deep is sourced from the suboxic part of the water column via an effective but unknown transport mechanism.     

Prediction Model of Coal Reservoir Pressure and its Implication for the Law of Coal Reservoir Depressurization

The main methods of coalbed methane(CBM) development are drainage and depressurization, and a precise prediction of coal reservoir pressure is thus crucial for the evaluation of reservoir potentials and the formulation of reasonable development plans. This work established a new reservoir pressure prediction model based on the material balance equation(MBE) of coal reservoir, which considers the self-regulating effects of coal reservoirs and the dynamic change of equivalent drainage area(EDA). According to the proposed model, the reservoir pressure can be predicted based on reservoir condition data and the actual production data of a single well. Compared with traditional reservoir pressure prediction models which regard EDA as a fixed value, the proposed model can better predict the average pressure of reservoirs. Moreover, orthogonal experiments were designed to evaluate the sensitivity of reservoir parameters on the reservoir pressure prediction results of this proposed model. The results show that the saturation of irreducible water is the most sensitive parameter, followed by Langmuir volume and reservoir porosity, and Langmuir pressure is the least sensitive parameter. In addition, the pressure drop of reservoirs is negatively correlated with the saturation of irreducible water and the Langmuir volume, while it is positively correlated with porosity. This work analyzed the reservoir pressure drop characteristics of the CBM wells in the Shizhuangnan Block of the Qinshui Basin, and the results show that the CBM reservoir depressurization can be divided into three types, i.e., rapidly drop type, medium-term stability type, and slowly drop type. The drainage features of wells were reasonably interpreted based on the comprehensive analysis of the reservoir depressurization type; the latter was coupled to the corresponding permeability dynamic change characteristics, eventually proving the applicability of the proposed model.     

Study on Swell Pressure Stress of Bentonite in Geosynthetic Clay Liners

1 Introduction Bentonite is a valuable industrial material, which is composed mainly of montmorillonite. Due to many particular characteristics such as strong water sorbility, dilatability, stickiness, high ion-exchangeable capacity, Bentonite has been used widely in many fields of application, including petroleum, metallurgy and chemical industry, textile industry, medical application, construction, mining, agriculture, environment (Koch, 2002; Wang and Wu, 2002; Wagner and Schnatmeyer, 20…     

Bacteriohopanepolyol signatures of bacterial populations in Western Canadian soils

Bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) are naturally occurring compounds derived from bacteria. Their quantity and diversity in five Western Canadian soils, which vary mostly in vegetative cover, were examined using high performance liquid chromatography – atmospheric pressure chemical ionization – mass spectrometry (HPLC–APCI–MS). Eighteen BHP compounds including tetra-, penta- and hexa-functionalised components, as well as composite components, were identified. Concentrations were highest in the forest-grassland transition soil [515 μg/g organic carbon (OC)], followed by the forest soil (431 μg/g OC) and the grassland soils (333–306 μg/g OC). The distribution trends measured using HPLC–ACPI–MS agree with hopanoid measurements using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) but intact BHPs were detected at a concentration that was an order of magnitude higher using HPLC–APCI–MS. Adenosylhopane was the most abundant BHP in all the samples and comprised on average 27% of total BHPs, supporting earlier work indicating that adenosylhopane is an excellent soil-specific biomarker. The soil samples vary in vegetative cover and this is likely one of the main reasons for observing variation in BHP composition, suggesting that BHP biomarkers may be a valuable tool for assessing bacterial community structure in soil when used in cooperation with other molecular microbial ecology methods (such as DNA genotyping).     

Bacteriohopanepolyols in tropical soils and sediments from the Congo River catchment area

The Congo River basin drains the second largest area of tropical rainforest in the world, including a large proportion of pristine wetlands. We present the bacteriohopanepolyol (BHP) inventory of a suite of tropical soils and, from comparison with published data, propose some initial ideas on BHP distribution controls. Strong taxonomic controls on BHP production are evident in wetland sediments. Dominant within the suite were 35-aminobacteriohopane-31,32,33,34-tetrol (aminotetrol) and 35-aminobacteriohopane-30,31,32,33,34-pentol (aminopentol), indicating aerobic methanotrophy. A narrow range and low mean relative abundance of 30-(5′-adenosyl)hopane (adenosylhopane) and related compounds, collectively termed “soil marker” BHPs, were observed in Congo soils (mean 17%, range 7.9–36% of total BHPs, n = 22) compared with literature data from temperate surface soils and Arctic surface soils (mean 36%, range 0–66% of total BHPs, n = 28) suggesting a greater rate of conversion of these BHP precursors to other structures.     

云南老厂雨汪煤层气区块气水成因及产能响应

为提高云南老厂雨汪区块煤层气(CBM)产能,基于6口煤层气先导试验井的气体样品组分、甲烷碳同位素、产出水氢氧同位素及微量元素测试结果,结合研究区煤层气地质条件和产能特征,分析了气体组分、水的氢氧同位素特征及微量元素成分对产能的指示意义。结果表明:研究区煤层气气体组分以CH₄为主,含少量C₂H₆、N₂和CO₂,不含重烃,为热成因气,并经过了后期的次生改造。煤层气井产出水的氢氧同位素特征说明产出水来源于大气降水,呈现明显的¹⁸O漂移特征。主成分分析结果显示产出水微量元素成分可以归纳为两个主成分,分别反映气井的产气和产水情况。根据煤层气井气水产出情况、产出水的氢氧同位素特征、微量元素成分综合分析表明,当前雨汪区块除LC-C3井外其他井产出水主要为压裂液,储层降压受限,导致气井产量较低。     

不同形态压降漏斗模型对煤层气井产能的影响

为了研究压降漏斗形态对煤层气井产能的影响,探讨不同排采阶段煤储层压力变化规律,以期对煤储层解吸效果进行量化研究。针对径向流压力分布模型-对数函数模型难以准确反映各阶段的压降漏斗形态这一问题,建立了对数、线性、抛物线和椭圆型函数压降漏斗模型,提出了煤储层"解吸系数"与"有效解吸系数"的概念,并分析不同函数模型对煤层气解吸半径、产能和采收率的影响。研究结果表明,在同等解吸半径条件下,椭圆函数模型的解吸气量、采收率最高（38.05%）,对数函数模型的解吸气量、采收率最低（低于5%）;相同压降漏斗半径条件下,对数、线性、抛物线、椭圆函数模型的解吸半径及有效解吸半径依次增大,其中椭圆函数模型的解吸系数、有效解吸系数最大,压降半径达到140 m时,其解吸半径达到135 m,有效解吸系数达到0.725,解吸半径范围内的煤储层中气体得到充分解吸。研究结果及认识对于掌握煤层气井排采过程中的储层压降规律,指导煤层气井排采具有重要意义。      

煤层气储层动态渗透率影响因素及排采管控措施

排采管控方法对煤层气储层动态渗透率具有显著影响。基于煤层气井不同排采阶段渗透率的主控因素，以提高和改善渗透率为目标，提出了针对性的排采对策。井底流压大于原始储层压力时，降压速度为0.03~0.05 MPa/d，可降低压裂液和速敏伤害；井底流压在原始地层压力和解吸压力之间时，以小于0.03 MPa/d的速度降压，避免加剧储层"渗透率漏斗"；在解吸压力以上0.2~0.3 MPa时开始以0.01 MPa/d速度降压，在解吸压力附近稳压排水30 d，解吸后套压控制在0.2~0.3 MPa左右，避免两相流造成的水相渗透率下降；提产段通过变速提产强化基质收缩作用改善储层渗透率；稳产段主要通过单位压降增产量来确定合理的稳产产量，实现煤层气井长期高产稳产。现场试验表明，该方法取得了较好的应用效果。      

煤层气井整体压裂及排采技术研究--以延川南煤层气田为例

为了促进煤储层改造效果,有效实现井间干扰,提升气井产气水平,通过整体压裂试验,在单井排采制度基础上,建立煤层气井整体排采制度,并进行排采参数定量化研究。结果表明:以储层压力(P_c)、临界解吸压力(P_j)和井间干扰压力(P_r)为井底流压关键控制节点,将整体排采制度划分为5个阶段,分别是井底流压快速调整阶段、井底流压缓慢调整阶段、井底流压基本一致阶段、同步降压排采阶段和井间干扰阶段;其中,井底流压快速调整阶段日降流压小于0.08MPa,井底流压缓慢调整阶段小于0.02MPa,井底流压基本一致阶段小于0.01MPa,同步降压排采阶段和井间干扰阶段小于0.005MPa。经过现场试验和应用,整体压裂的两个平台15口煤层气井,通过整体排采降压,产气效果明显好于相邻平台气井。     

煤层气直井氮气泡沫压裂参数分析及产能评价

压裂参数是决定压裂效果、影响裂缝特征与煤层气产能的重要参数，深入认识压裂参数对产能的影响规律，对于优化压裂工艺和提高煤层气井产能至关重要。以潞安矿区45口氮气泡沫压裂井为对象，分析压裂施工曲线的类型及其对产能的影响，探讨各阶段压裂液用量与产能之间的关系，并对比评价氮气泡沫与水力压裂井产能的差异性。结果表明:氮气泡沫压裂施工曲线可分为稳定型、波动型、上升型和下降型4类9型，下降型和稳定型压裂曲线对应的产能要高于波动型，上升型曲线对应的产能最差；总压裂液用量以800 m3为宜，前置液和顶替液用量分别为450 m3和8 m3，氮气注入量在5万m3左右最佳，而携砂液用量越大产能越高，氮气泡沫压裂液良好的携砂、造缝、沉降支撑性能是有助于提高产能的优势所在；整体上，就潞安矿区而言，氮气泡沫压裂井的产能明显高于水力压裂井，主要体现在高产井、中高产井的比例远大于水力压裂井，约61%的氮气泡沫压裂井具有较高产能，而水力压裂井为23%。氮气泡沫压裂技术在潞安矿区展示出的可观潜力，可为国内其他具有类似储层特征矿区的煤层气开发提供技术借鉴。      

沁水盆地南部煤层气直井合层排采产气效果数值模拟

随着煤层气勘探开发的深入,多煤层合层排采受到广泛关注。合层排采管控工艺是确保煤层气合采井高产稳产的关键,而多煤层组合条件下复杂的地质条件增加了合层排采管控的难度。数值模拟技术是研究煤层气井合层排采管控工艺的有效手段,科学、可靠的模拟结果可为合采井排采管控提供依据。考虑温度效应、煤基质收缩效应、有效应力作用对煤层流体运移规律以及渗透率等煤层物性参数的影响,建立煤层气直井合层排采生产动态过程多物理场耦合数学模型,并进行有限元法的多物理场耦合求解。通过对沁水盆地南部郑庄区块煤层气合采井组的模拟,探讨不同排采速率下煤层气直井合层排采产气效果及渗透率等煤层物性参数动态演化特征,提出煤层气直井合层排采工程建议。模拟结果显示,郑庄区块3号、15号煤层整体含气量较高,煤层气合采井组具有较大增产潜力,提高排采速率对提高煤层气采收率的效果不显著;排采过程中,煤基质收缩效应对渗透率的影响强于有效应力作用,是提高煤层气井排采速率的保障,在确保排采速率不超过煤层渗流能力上限的基础上,适当提高排采速率可实现煤层气井增产。基于模拟结果,建议排采速率的调整以控制动液面或液柱压力为主;以3号、15号煤层气合采井增产为目标,产水阶段和憋压阶段,郑庄区块煤层气直井合层排采速率以液柱压力降幅0.12~0.20 MPa/d或动液面降幅12~20 m/d为宜,既可实现煤层气增产,又可避免储层伤害。      

鄂尔多斯盆地韩城区块煤层气老井挖潜技术及应用

综合运用地质、压裂及排采动态等资料研究了韩城区块部分煤层气井低产原因,认为储层物性差、断层影响含气量和含气饱和度、多层开采临近水层被压裂沟通、开发井网不完善、越流补给导致储层不能有效降压、局部构造煤发育使煤层压裂造缝难度大并且排采煤粉堵塞渗流通道是造成煤层气井低产的主要因素。通过技术攻关,形成了跨层压裂、封层堵水、酸化解堵、修井工艺优化、加大排采强度等针对性的老井挖潜技术。通过现场试验表明,系列挖潜技术在韩城区块现场应用效果显著,有效提高了单井产气量,对该区块及其他类似地质条件区块的煤层气开发具有一定指导作用。      

柳林地区煤层气开采动态及单井产量主控因素分析

柳林地区是我国煤层气勘探开发的热点地区之一,初步实现了煤层气商业化开发。根据柳林地区煤层气井生产数据,对气井产气动态进行了分析,按产量大小进行了气井统计,中产气井比例较高,为42.9%,高产气井占28.6%,低和极低产气井比例为28.5%。分析煤层气井排采曲线特征,总结归纳气井的产气模式有单峰式、高峰-稳定式和低峰-高峰-稳定式三类。从影响煤层气产能的构造、气含量、渗透率、煤层厚度、煤层埋深、水文地质条件等地质因素入手,分析了各地质因素对气井产能的影响,并建立各类因素与煤层气井产能的关系。研究认为:柳林地区煤层气井的高产条件并非受单一因素的控制,而是主要取决于多种有利地质主控因素的有机匹配、共同作用的结果。      

基于干扰试井技术的煤层气储层参数测定

为弥补传统注入压降试井测试结果以点代面的问题,提出基于煤层气干扰试井的储层参数测试方法,阐述了其基本原理、测试方法和数据分析依据。以沁水盆地南部1口激动井和4口检测井组成的井组为例,结合该井组前期注入压降法、历史拟合法测试结果,并与干扰试井测试结果进行对比分析。结果表明,煤层气干扰试井法各井测点渗透率接近利用排采数据的历史拟合值,且高于注入压降测值,但3种方法获得数据处于同一数量级之内;煤层气干扰试井技术方法可以反映试验5口井的区域渗透率分布特征,其区域东南方向渗透率较大,即为主裂隙发育方向。结合3种方法测得的参数值对比可知,煤层气干扰试井法既可获得离散点的参数值,又可以获得区域井组的连通性和优势渗流方向,结果有助于认识区域储层参数,为进一步的井网和排采井的布置提供比较直接的数据依据。      

煤层气井合层开发层间干扰分析与合采方法探讨——以平顶山首山一矿为例

多煤层合层开发是提高煤层气井单井产量的关键技术,然而工程实践中大部分煤层合采存在层间干扰问题,致使合采产气量提升不明显。为了提高合层开发煤层气井的产气量与开发效率,以平顶山首山一矿煤层气合采四2煤层和二1煤层为例,基于煤层气赋存的地质条件,分析了合采层间干扰的影响因素及干扰规律,并提出了煤层合层开发层间干扰的控制方法。结果表明:造成四2煤层和二1煤层合层排采产量低的主要因素是储层压力梯度、临界解吸压力和渗透率。其中,两层煤的储层压力梯度分别为1.05 MPa/hm和0.519 MPa/hm;渗透率分别为0.25×10–3 μm2和1.4×10–5 μm2;临界解吸压力分别为1.16~1.69 MPa和0.40~0.46 MPa;另外,两煤层间距大,平均170 m左右。以上主要影响因素差异,造成两层煤合采时层间矛盾突出,干扰严重,总体产量低,井组煤层气开发效率低。基于现状问题,探索提出大间距多煤层大井眼双套管分层控制合采工艺方法,以实现两层煤分开控制达到合采产能叠加的目标,从而提高煤层气井合采产量和开发效果。研究认识将为平顶山及类似地质条件的矿区多煤层煤层气高效合层排采提供新的技术途径。