考虑循环应力比和频率影响的动荷载下软土微观结构研究

以杭州原状软土为研究对象,借助扫描电镜和PCAS微观定量测试技术,采用分形理论对波浪荷载下的饱和软土微观结构进行研究,探讨不同循环应力比和不同频率条件下孔隙的分布特征及其变化规律。结果表明：循环应力比越大或频率越低,试样破坏所需的循环次数越少;试样临界破坏应变水平随循环应力比的增加呈升高趋势,而不同频率下的临界破坏应变水平则基本一致;孔隙的尺度、排列、形态等特征均随循环应力比的变化呈规律性变化,但随频率变化没有明显的规律性;循环剪应力作用下,孔隙破碎的同时兼并生长,这是剪切带上褶皱现象的微观本质,并且孔隙排列方向与剪切带方向基本一致。通过循环加载前、后微观结构特征参数的变化规律,揭示了波浪荷载下循环应力比和频率对土体微观结构的影响以及土体宏观变形的微观机制。     

上海粘性土剪切带倾角的试验研究

采用可量测局部侧向应变的平面应变仪，对上海地区第（2）层褐黄色粉质粘土和第（6）层暗绿色粉质粘土的原状土样，进行固结不排水平面应变压缩试验，观察土样的局部化变形过程，量测剪切带倾角，研究剪切带倾角随固结压力的变化情况，计算剪切带倾角的传统土力学理论解并与实测值进行比较，根据剪切带内局部剪胀角的近似估算，初步研究剪切带内的变形机理，认为剪切带的形成与孔隙水的运动密切相关。     

平面应变下原状黄土的剪切带研究

针对黄土地区工程建设中的平面应变问题,使用改进的西安理工大学真三轴仪进行了不同侧向固结压力、不同含水率下原状黄土的平面应变剪切试验,得出了剪切破坏时剪切带倾角试验值,根据应力-应变关系曲线求出了剪切带倾角的Mohr-Coulomb、Roscoe理论解,分析了相应控制因素下原状黄土强度、剪切带破坏模式与倾角的变化。结果表明：应力-应变曲线随含水率、侧向固结压力的增大从原生软化型向次生硬化型转变;剪切带破坏模式随侧向固结压力的增大依次呈现单一剪切带、锥型剪切带和X型剪切带;随着含水率的增大,黏聚力、内摩擦角减小导致Mohr-Coulomb剪切带倾角减小,剪胀作用增强导致Roscoe剪切带倾角增大;随侧向固结压力增大,动内摩擦角增大及剪胀作用增强,导致Mohr-Coulomb、Roscoe剪切带倾角增大。     

应变软化扩容对含随机缺陷岩石的渐进变形及破坏前兆特征的影响

在单轴平面应变压缩条件下, 采用FLAC模拟了剪切扩容对含随机缺陷岩石破坏前兆及变形特征的影响。密实的岩石服从莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则, 破坏之后呈现应变软化-理想塑性行为。缺陷在破坏之后经历理想塑性行为。随着轴向应变的增加, 试样内部破坏的单元数目增加, 直到达到一个常数, 该常数随着扩容角的增加而增加。当扩容角较高时, 计算得到的泊松比在峰前就可以超过0.5;剪切扩容于峰前发生; 变形后试样的最终体积大于初始体积。剪切局部化(导致了毗邻块体之间的相对滑动)及剪切扩容(发生于剪切带内部)是非零扩容角试样峰后体积膨胀的原因。在峰前, 通过观察剪切应变增量、破坏的单元数目、侧向应变、计算得到的泊松比及体积应变可以发现, 扩容角越高, 试样破坏的前兆越明显。在低扩容角时, 由于弯曲的剪切带边界, 试样内部充分发展的剪切带的倾角比较分散, 剪切带的倾角更接近Arthur理论。      

岩石试件端面效应的变形局部化数值模拟研究

试件端面效应直接影响试件内的应力分布、试件破坏形式和剪切带图案。采用FLAC - 3D模拟了端面效应对岩石试件剪切带图案、速度场和位移场的影响。试样端部的缚束作用较强时 ,仅在试样中部出现X形的剪切带 ;反之 ,在试样端部出现了倾斜的剪切带。压头刚性越大 ,剪切带倾角越大。块体具有整体平移的特性 ,剪切带边缘位移梯度却较大 ,反映了块体沿剪切带发生滑动的剪切破坏本质。数值模拟结果可在众多的试验结果中找到佐证。     

桂北四堡韧性剪切带的发现及其构造意义

通过野外观察、室内显微构造分析和磁组构测量方法,在桂北四堡地区浅变质地层中厘定出一条NE30°走向,南东倾,倾角约40°的大型左旋斜冲韧性剪切带——四堡韧性剪切带;该韧性剪切带内发育糜棱岩系列、糜棱面理、拉伸线理、A型褶皱、S-C组构、亚颗粒、显微分层及石英条带等宏观和微观构造特征;磁各向异性度测量结果显示四堡韧性剪切带由一宽约4 km的强应变带及边缘弱带组成,全带宽达10 km,长度超30 km;在对韧性剪切带运动学、构造年代学研究的基础上,结合区域地质资料,认为四堡韧性剪切带是华南加里东晚期华夏地块由南东向北西作低角度斜冲到扬子地块的产物。这一发现揭示了扬子地块与华夏地块碰撞拼合的方式,为深化华南构造演化提供了新资料。     

强度参数对初始随机缺陷岩样全部变形的影响

在单轴平面应变压缩条件下, 采用FLAC模拟了初始内聚力及内摩擦角对具有随机材料缺陷岩样轴向、侧向、体积变形及由侧向应变及轴向应变计算得到的泊松比的演变的影响。采用编写的FISH函数于试样内部规定随机缺陷并计算其全部变形特征。密实的岩石服从莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则, 破坏之后呈现应变软化—理想塑性行为。随着强度参数(初始内聚力及内摩擦角)的增加, 应力峰值及对应的侧向应变的值提高, 体积应变的峰值增加, 应力峰值所对应的计算得到的泊松比稍有增加。由于被剪切带所分割的毗邻块体之间的相对滑动, 纵然扩容角为零, 试样在峰后的变形阶段, 仍然可以观察到体积膨胀现象, 这与作者的理论分析结果一致。当强度参数降低时, 侧向应变—轴向应变曲线、体积应变—轴向应变曲线及计算得到的泊松比—轴向应变曲线的峰前非线性部分变得短暂。剪切带倾角的数值解的上限低于Coulomb理论, 下限在Roscoe理论附近波动, Arthur理论的预测结果与本文剪切带倾角的数值解更接近.      

基于梯度塑性理论的岩样在压剪条件下变形及稳定性分析

考虑了正应力及剪应力联合作用在岩样的端部,而且,在正应力被视为变量,剪应力被视为常量这一特殊条件下,对剪切带的变形特征及剪切带-带外弹性体系统的失稳判据进行了分析.根据剪切虎克定律及梯度塑性理论,提出了剪切带内部弹性应变、塑性应变及总应变的解析式,对上述三种应变进行积分,提出了剪切带错动弹性位移、塑性位移及总位移的解析式.利用压缩虎克定律及几何关系建立了剪切带外弹性体的刚度的表达式.根据刚度理论,建立了剪切带-带外弹性体系统的失稳判据.考虑岩样端面的剪切应力后,在流动剪切应力相同时,剪切带内部的弹性剪切应变(均匀分布)将增加;剪切带内部的塑性剪切应变(不均匀分布)将减小;剪切带的弹性剪切位移(线性分布)将增加;剪切带的塑性剪切位移(非线性分布)将减小;剪切带错动位移要小一些.另外,剪切应力对剪切带-带外弹性体系统的失稳判据没有影响.失稳判据仅和岩石的本构参数、剪切带倾角及结构尺寸有关.     

基于数字图像测量系统的饱和细砂渐进破坏特性研究

基于亚像素角点检测的数字图像测量系统能够记录三轴试样表面方块角点的位移,从而获得试样表面每一时刻的局部应变及应变场。分析了试样不同位置的局部径向应变在剪切过程中的变化,获得了以不同初始成样含水率制备的松砂和密砂试样在不同特征时刻的应力与应变的特征值。通过轴向应变场的变化分析了从应变局部化出现到剪切带发育、形成的这一完整的渐进破坏过程,总结了剪切带形成时的局部最大轴向应变特征值,并定性地分析了剪切带内、外土体在渐进破坏过程中不同的轴向应变增长率。试验结果表明：在应变场中试样应变局部化明显,并可以依此确定应变局部化的出现、剪切带的形成;对于密砂及初始含水率为0%制备的松砂试样,应力在应变局部化出现之初即达到峰值,剪切带形成时应力已经开始下降,进入应变软化阶段;以初始含水率为6%和12%制备的松砂试样在达到应力峰值时剪切带已经形成;剪切带内土体的局部轴向应变增长幅度比剪切带外的土体大得多。试样整体轴向应变的增大主要是由剪切带内土体剪切破坏产生的较大轴向应变所致。     

单粒组密砂剪切带的直剪试验离散元数值分析

为分析砂土的剪切力学特性,采用离散元商业软件PFC2D对单粒组密砂在直剪试验中出现的剪切带进行了数值分析。改进传统的分条带观察方式,采用矩形格分割法观察试样内部不同区域的变形特性。对离散元商业软件进行了二次开发,实现了大小主应力及其应力主方向角的可视化,分析了试样内部的应力偏转情况。同时,以纯转动率和颗粒速度等微观变量为中心,观察了试样内部颗粒的运动状态,解析了直剪试验中砂土剪切带形成的微观机制。研究表明,直剪试验中应变局部化区域集中在剪切面附近的一个条带内。通过转动场和速度场的分析可知,剪切带宽度约为10～15倍的砂土平均粒径,带内颗粒转动明显,带边缘出现大的速度和转动变化梯度。对组构和接触力分布的分析可知,剪切过程中粒间接触点和接触力的主轴方向发生了相一致的偏转,偏转后的主轴方向为60°左右。     

A simulation study of microstructure evolution inside the shear band in biaxial compression test

We study the development of microstructure inside the shear band in granular media consisting of elliptical‐shaped particles. Plane strain biaxial compression test was simulated using two‐dimensional distinct element method. The generation of large voids and concentration of excessive particle rotation inside a shear band are found in a quite similar manner to those observed in natural soils. Evolution of the microstructure inside and outside the shear band is studied. The magnitude and direction of particle rotation inside the shear band is influenced by orientation of long axes of elliptical particles. Because of such particle rotations inside the shear band, the preferred alignment of particles becomes horizontal in the residual state, which results in a more anisotropic contact normal distribution oriented along the major principal stress axis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同应力路径下超固结黏土试样变形局部化分析

基于改进伏斯列夫面超固结黏土三维本构模型,利用有限元软件ABAQUS材料子程序接口,采用回映应力更新算法,实现了该模型在有限元分析中的应用。通过该模型与比奥固结理论的耦合,对超固结比为8的超固结黏土在三轴压缩、三轴伸长及平面应变应力条件下的变形局部化问题,进行了水-土耦合弹塑性有限元分析。分析结果表明：剪切带带内、带外点经历不同应力路径;剪切带带外单元经历了体缩、剪胀及被吸水体缩过程,而剪切带带内单元一直保持剪胀趋势;剪切带的形成伴随着剪胀,剪切带内、外出现了负的孔压,且孔压的分布也具有局部化特性。关于剪切带带内、外的孔隙水压及体变变化趋势与剪切速率有关,而平面应变介于三轴压缩与三轴伸长之间,但平面应变较早出现剪切带。孔隙水的迁移速度影响剪切带带内单元的剪胀,进而影响剪切带的形成及发展;而围压和弱单元位置也对剪切带的形成也有影响。     

Dynamic analysis of strain localization in water‐saturated clay using a cyclic elasto‐viscoplastic model

A computational framework is presented for dynamic strain localization and deformation analyses of water‐saturated clay by using a cyclic elasto‐viscoplastic constitutive model. In the model, the nonlinear kinematic hardening rule and softening due to the structural degradation of soil particles are considered. In order to appropriately simulate the large deformation phenomenon in strain localization analysis, the dynamic finite element formulation for a two‐phase mixture is derived in the updated Lagrangian framework. The shear band development is shown through the distributions of viscoplastic shear strain, the axial strain, the mean effective stress, and the pore water pressure in a normally consolidated clay specimen. From the local stress–strain relations, more brittleness is found inside the shear bands than outside of them. The effects of partially drained conditions and mesh‐size dependency on the shear banding are also investigated. The effect of a partially drained boundary is found to be insignificant on the dynamic shear band propagation because of the rapid rate of applied loading and low permeability of the clay. Using the finer mesh results in slightly narrower shear bands; nonetheless, the results manifest convergency through the mesh refinement in terms of the overall shape of shear banding and stress–strain relations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

加荷条件下软黏土的孔隙演化特征

开展上海软黏土的宏微观三轴剪切试验,研究软黏土受荷状态下孔隙的演化特征。结果表明：局部变形在加荷初期就开始发生。随着荷载的增加,细碎团聚体增多,孔隙不断地扩展,生成大的贯通孔隙,孔隙定向排列明显,剪切带形成。微观结构参数与剪应力比呈非线性正相关关系,最大孔隙面积、孔隙比、孔隙各向异性率及分布分维数在受荷初期缓慢地增大,后期快速增大。应变为8%时,最大各向异性率达到0.68,最大孔隙比为1.96。剪切带附近的微观结构参数都大于带外值。在受荷过程中,土的微观结构发生劣化,软黏土变形过程分为损伤开始、损伤发展剪切带形成和土体破坏3阶段,微观结构的劣化与土的宏观力学特性紧密相联系。     

Pore orientation of granular materials during biaxial compression

The local pore spaces in granular materials tend to be aligned parallel to the major principal stress direction upon particle mobilization. Manifestation of this response has been numerically validated in our previous studies with the aid of discrete element method modeling and image processing techniques during creep and shearing. We now extend the modeling of pore geometry, constructed with spherical particles, to assemblies of particle clumps. Two-dimensional simulations are performed for both loose and dense assemblies of spherical particles and particle clumps. Each particle packing is bound by rigid or flexible walls and subjected to biaxial compression and the particle mobilization effect on the evolution of pore orientation is explored. Randomly shaped pores surrounded by adjacent particles are geometrically quantified by Delaunay tessellation and fitted with ellipses. Results show that localization is apparent in dense assemblies, in particular for clumped particle packing, while loose assemblies exhibit diffusive failure. Small pores within well-defined shear bands tend to align either parallel to the direction of the shear band or perpendicular to the major principal stress. On the other hand, small pores within the blocks and large pores have a tendency to become elongate towards the major principal stress direction. This study reveals for the first time that pore orientation is dependent upon particle shape, pore size, and assembly conditions on the pore and global scales.     

Experimental analysis of kaolinite particle orientation during triaxial path

The goal of this study was to analyze the relation between the behaviour of a clayey material at the macroscopic scale and its microfabric evolution. This may lead to a better understanding of macroscopic strain mechanisms especially the contractancy and dilatancy phenomena. The approach proposed in this paper is based on the study of clay particles orientation by SEM picture analysis after different phases of triaxial loading. In the initial state of the samples (one‐dimensional compression), the SEM observations highlight a microstructural anisotropy with a preferential orientation of the particles normal to the loading direction. During isotropic loading, densification of the clayey matrix occurs related to a random orientation of particles indicated by the term ‘depolarization’. In the earlier stages of constant σ₃ drained triaxial path on slightly overconsolidated specimens, the microstructural depolarization seems to persist inside a macroscopic domain, in which only the volumetric strains due to the isotropic part of the stress tensor evolve. Then, a rotation mechanism of the particles towards preferred directions seems to be activated. The phenomenon appears directly linked to the evolution of the deviatoric part of the stress tensor. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超固结粘土的剪切带数值模拟

基于中井的子负荷面本构关系模型,采用高精度的隐式应力积分算法,研究了平面应变试验中超固结粘土试样的变形局部化问题。模拟了不同的加载速度和边界约束条件,得到了超固结比为8的藤森粘土土体内部明显可见的X型剪切带和单一型剪切带。结果表明：土体的剪胀特性、孔隙水在土体内的移动规律以及边界约束条件对剪切带的形成和发展起着控制作用。     

A two-scale constitutive framework for modelling localised deformation in saturated dilative hardening material

Undrained deformation of dilative sand generates negative excess pore pressure. It enhances the strength, which is called dilative hardening. This increased suction is not permanent. The heterogeneity at the grain scale triggers localisations causing local volume changes. The negative hydraulic gradient drives fluid into dilating shear zones. It loosens the soil and diminishes the shear strength. It is essential to understand the mechanism behind this internal drainage and to capture it numerically. The purpose of this paper is to develop a macroscopic constitutive relationship for the undrained deformation of saturated dense sand in the presence of a locally fully or partially drained shear band. Separate constitutive relations are generated for the band and intact material. Both time and scale dependence during pore fluid diffusion in saturated sand are captured, eliminating the mesh dependency for finite element implementations. The model is applied to the Gauss points that satisfy the bifurcation criterion. The proposed method is calibrated to recreate the undrained macroscopic response bestowed by an extra-small mesh. The microscopic behaviours inside and outside shear band predicted by this model are qualitatively in good agreement with individual material point behaviours inside and outside the shear band in the extra-small mesh. Depending on the loading rate and the shear band thickness, the response inside the band can be fully or partially drained, which governs the ultimate global strength. The calibrated model is exploited to simulate an upscaled biaxial compression test with semipermeable boundaries.     

Effect of Intermediate Microfabric on Shear Strength and Strain Localization Response of Kaolin Clay Under Compression and Extension Loading

The present paper evaluates the role of microfabric in strain localization patterns observed in soil specimens during its shear deformation in compression and extension triaxial testing. A series of compression and extension lubricated end triaxial tests are performed on Kaolin clay with extreme as well as intermediate microfabrics, which are obtained using slurry consolidation technique by varying calagon content from 0 to 3 %. Intermediate microfabric is the geometric arrangement of particles within the soil mass, which lies in between the particle orientation during two extreme microfabrics; flocculated and dispersed. Flocculated has random orientation of particles with face-to-edge particle contacts and dispersed has parallel orientation of particles with face-to-face particle contacts. When the specimen is subjected to large stress levels in triaxial testing, the particle orientation and geometric arrangement get affected due to the force acting on the clay platelets. In this experimental research, the variation in clay’s stress–strain and pore pressure response and initiation, propagation and formation of shear bands at different levels of compression and extension shearing is evaluated using digital image analysis setup associated with triaxial system.