微量稀有元素矿物中微量磷、硅的连续测定

微量稀有元素矿物中微量成份的测定,常常是分析工作者感到麻烦而需要解决的问题,我们选择了灵敏度较高的苯芴酮光度法,测磷钼杂多酸中钼的间接比色法测定磷,测定下限为10~(-7)克磷。根据钼酸盐与硅酸、磷酸生成硅钼杂多酸和磷钼杂多酸之性质,用乙酸正丁酯萃取磷钼杂多酸,而硅钼杂多酸留在水相。我们试验了磷、硅钼杂多酸形成的酸度、温度。研究了用正戊醇萃取硅钼兰的条件,在有机相中比色,大大提高了方法的灵敏度,从而较好地解决了微量矿物中微量磷、硅的连续测定。     

基体改进效应石墨炉原子吸收法测定海水中钼

本文提出EDTA铵盐为基体改进剂.石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定海水中痕量钼的方法.EDTA铵盐有效地降低钼的原子化温度,增大测定钼的灵敏度,消除海水基体及微量元素干扰.用标准曲线法计算钼含量,检测限为0.69μg/l,相对标准偏差为2.5%,回收率为94.3%.     

海洋微藻脂肪酸的气相色谱分析

以正十九酸（Ｃ１９：０作内标,藻体经超声萃取、浓缩吹干,进行抽提酯化后采用毛细管气相色谱法分析测定。该方法重现性好,相对偏差为０．５３％－５．４９％,回收率较高,为９５．１％－１０２．５％,检测限为０．００７２μｇ。     

几种海洋生物体内硒含量的测定

本文用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接测定几种海洋生物体内的硒含量。本方法的最低检出限为３０ｐｇ，变异系数低于５．９％，回收率９４％－９９％。测定发现；褐藻含硒量比红藻和绿藻低，紫贻贝和海湾扇贝的外套膜中硒含量远远高于肌肉组织。     

双硫腙—MIBK萃取原子吸收法测定海水中的镉

为了测定海水中的痕量(10~(-11)—10~(-9)g)镉,作者对双硫腙-MIBK络合萃取石墨炉原子吸收法进行了研究。与APDC—MIBK和DDTC-MIBK两种萃取方法相比,双硫腙-MIBK萃取法的优点是络合物稳定时间长,有机相可保存2—3个星期,对分析大批水样有利,而且双硫腙试剂在市场上容易买到,此方法易普及。用双硫腙—MIBK萃取法测定海水中的镉,灵敏度为0.02ug·L~-1,回收率85—103％。     

废重整催化剂中铂的分光光度法的测定

分光光度法测定用于废氧化铝载体铂催化剂中铂含量。铂被还原成铂黑从杂质中分离出，用王水溶解形成六氯铂酸盐酸溶液，加入氯化亚锡形成橙黄色络合物溶液在４０３ｎｍ进行测定。对该方法的回收率，钼存在对测定的影响进行了研究，方法回收率９８～１０２％，在１０－６数量级，即使钼浓度与铂浓度相等并不影响铂的测定     

海水及海洋底质中镉的测定——碘化钾—甲异丁酮—双硫腙分光光度法

本文提出用碘化钾—甲异丁酮(MIBK)—双硫腙萃取分光光度法来测定海水及海洋底质中的镉。实验证明,海水中的镉经过阴离子交换富集分离,底质中的镉用甘油碱法沉淀处理后,再用碘化钾——甲异丁酮萃取,双硫腙比色测定的方法有着萃取效率高,分离效果和重现性好,操作步骤较简便,避免使用剧毒的氰化钾等优点。本法不需要使用贵重的仪器和药品,是一个便于普及的方法。测定结果经与原子吸收分光光度法、极谱法对比是满意的。此外,还探讨了一些条件实验。 本法用于水样的测定,回收率可达80％以上,最低检出浓度,如取5升水样,可检出0.02微克/升。用于底质的测定,回收率可达90％以上,最低检出浓度为0.1微克。     

海洋沉积物中烃类化合物预处理条件优化及应用

运用分辨率高、稳定性好的ＨＰ６８９０ 毛细管气相色谱仪定性、定量测定海洋沉积物中的正构烷烃和多环芳烃。对沉积物样品的预处理中抽提、蒸发、柱层析、萃取等步骤条件进行优化。优化方法中,正构烷烃系列化合物回收率为６５ ％ ～７６ ％ ,多环芳烃系列化合物为８８ ％ ～９５％ ,标准偏差是２．７％ ～２０．２％ （ｎ＝ ３）     

海水中活性磷酸盐的导数分光光度法测定(磷钒钼蓝-罗丹明B-明胶-OP体系)

本文提出了一种测定海水中活性磷酸盐的新方法——导数分光光度法,此法是基于在非离子表面活性剂OP和明胶存在下磷钒钼蓝—罗丹明B配合物的形成,在563nm和593nm处的dA/dλ值正比于磷的含量,用于海水样品的测定获得了满意的结果,方法的相对标准偏差为4.6％,平均回收率为96.3％。     

溶剂萃取——硝酸溶液反萃取石墨炉原子吸收法连续测定海水中痕量铜、铅、镉和锌

采用国产WFX—IB型原子吸收分光光度计,以APDC—DDTC/MIBK—环己烷萃取,硝酸溶液反萃体系分离富集海水中痕量铜、铅、镉和锌,继用石墨炉原子吸收法连续测定。提出的方法可用于大洋、河口和近岸海水样的分析。本法检测限铜、铅、镉和锌,分别为0.013、0.022、0.0013和0.051微克/升,相对标准偏差均小于8%,回收率为96—108%。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.