人口政策变动下曲靖市人口发展趋势分析

人口生育政策变化会对区域未来人口发展产生直接影响,"全面二孩"政策是继"单独二孩"政策之后逐步放宽生育政策的又一重大举措。结合政策变动,筛选政策受众人群进行精准化预测:未来15年,曲靖市20～39岁育龄妇女将净减少3.7万人,其中符合"全面二孩"生育政策且在20～39岁育龄妇女人口规模将缩减近0.7万;结合"全面二孩"政策最终兑现人口的测算,从2016年至2020年间会产生一个"二孩"生育高峰期,过了高峰期之后将渐落并减少至2.23万,较高峰期缩减0.82万人。"全面二孩"政策进一步调整和完善了生育政策,但后期效果不明显,面对"后人口转变"时代的到来,低生育率、老龄化的人口发展新格局,要实现人口与社会经济的协调发展,仍需与时俱进做出人口政策相应调整。     

中国省际人口空间格局演化的分析方法与实证

中国正在经历着史无前例的城镇化过程,2011年全国城镇人口已达6.91亿人,城镇化率攀升至51.27%。按2030年城镇化水平到70%计算,还将有接近3亿人口从农村流动至城市。与此同时,由于总生育率受社会经济发展水平、生态环境以及社会思潮的共同作用,人口自然增长率正在减少,“单独二胎”政策即是国家对人口发展战略的重大战略调整。由此可见,对正处在城镇化、工业化和全球化加速推进的中国而言,人口自然增长与空间迁移正在且必将持续重塑人口空间格局,因而科学地认识中国人口自然增长和空间迁移的区域差异、准确地把握人口空间格局及其演化趋势,对于科学编制城镇化发展、土地利用、生态环境保护等各类空间规划和制订流动人口、区域协作等各项空间管理政策具有重要意义。本文构建了一种全新的自上而下的人口预测方法,考虑人口自然增长和空间迁移两种影响因素,着重对一级单元 (全国) 和次级单元 (省级) 在2010-2050年间的人口总量进行预测,并进一步研判我国人口空间格局的发展情景和演化特征：从各省人口密度变化来看,中国人口空间分布密度继续保持了东部高、中部次之、东北再次、西部最低的总体格局。东部省份中上海、北京、天津及江苏的人口密度始终保持在一至四位,最末三位依次是新疆、青海和西藏。根据本文提出的省际人口变化强度及其主导类型的测算指标和量化结果,可将中国划分为人口快速变化区 (净迁入主导型、净迁出主导型、自然增长主导型)、人口低速变化区 (净迁入型、净迁出型) 以及人口平稳区。净迁入主导型人口快速变化区将吸纳99%的未来新增流动人口,其中上海、北京、浙江至2030年时人口密度达到顶峰,而广东的人口密度持续增加到2035年;净迁出主导型人口快速变化区,包括河南、安徽、重庆、湖北,75%的新增流动人口将由此类型区域迁出;辽宁和山东同属于自然增长主导型人口快速变化区,其新增流动人口比重极小,由人口自然增长变化主导区域的人口快速变化态势。在低速变化区中,除福建和海南作为少有的流动人口净迁入型省份,其余省份人口密度不断降低则缘于大量的劳动力输出和逐渐走低的生育率;大部西北和西南省份属于人口平稳区,其人口密度呈现出稳中有减的态势,人口密度平均值大多在100人/km²以下。     

21世纪以来俄罗斯人口增长与空间分布格局变化

在“一带一路”与“中蒙俄经济走廊”倡议的背景下,利用人口增减变化率、人口重心、人口密度变化率、人口地理集中度、人口商度等研究21世纪以来俄罗斯的人口增长与空间分布格局变化。结果表明：（1）21世纪以来,俄罗斯人口经历了先降后增的变化过程;中央区的人口显著上升,伏尔加、西伯利亚与远东区均呈下降趋势;莫斯科、圣彼得堡、乌拉尔区、北高加索区南端的联邦主体人口快速增加,西伯利亚区多数联邦主体人口缓慢增加,远东东部、莫斯科外围地域、伏尔加区多数联邦主体的人口缓慢减少,西北区北端联邦主体的人口急剧减少。（2）俄人口空间分布格局变化主要受地区间人口迁移流动的影响。空间上,俄人口重心不断朝西北向迁移,莫斯科市与圣彼得堡市的人口密度快速增加,远东与东西伯利亚区的人口密度缓慢降低,强化了俄人口分界线——“圣彼得堡-图瓦线”。以“圣图线”为界,俄“西密东疏”“欧洲密、亚洲疏”的格局短期不会改变,整体呈“一横、四纵、两团”及若干区域人口集团的空间结构。     

基于镇域尺度的江苏省人口分布空间格局演变

基于2000年、2010年人口普查乡镇（街道）数据,运用探索性空间数据分析、半变异函数等方法,分析江苏省人口分布的时空分异特征,并揭示其空间演化机理。结果表明：① 江苏省人口分布呈现较大的空间差异,全省层面上呈现南北人口密度高于中部的“凹”字型结构,城乡层面上呈现街道人口密度高于乡镇的“城乡二元”结构,以及沿江地区明显的“核心边缘”结构;② 研究期内江苏省人口分布的空间不均衡性和集聚性呈增强之势,长江以北镇域的人口密度大多降低而以南普遍增加,苏锡常、南京、徐州三大都市圈的人口集聚能力进一步提升,沿江地区成为全省规模最大的高密度人口连绵区;③ 空间关联作用是引起江苏省人口分布格局变化的空间机理,而政策、区位、经济与自然环境等因素是造成江苏人口格局变化的主要动力。     

基于随机森林模型的西藏人口分布格局及影响因素

在乡镇尺度下厘清人口分布格局及其影响因素与区域差异,对在生态脆弱区制定可持续发展政策具有重大指导意义。基于2010年西藏自治区的乡镇尺度人口普查数据,提取人口密度和空间因子,利用空间统计方法分析了人口分布的疏密特征和集聚特征,对比运用多元线性回归方法和随机森林回归方法探索该地区人口分布的影响因素及其区域差异。结果表明：① 西藏乡镇人口密度在空间上表现出极强的非均衡性,其总体趋势是东南高西北低,高密度区与大江大河及主要交通干线具有较强的空间耦合性;② 大致以波绒乡（聂拉木县）—岗尼乡（安多县）为西藏的人口分界线,人口集聚的“核心—边缘”特征明显;③ 多元线性回归方法中,人造地表指数对人口分布的影响程度最大,随后依次为夜间灯光指数和路网密度;④ 利用随机森林方法进行的人口密度预测比多元线性回归方法精度高,可以用来对影响因子的重要性进行排序;排序在前六位的影响因子由高到低依次为夜间灯光指数、人造地表指数、路网密度、工业总产值、GDP和多年平均气温,它们与人口密度均呈正相关关系;地形地貌要素中以海拔和坡度的贡献率最大且与人口密度均呈负相关关系;⑤ 西藏人口分布格局的影响因素及其相互作用呈现出明显的区域差异特征,河谷是西藏地区人口的集聚区,主要分布在拉萨河谷、年楚河谷以及三江河谷;⑥ 通过随机森林回归分析,可以利用概念模型来表达人口分布影响因素,将主导因素概括为土地利用结构、道路通达度及城镇化水平。     

江苏省人口空间格局演化特征

以江苏省为例,选取人口数及人口密度为研究指标,以县域为研究单元,通过人口密度、空间自相关、不均衡指数、重心移动及偏移—分享分析,描述20 世纪90 年代以来江苏省人口空间格局及其演变趋势。结果表明:近20 年来,江苏省人口密度有“南高北低”的特征,该现象与经济发展水平相对应;江苏省人口分布存在一定的空间关联性,在长江中下游各县市形成空间人口密度高的集聚区域,在苏北平原形成空间人口密度低的集聚区域,随时间推移人口集聚趋势不断减弱;江苏省人口呈不均衡分布状态且不均衡趋势加强,人口重心逐渐向西北方向迁移;江苏省人口增长速度在变慢,集聚人口能力在3 大区域之间有明显差异,苏中相对不足,苏南不断增强而苏北不断减弱。     

东北三省人口分布空间格局演化及其驱动因素研究

东北地区作为全国重要老工业基地,在面临新一轮振兴机遇的形势下,人口分布的集疏变化及其驱动因素亟待细致梳理。根据中国第四、第五、第六次分县人口普查资料,运用洛伦兹曲线、人口密度相对变化率和空间自相关分析方法对东北地区1990~2010年、176个县域的人口分布空间格局演化进行深入分析,在此基础上,选取10个自然和社会经济指标,使用偏最小二乘法（PLS）对东北地区人口分布空间格局演化的影响因素进行定量分析,研究发现：①从总体分布格局变化特征来看,20 a来人口密度始终是黑龙江省<吉林省<辽宁省,且以省会城市为主的多中心“T”型人口分布空间格局越来越明显;②1990~2010年,东北地区人口密度经历了从相对分散到相对集中的变化过程,且人口密度高的地区所占土地面积小,人口密度低的地区占地面积大。人口空间分布呈现显著的正的空间自相关特征,即人口密度存在高高、低低集聚现象;③从人口密度变化类型来看,1990~2010年,共80个县域属于快速增加和缓慢增加类型,快速降低和缓慢降低类型的县域共96个,其中辽宁省县域人口密度变化“两极化”现象较为明显;④自然因素与社会经济因素同时作用于人口密度变化,但社会经济发展水平是人口密度变化的主要影响因素。     

新型城镇化能否突破“胡焕庸线”——兼论“胡焕庸线”的地理学内涵

“胡焕庸线”提出80年来,在国际上产生深远影响。随着中国新型城镇化进程的全面推进,对胡焕庸线的研究急剧升温。在新的历史背景下,如何客观看待胡焕庸线成为亟待解决的一个问题。研究认为：胡焕庸线不仅是中国人口分布的分界线,也是重要的自然生态界线,这条界线的形成不以人的意志为转移,不宜人为去“打破”。同时,在新型城镇化背景下,应该树立理性思维,稳妥有序地推进城镇化进程,不断优化城镇化的空间分布格局。在全面放开二孩的新政策推动下,由于中国区域人口政策的差异性,东部和中部地区的人口有望实现较为明显的增长,西部地区增长相对缓慢,由此可能对胡焕庸线两侧的人口空间格局产生一定的影响。     

全面二孩背景下中国省际人口迁移格局预测及城镇化效应

采用第六次中国人口普查数据,基于全面二孩实施背景,预测未来中国与省际城乡人口规模以及省际人口迁移规模;采用2010年人口数据和2020年预测人口数据,从对比视角分析了中国省际人口迁移格局变化及其对城镇化发展的影响。研究发现：① 城乡全面放开二孩政策不会带来区域人口数量的剧烈反弹;② 综合考虑省际人口迁移方向与强度,将中国31个省份划分为4种类型;③ 省际人口迁移促进了城镇化率的提高及省际差异的缩小,对2010~2020年中国城镇化率的增加的贡献占到了30.77%。     

1935-2010年中国人口分布空间格局及其演变特征

在自然地理和社会经济等因素影响作用下,中国东西部人口分布与社会经济长期处于不平衡的发展态势。采用人口分布结构指数、基尼系数、重心迁移、空间自相关等方法,以中国1935-2010年6期人口普查县级统计数据为数据源,实现人口密度分界线的空间刻画和中国人口分布的时空分析。结果表明：受社会历史、自然环境和经济条件的影响,中国人口空间分布的时空演变特征差异相对明显;尽管人口分布的均衡性发展态势不断增强,但总体空间格局并未发生明显的改变;胡焕庸线至今仍能很好地概括中国人口东南地狭人稠、西北地广人稀的空间格局,但该线西侧的甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古等人口密度超过50人/km²的区域面积呈现增长的趋势,且持续向西北扩张。     

China’s different spatial patterns of population growth based on the “Hu Line”

The “Hu Line” has been regarded as one of the greatest geographical discoveries in China because it reveals the significant spatial relationship between human activity and natural environment. The spatial evolution of population on both sides of the “Hu Line” has had important implications for both urbanization and regional development and has attracted widespread attention during the dramatic economic and social changes since the implementation of reform and opening-up policy in China in 1978. Using Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques, this paper studied the stability of the “Hu Line” and the spatial patterns of population growth on each side by constructing a spatial database of China’s census data from 1982 to 2010. The findings are as follows: (1) In the last 30 years, the “Hu Line” has remained relatively stable, but a new tendency of population change has begun to emerge. The population ratio either side, namely, the southeast half (SEH) and the northwest half (NWH), of the “Hu Line” remains at roughly 94:6 (SHE: NWH). Noteworthy, the proportion of population in the SEH of the “Hu Line” has been decreasing slightly, while that in the NWH has been increasing slightly, as the latter has benefited from its higher rate of natural population growth. (2) The spatial patterns of population growth on both sides of the “Hu Line” were quite different. The degree of population concentration in the SEH increased faster than the NWH. Regions with a negative population growth rate have rapidly expanded; these were mainly located in the south of the “Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River belt” and northeastern China. Meanwhile, regions with a fast population growth rate were mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Beijing-Tianjin metropolitan area. Thus, the spatial pattern of population growth in the SEH presented a concentration pattern that could be called “Matthew effect pattern”. (3) The spatial pattern of population growth in the NWH could be regarded as the “Relative Balance pattern.” In the NWH, the population growth rate was positive and the degree of population concentration was very low. There were many minority populations located in the NWH that usually lived in a dispersed pattern but had a higher rate of natural population growth due to the preferential population policy. There were also some regions with a negative rate of population growth in the NWH, which were mainly located close to the “Hu Line” and the Ancient Silk Road. (4) In the future, the spatial patterns of population growth on both sides of the “Hu Line” may continue to evolve. For the SEH, the capacity to attract more people to small and medium-sized cities and towns should be enhanced. For the NWH, the emphasis should be placed on promoting urbanization and enhancing population agglomeration in its major cities.     

“胡焕庸线”的稳定性及其两侧人口集疏模式差异（英文）

The "Hu Line" has been regarded as one of the greatest geographical discoveries in China because it reveals the significant spatial relationship between human activity and natural environment. The spatial evolution of population on both sides of the "Hu Line" has had important implications for both urbanization and regional development and has attracted widespread attention during the dramatic economic and social changes since the implementation of reform and opening-up policy in China in 1978. Using Geographical Information System(GIS) techniques, this paper studied the stability of the "Hu Line" and the spatial patterns of population growth on each side by constructing a spatial database of China's census data from 1982 to 2010. The findings are as follows:(1) In the last 30 years, the "Hu Line" has remained relatively stable, but a new tendency of population change has begun to emerge. The population ratio either side, namely, the southeast half(SEH) and the northwest half(NWH), of the "Hu Line" remains at roughly 94:6(SHE : NWH). Noteworthy, the proportion of population in the SEH of the "Hu Line" has been decreasing slightly, while that in the NWH has been increasing slightly, as the latter has benefited from its higher rate of natural population growth.(2) The spatial patterns of population growth on both sides of the "Hu Line" were quite different. The degree of population concentration in the SEH increased faster than the NWH. Regions with a negative population growth rate have rapidly expanded; these were mainly located in the south of the "Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River belt" and northeastern China. Meanwhile, regions with a fast population growth rate were mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Beijing-Tianjin metropolitan area. Thus, the spatial pattern of population growth in the SEH presented a concentration pattern that could be called "Matthew effect pattern".(3) The spatial pattern of population growth in the NWH could be regarded as the "Relative Balance pattern." In the NWH, the population growth rate was positive and the degree of population concentration was very low. There were many minority populations located in the NWH that usually lived in a dispersed pattern but had a higher rate of natural population growth due to the preferential population policy. There were also some regions with a negative rate of population growth in the NWH, which were mainly located close to the "Hu Line" and the Ancient Silk Road.(4) In the future, the spatial patterns of population growth on both sides of the "Hu Line" may continue to evolve. For the SEH, the capacity to attract more people to small and medium-sized cities and towns should be enhanced. For the NWH, the emphasis should be placed on promoting urbanization and enhancing population agglomeration in its major cities.     

Population distribution and urbanization on both sides of the Hu Huanyong Line: Answering the Premier’s question

In late November 2014, while attending a science exhibition on human settlement at the National Museum, Premier Li Keqiang posed a question to society and scientists regarding the Hu Huanyong Line, which the media subsequently dubbed “the Premier’s question”. This increased awareness and interest in the Hu Huanyong Line and launched a lively debate which provoked a variety of views. In an attempt to address the Premier’s question, this paper firstly reviews the origins of the Hu Huanyong Line, named after the famous population geographer who proposed it in 1935 as part of a wider debate on domestic overpopulation. Using demographic data from China’s first, fifth and sixth censuses, as well as the ArcGIS platform, we analyze the size, proportion and density of populations in the areas southeast and northwest of the Hu Huanyong Line, showing that urbanization and migration have not changed the pattern of population distribution observed by Hu Huanyong. Based on this, we suggest that the pattern of a dense population southeast of the line and sparse population northwest of the line will not fundamentally change for a relatively long time, nor will the situation of urban agglomerations being mainly found in the southeastern region. We also argue that climate and other physical geographic conditions determine that the Hu Huanyong Line shall remain in place. We believe that the question posed by Premier Li Keqiang is solvable, and that with positive policy guidance and rational spatial organization, the northwestern region can achieve more modernization and better quality urbanization, while the same is true for the central region.     

胡焕庸线两侧的人口分布与城镇化格局趋势——尝试回答李克强总理之问（英文）

In late November 2014, while attending a science exhibition on human settlement at the National Museum, Premier Li Keqiang posed a question to society and scientists regarding the Hu Huanyong Line, which the media subsequently dubbed "the Premier's question". This increased awareness and interest in the Hu Huanyong Line and launched a lively debate which provoked a variety of views. In an attempt to address the Premier's question, this paper firstly reviews the origins of the Hu Huanyong Line, named after the famous population geographer who proposed it in 1935 as part of a wider debate on domestic overpopulation. Using demographic data from China's first, fifth and sixth censuses, as well as the Arc GIS platform, we analyze the size, proportion and density of populations in the areas southeast and northwest of the Hu Huanyong Line, showing that urbanization and migration have not changed the pattern of population distribution observed by Hu Huanyong. Based on this, we suggest that the pattern of a dense population southeast of the line and sparse population northwest of the line will not fundamentally change for a relatively long time, nor will the situation of urban agglomerations being mainly found in the southeastern region. We also argue that climate and other physical geographic conditions determine that the Hu Huanyong Line shall remain in place. We believe that the question posed by Premier Li Keqiang is solvable, and that with positive policy guidance and rational spatial organization, the northwestern region can achieve more modernization and better quality urbanization, while the same is true for the central region.     

中国人口老龄化空间格局演变及其驱动因素

基于第五、六次人口普查数据,采用ESDA和空间计量模型分析中国地级单元人口老龄化的空间格局演变特征及驱动因素。结果表明：① 胡焕庸线是中国人口老龄化呈东高西低的显著分割线,随着老龄化不断加深,最初自西向东阶梯上升的空间格局逐渐模糊;② 各地级单元间人口老龄化存在较强的空间正相关性,呈现出高-高和低-低相似值集聚的空间分布特征。其中高-高集聚区主要分布在长三角、成渝、山东半岛、辽中南等地区,低-低集聚区主要分布在西北地区、西南部分地区、东北地区西部和珠三角部分地区,10 a间这种正向的空间集聚特征减弱;③ 中国人口老龄化空间格局演变是由人口因素和社会经济因素共同作用决定的,人口因素是直接原因,根本原因是地区社会经济发展的不平衡所致。对此,分别从人口和社会经济角度提出应对人口老龄化对策建议。     

胡焕庸线两侧人口的空间分异性及其变化

胡焕庸线作为人地关系的重要地理大发现之一,揭示了中国人口分布东密西疏的重要特征,是人文与经济地理学对社会的重要贡献之一。本文采用地理探测器等定量方法,以人口普查数据为基础,对胡焕庸线两侧人口分布的分异性特征进行了深入讨论,并尝试解释中国人口分布特征变化的原因及其机制。结果表明：① 胡焕庸线作为中国最重要的人口分界线仍基本保持稳定,但从空间统计学分异特征来看该分界线仍可进一步优化调整;② 胡焕庸线两侧内部人口集聚模式发生着明显变化,东南半壁人口分布由改革开放之前和初期的相对均衡状态,转变为以长三角、珠三角等少数区域为中心的集聚模式;而西北半壁人口分布的集聚程度则趋于下降;③ 从人口空间分布的影响因素看,尽管总体上,经济发展类因素对于人口空间分布影响不断增强,但三大阶梯等自然地理本底条件依然对中国人口分布有着重要影响。     

基于地理学综合视角的胡焕庸线IPCC复合情景（SSPs-RCPs）模拟和预测

胡焕庸线（简称胡线）是重要的人口分界线,更是一条展现中国自然与人文地理综合视角下的国情分界线。通过构建环境因素影响下的人口潜力模型,结合四组气候系统模式驱动下的作物模型和水文模型,模拟共享社会经济路径（SSPs）和代表性浓度路径（RCPs）复合情景下中国未来近期（2030年）和中期（2050年）人口时空变化趋势。发现：① SSPs情景下中国未来胡焕庸线东西两侧人口比重差距将进一步拉大,而在考虑SSPs-RCPs的复合情景下,胡焕庸线东西两侧人口比重的差距比仅考虑SSPs情景时要有所缩小。前者的原因是胡线东侧地区城市规模和等级远高于胡线西侧地区,在中国人口城市化大背景下,胡线东侧人口占比相对提升。而后者原因是受气候变化影响,胡焕庸线西侧地区的水热条件变化较之东侧有利,从而更进一步提高了人口的环境承载力。② 中国的社会经济发展对胡焕庸线两侧人口比重的影响要远大于气候变化的影响。③ 从胡焕庸的北、中、南三段区域来探讨胡焕庸线突破的可能性,胡线中段区域由于黄河等河流流经区域有较好的水资源条件,有利于推进该区域的城镇化建设,成为人口向胡焕庸线以西迁移的突破口。     

旅游业发展产业协同与荷兰病效应研究——基于胡焕庸线的思考

基于新古典经济增长理论，构建旅游业发展的产业结构效应理论分析模型，建立旅游业发展产业协同与荷兰病效应的评价指标，利用Theil指数及嵌套分解分析其时空差异的演变格局。以“胡焕庸线”为地理区域边界、以优秀旅游城市为关键节点，基于2000—2017年中国60个优秀旅游城市的面板数据进行实证分析显示：旅游业发展对第一、二、三产业的产业协同与荷兰病效应同时显著存在，总体上分别表现为荷兰病效应、较差的产业协同效应、较强的产业协同效应；时空演变的总体差异显著，呈现出“平稳递增?快速递减?平稳递减”的变化规律；旅游业快速发展的产业结构效应空间差异显著，不能有效突破“胡焕庸线”锁定的旅游经济地理格局。