台湾西北部海岸阶地的研究

海岸阶地的形成通常是海准面变动、地壳变动或两者共同作用之结果．研究海阶不仅可印证推论古气候、往昔海准面变化及地壳变动状况,更可藉以了解各区域间变动的差异,全盘了解大地构造的意义,而且小规模的海阶变动,时常与地震活动伴生,因此,研究海阶更可作为判读地震周期的依据之一,所以,世界各地位于地壳活动带的国家对于海阶的型态与演育过程均作详细的调查及研究．本研究以淡水河以南至大安溪以北之海阶作为研究范围,发现台湾西北部位于观音山北部沿海、新竹山子顶沿海、客雅溪口南岸、后龙溪口南岸等4个地区,都有零星的海阶分布．经过阶地分布、地形特征与阶序对比,并利用世界海阶对比基图求出该地区的地壳隆升率与海阶可能形成的年代,藉以了解各区域间变动的差异．台湾西北部海岸地区的海阶大致上可划分为高位及低位2群阶：也,高位海阶分布的高度在15～275m之间,阶面覆盖着红壤层,为晚更新世时所造成;低位海阶分布的范围与高度较小,在海滩与高位阶地末端阶崖之间,沿着海岸成带状分布,阶面无红壤掩覆,海拔大多在10m以下．低位海阶构成的物质多以砾石及砂为主,属全新世海阶,即第四纪最后一次冰期结束后,近1万年以来全球高海水位时期所形成．利用海阶对比基图与已有的定年数据,辅以地形地貌及堆积物特征比较,获得各段阶地之平均隆升率,观音山北部沿海、客雅溪口南岸、后龙溪口南岸3个地区,经过比对,分别是2．1mm／a、2．2mm／a、2．15mm／a,数值相近,显示该区之地盘隆升率及海准面变动状况大致相同;仅新竹山子顶沿海地盘隆升率较小,为1．4mm／a．此表示,台湾岛的海阶变化不仅受到海准面变动的影响,尚受到区域性地壳隆升的控制．     

台闽北部地区海岸阶地之对比

针对台湾海峡东岸台湾北部的海岸阶地进行调查研究，并与西岸福建东北部的海岸阶地进行分析比较；着重阐述台湾西北部4个海岸区域阶地的特性（阶序、分布、高度、崖差、构成等）及其变动情况（阶地抬升、变窄、延伸等）；通过推断形成年代、测算隆升速率等，探讨研究区域的海岸线变化与构造升降运动，结果发现：台湾岛的海阶变化不仅受到海平面变动的影响，尚受到区域性地壳隆升的控制；福建沿海地区受蓬莱造山运动的影响极小，海岸阶地的形成主要是受到数次海平面变化的影响；福建沿海的隆升速率由北向南逐渐减少，总体上低于海峡东岸台湾岛的隆升率（平均2mm／a）．该研究印证了：相对于台湾岛地区，福建沿海地区的地壳活动相对稳定，其海阶发育可能仅受到海平面变动的影响．’     

淡水河口海岸阶地之对比

海阶是海平面变动、地壳变动或两者共同作用之结果．海阶研究不仅可据以推论古气候、往昔海平面变化及地壳变动状况,更可藉以了解各区域间变动的差异,对全盘了解大地构造具有基本的重要性．本文研究区位于欧亚大陆板块与菲律宾海板块的碰撞地带,地壳活动频繁,海阶的分布、规模等,除了受到海平面变动影响之外,尚受到区域性地壳隆升以及近期火山活动的影响．研究结果显示,淡水河两岸的海阶阶序,分别为北岸9阶,由低至高为第Ⅰ阶0～10m、第Ⅱ阶30～50m、第Ⅲ阶55～95m、第Ⅳ阶100～130m、第V阶135～173m、第Ⅵ阶190～275m、第Ⅶ阶285～310m、第Ⅷ阶320～365m、第Ⅸ阶375～405m．南岸有7阶,第Ⅰ阶0～10m、第Ⅱ阶25～50m、第Ⅲ阶65～95m、第Ⅳ阶115～138m、第V阶150～200m、第Ⅵ阶230～275m、第Ⅶ阶285～350m．利用海阶对比基图,得到各段阶地生成年代分别为北岸6kaBP（Ⅰ）、40kaBP（Ⅱ）、57kaBP（Ⅲ）、77．5kaBP（Ⅳ）、88．5kaBP（Ⅴ）、126．5kaBP（Ⅵ）、148．5kaBP（Ⅶ）、183kaBP（Ⅷ）、202kaBP（Ⅸ）．淡水河口南岸分别为6kaBP（Ⅰ）、40kaBP（Ⅱ）、57kaBP（Ⅲ）、79kaBP（Ⅳ）、100kaBP（Ⅴ）、126．5kaBP（Ⅵ）、173．4kaBP（Ⅶ）．淡水河两岸仅一水之隔,区域性地壳变动及海平面变动大致相同,但大屯火山之活动年代较观音火山之年代早,因而大屯山地势较高,经过比对,隆升速率影响地势高低与海阶发育特征,两岸之平均隆升速率分别是北岸的2．2mm／a和南岸的2．15mm/a,北岸略较南岸活跃,阶数多,地势高．     

淡水河口海岸阶地之对比

海阶是海平面变动、地壳变动或两者共同作用之结果．海阶研究不仅可据以推论古气候、往昔海平面变化及地壳变动状况,更可藉以了解各区域间变动的差异,对全盘了解大地构造具有基本的重要性．本文研究区位于欧亚大陆板块与菲律宾海板块的碰撞地带,地壳活动频繁,海阶的分布、规模等,除了受到海平面变动影响之外,尚受到区域性地壳隆升以及近期火山活动的影响．研究结果显示,淡水河两岸的海阶阶序,分别为北岸9阶,由低至高为第Ⅰ阶0～10m、第Ⅱ阶30～50m、第Ⅲ阶55～95m、第Ⅳ阶100～130m、第V阶135～173m、第Ⅵ阶190～275m、第Ⅶ阶285～310m、第Ⅷ阶320～365m、第Ⅸ阶375～405m．南岸有7阶,第Ⅰ阶0～10m、第Ⅱ阶25～50m、第Ⅲ阶65～95m、第Ⅳ阶115～138m、第V阶150～200m、第Ⅵ阶230～275m、第Ⅶ阶285～350m．利用海阶对比基图,得到各段阶地生成年代分别为北岸6kaBP（Ⅰ）、40kaBP（Ⅱ）、57kaBP（Ⅲ）、77．5kaBP（Ⅳ）、88．5kaBP（Ⅴ）、126．5kaBP（Ⅵ）、148．5kaBP（Ⅶ）、183kaBP（Ⅷ）、202kaBP（Ⅸ）．淡水河口南岸分别为6kaBP（Ⅰ）、40kaBP（Ⅱ）、57kaBP（Ⅲ）、79kaBP（Ⅳ）、100kaBP（Ⅴ）、126．5kaBP（Ⅵ）、173．4kaBP（Ⅶ）．淡水河两岸仅一水之隔,区域性地壳变动及海平面变动大致相同,但大屯火山之活动年代较观音火山之年代早,因而大屯山地势较高,经过比对,隆升速率影响地势高低与海阶发育特征,两岸之平均隆升速率分别是北岸的2．2mm／a和南岸的2．15mm/a,北岸略较南岸活跃,阶数多,地势高．     

台闽北部地区海岸阶地之对比

针对台湾海峡东岸台湾北部的海岸阶地进行调查研究,并与西岸福建东北部的海岸阶地进行分析比较;着重阐述台湾西北部4个海岸区域阶地的特性(阶序、分布、高度、崖差、构成等)及其变动情况(阶地抬升、变窄、延伸等);通过推断形成年代、测算隆升速率等,探讨研究区域的海岸线变化与构造升降运动,结果发现:台湾岛的海阶变化不仅受到海平面变动的影响,尚受到区域性地壳隆升的控制;福建沿海地区受蓬莱造山运动的影响极小,海岸阶地的形成主要是受到数次海平面变化的影响;福建沿海的隆升速率由北向南逐渐减少,总体上低于海峡东岸台湾岛的隆升率(平均2 mm/a).该研究印证了:相对于台湾岛地区,福建沿海地区的地壳活动相对稳定,其海阶发育可能仅受到海平面变动的影响.     

台闽北部地区海岸阶地之对比

针对台湾海峡东岸台湾北部的海岸阶地进行调查研究,并与西岸福建东北部的海岸阶地进行分析比较;着重阐述台湾西北部4个海岸区域阶地的特性(阶序、分布、高度、崖差、构成等)及其变动情况(阶地抬升、变窄、延伸等);通过推断形成年代、测算隆升速率等,探讨研究区域的海岸线变化与构造升降运动,结果发现:台湾岛的海阶变化不仅受到海平面变动的影响,尚受到区域性地壳隆升的控制;福建沿海地区受蓬莱造山运动的影响极小,海岸阶地的形成主要是受到数次海平面变化的影响;福建沿海的隆升速率由北向南逐渐减少,总体上低于海峡东岸台湾岛的隆升率(平均2 mm/a).该研究印证了:相对于台湾岛地区,福建沿海地区的地壳活动相对稳定,其海阶发育可能仅受到海平面变动的影响.     

金门地区海岸阶地研究

海岸阶地的形成通常是海平面变动、地壳变动或两者共同作用之结果．对于海阶的研究除了可印证推论古气候、往昔海平面变化及地壳变动状况,还可藉以了解各区域间变动的差异,全盘了解大地构造的意义;小规模的海阶变动,时常与地震活动伴生,因此,研究海阶更可作为判读地震周期的依据之一．世界各地位于地壳活动带的国家对海阶的形态与演育过程均作详细的调查及研究．距今2亿年前的三叠纪晚期的一系列构造运动,形成福建沿海地区的区域变质带和长乐一南澳断裂带,由于构造运动的影响,于断裂带东缘形成了一系列岛屿,金门列岛的形成,与中国东南沿海的造山运动有着密切关系,皆受到影响而产生变动．金门地区的海阶,共有11段阶地,海拔依序为0～10m、15～25m、30～45m、50—65m、70—80ITI、90～120in、130—154m、160～165m、190～208m、215～225m、230～250m,依据晚更新世海阶序列与隆升率关系对比基图迭合法的推估,各段阶地的年代分别为6kaBP、46kaBP、57kaBP、64kaBP、80kaBP、100kaBP、103kaBP、120kaBP、176kaBP、190kaBP、202kaBP,除了第一阶为全新世时期所形成,其余皆为更新世时期的产物,针对金门列岛海阶的高度与间距做对比,得知该区的平均隆升速率为1．3mm／a．     

台湾西北部海岸阶地的研究

海岸阶地的形成通常是海准面变动、地壳变动或两者共同作用之结果．研究海阶不仅可印证推论古气候、往昔海准面变化及地壳变动状况,更可藉以了解各区域间变动的差异,全盘了解大地构造的意义,而且小规模的海阶变动,时常与地震活动伴生,因此,研究海阶更可作为判读地震周期的依据之一,所以,世界各地位于地壳活动带的国家对于海阶的型态与演育...     

全新世以来台湾西南部古环境演变

台湾位于欧亚大陆板块与菲律宾海洋板块的交会处,地体构造较为活跃．同时,受到古气候冰期与间冰期交互作用的影响,造成海平面上下变动,使得古环境产生变化．本研究利用钻孔岩心做地层分析、环境分析及岩心碳同位素定年等资料,了解台湾西南部地壳的活动性、环境演化与各时期海平面变动的历史．海岸线的变动,除了受到海平面变动的影响,亦受到构造沉降活动的控制．综合地壳升降以及海平面升降的数据,推估全新世6200 a BP、3100 a BP和l800 a BP3个海进时期当时的海岸线位置,分别为现今高程20m、10m及6m的位置,这些海平面的变化导致海岸线的迁移,同时影响着先民聚落遗址的变化．并且,利用前述数据推估得出嘉南平原与浊水溪冲积扇的沉积速率大约在3．9～4．5mm／a之间．     

马祖列岛海岸阶地研究

距今二亿年前的三迭纪晚期一系列之大地构造运动,形成福建沿海的平潭-东山褶皱带,以及长樂-诏安断裂带,又因为构造运动以及岩浆活动的影响,在褶皱带与断裂带的东缘形成一系列的岛屿,马祖列岛的形成,与中国东南沿海的造山运动有密切关系,皆受到影响而产生变动。马祖地区的海阶,共有9 段阶地,各段阶地的海拔高度依序为0~10 m、20~38 m、40~56 m、58~78 m、80~97 m、100~128 m、142~160 m、172~182 m、238~248 m。依据晚更新世海阶序列与隆升率关系对比基图迭合法的推估,各段阶地生成年代分别为6 ka BP、46 ka BP、55 ka BP、76 kaBP、79 ka BP、94 ka BP、105 ka BP、119 ka BP、175 ka BP,除了第一级阶地为全新世时期所形成,其余皆为更新世时期的产物,比对马祖列岛海阶的高度与间距,测得整个地区的基盘平均隆升速率为1.6 mm/a。     

Holocene-emerged notches and tectonic uplift along the Jalisco coast, Southwest Mexico

This paper presents the preliminary results from a study of Holocene-emerged shorelines, marine notches, and their tectonic implications along the Jalisco coast. The Pacific coast of Jalisco, SW Mexico, is an active tectonic margin. This coast has been the site of two of the largest earthquakes to occur in Mexico this century: the 1932 (Mw 8.2) Jalisco earthquake and the 1995 (Mw 8.0) Colima earthquake. Measurement and preliminary radiocarbon dating of emergent paleoshorelines along the Jalisco coast provide the first constraints upon the timing for tectonic uplift. Along this coastline, uplifted Holocene marine notches and wave-cut platforms occur at elevations ranging from ca. 1 to 4.5 m amsl. In situ intertidal organisms dated with radiocarbon, the first ever reported for the Jalisco area, provide preliminary results that record tectonic uplift during at least the past 1300 years BP at an average rate of about 3 mm/year. We propose a model in which coseismic subsidence produced by offshore earthquakes is rapidly recovered during the postseismic and interseismic periods. The long-term period is characterized by slow tectonic uplift of the Jalisco coast. We found no evidence of coastal interseismic and long-term subsidence along the Jalisco coast.     

Alluvial terraces on the Ionian coast of northern Calabria, southern Italy: Implications for tectonic and sea level controls

In this paper we present the results of an integrated geomorphological, pedological and stratigraphical study carried out along the Ionian coast of northern Calabria (southern Italy). This area is characterised by the occurrence of five orders of alluvial terraces that are striking features of the landscape, where large and steep catchments debouch from the mountain front to the hilly coastal belt.Field investigations indicate that the deposits of all five terraces are suggestive of shallow gravel-bed braided streams.On the basis of the age of the Pleistocene substratum and morphostratigraphic correlation with marine terraces cropping out in the nearby areas, each order has been associated to specific marine oxygen isotope stages.Consequently, we focused on the interplay of allocyclic factors influencing stream aggradation/degradation. Soil features and other climatic proxies suggest that climate didn't play an important role with respect to tectonic and base-level changes in controlling fluvial dynamics.In particular, we recognised that during the middle Pleistocene the study area experienced a period of subaerial landscape modelling, as suggested by the thick and complex alluvial sequence of the highest terrace (T1). The onset of regional uplift marks a change in the geomorphic scenario, with tectonic and eustatically driven changes in base-level working together in causing switches in fluvial aggradational/erosional phases (T2–T5 terraces). Because of the uplift, river dissection occurred during phases of sea level fall, whereas aggradation phases occurred during periods of climate amelioration (sea level rise) just before highstands were attained.As a consequence, the stepped terraces in the study area reflect the interplay between tectonics (uplift) and sea level changes, in which terraces define episodes of relative sea level fall during the late Quaternary.     

Geomorphology and tectonics of uplifted coasts: New chronostratigraphical constraints for the Quaternary evolution of Tyrrhenian North Calabria (southern Italy)

The Tyrrhenian coastal sector of North Calabria, stretching between Torre S. Nicola and the Lao river, belongs to the inner extensional sector of the Neogene Apennines thrust belt. It is characterised by a stair of Quaternary marine and fluvial terraces representing the geomorphic response to the interaction between the Quaternary sea level fluctuations and the regional trend of tectonic uplift experienced by the margins of the Tyrrhenian back-arc basin. Since the last century, several authors studied the North Calabria coasts, where the flight of terraces preserves significant marine and continental successions, and proposed several paleo-geomorphological and tectonic reconstructions. In this paper we present a new stratigraphic and morphostructural setting of the North Calabria coasts based on both chronostratigraphical constraints obtained from marine deposits and detailed geomorphological analysis. A ten order stair of marine terraces, stepping between 240 and 0 m a.s.l., was recognized and time-constrained by the age of the Fornaci S. Nicola marine succession which was ascribed by integrated paleoecological, biostratigraphical and paleomagentic analyses to the early Middle Pleistocene (MIS 19–15). In particular, the 240, 200 and 160 m a.s.l. high strandlines were ascribed to the Early Pleistocene and the ones between 100 and 15 m a.s.l. to the Middle Pleistocene. The total amount of the vertical motion experienced by the studied area was estimated, and evaluation of the average rates of uplift for the Middle and Late Pleistocene times were also given. Considering the elevation a.s.l. of the oldest terraces, a tectonic uplift of at least 240 m was calculated for the North Calabria coasts since the Early Pleistocene times, 100 m of which gained from the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene. On the other hand, the 8-m high Late Pleistocene strandlines display a negligible vertical displacement affecting the area during the last 130 ka. The entire staircase of terraces preserves a record of slowing down in the rate of uplift, which attained an average value of 0.15 mm/year during the Middle Pleistocene.     

Marine Terraces and Quaternary Tectonism,Northwest Baja California,Mexico

Deformed marine terraces provide excellent measures of Quaternary tectonism along 400 km of the Pacific coast of Baja California between Ensenada and Punta Blanca. The nature and magnitude of deformation are well expressed by the present elevation of the marine limit, of Upper Pliocene or Lower Pleistocene age, which has been upwarped to 345m, 357m, and at least 195m in three separate localities, while occurring at lower levels elsewhere. Multiple terraces are found below this marine limit where appreciable uplift has occurred. Where relative subsidence has prevailed, fewer broader terraces or thick alluvial and eolian deposits occur. Terraces are further dislocated by NW-SE strike-slip faulting and by normal faults that trend NE-SW across the coast. Folding and faulting are less significant on the younger terraces than on the older features, and negligible for the Sangamonian terrace, except close to major faults. Crustal movements revealed by these terraces, and by similar features in southern California, Baja California Sur, and around the Gulf of California, are interpreted in terms of plate tectonics. Over the past 5 million years, the Peninsular Ranges have been carried northwestwards away from mainland Mexico, at an average rate of 6cm/yr, on the dis located limb of a spreading sea floor associated with the East Pacific Rise now found beneath the Gulf of California. The Pacific coast of the Peninsular Ranges comprises several discrete crustal slivers which, on the evidence of the marine terraces, have been warped and dislocated in response to tec tonic forces associated with rafting and subsequent crowding against transverse structures to the north. Uplift rates range as high as 1.0m/1000 yrs locally but are generally less, and are much less than rates found in the Transverse Ranges farther north. As in the latter province, basins typified by net sub sidence during Quaternary time are also found.     

丹霞地貌发育几个重要问题的定量测算

论述了用河流阶地冲积层相当于古河流平水期水面的样品年龄及该采样点至今日河流平水期水面的相对高度求得地壳上升速度,再由地壳上升速度及丹霞地貌的相对高度求得地貌年龄,由地貌年龄及陡崖谷地上缘的宽度求得岩壁后退速度,由地貌年龄及被蚀去的地貌体积求得侵蚀速度,这是地貌学由定性描述向定量研究的一次尝试.