丝扣油

我们根据江苏一队配制的丝扣油，结合矿区具体情况，经多次调整配方后，先后对9个钻杆接头在现场进行了孔外试验，人为的使泵压升高到45—60个大气压，直到蹩开安全阀为止，都未发现漏水。然后确定在308机施工的1107孔试用，终孔深度1003.78米，未烧过一个钻头。实践证明效果可靠，根除了假返水现象。从78年11月起到现在一直在全队使用。     

射流式液动锤回转冲击孕镶金刚石钻头钻进的实践与分析

金刚石本身力学性质、金刚石钻头结构特点及射流式液动锤冲击力特点决定了射流式液动锤带金刚石钻头进行冲击回转钻进是可行的。经射流式液动锤在科学钻探主孔先导孔中的应用实践，证明了由于液动锤冲击动载作用钻头底唇面与岩面微量问隙有规律地变化，改善钻头金刚石颗粒受力状况、碎岩状态，提高钻头金刚石颗粒切入深度，改善胎体磨损状况、钻头冷却，成倍地提高了榴辉岩、片麻岩等坚硬地层中钻进回次进尺、机械钻速及钻头平均寿命。     

天然金刚石小口径钻进试验情况

在上级党委的正确领导下，1975年，我队在某矿区矿段进行天然金刚石钻头小口径钻进试验。刚开始时，由于我们在思想和物质上准备不足，操作技术不熟练，出现了一些问题。通过总结经验和组织工人和技术人员到先进单位参观学习，改进了操作方法，采用了新的技术措施，初步掌握了金刚石钻进规范。1975年10月份施工的ZK401孔，终孔313米，只用两个表镶金刚石钻头，平均钻头进尺129.2米，钻头最高进尺164.54米，平均岩心采取率96％，矿心采取率为100％，终孔弯曲度3度30分，详见下表。     

PZ系列组合式牙轮钻头在大直径嵌岩桩施工中的应用效果

本文通过大口径桩孔基岩钻进，探讨了ＰＺ系列组合式牙轮钻头结构特点、合理钻进参数的确定及碎岩机理。工程实践证明，牙轮钻头是我国目前大直径桩孔嵌岩施工较为理想的工具，应用效果良好。     

大直径电镀金刚石钻头的研制与应用

1990年江西省煤田勘探公司195队承接了丰城矿务局三口高垂直度立井井筒检查孔施工任务。要求开孔口径130mm以上，终孔口径110mm、设计孔深480—1200m不等。要求百米孔斜不超过0°52′，其主要岩层为6—9级的灰岩及砂岩，要求采取金刚石钻进。江西省地矿局建设大队承接了钻头的研制任务。经两家通力合作，取得了显著成果。一、钻头的研制根据195队的要求，研制了130、110mm两种口径的工程钻头及配套扩孔器。设计以DZ 2.1-87《地质钻探金刚石钻头》和DZ 2.2-87《地质钻探金刚石     

基于破碎单位体积岩石能耗量设计坚硬研磨性岩石用钻头方法的研究

深孔钻进时常常遇到坚硬岩石和研磨性岩石,在这种岩石中钻进时钻探技术指标不甚理想。建议以破碎单位体积岩石能耗低的标准来设计和研制孕镶金刚石钻头。按此标准设计的胎体扇形块上带有凸出和低洼切削齿的梳状金刚石钻头,在实验台上进行的试验,试验结果表明,与常规平底胎体金刚石钻头比较,破碎单位体积岩石能耗量降低了,机械钻速提高了,胎体单位进尺磨损量降低了。建议对这种新型钻头给以充分注意并进行进一步研究。     

岩心钻探金刚石钻头的非正常磨损

我局近几年来逐步推广金刚石钻探，取得了较好效果，但由于设备、工艺不配套和技术操作等原因，直接影响了钻头寿命的提高，最近对一批钻头进行分析发现，非正常磨损的比重达69.4％，连同钻头售价不合理导致钻探成本人为增高，成为金刚石钻探发展的障碍。影响钻头寿命因素很多，从金刚石质量、钻头加工方法、地层的适应性到钻进工艺和技术操作都和钻头的综合经济指标紧密相连，钻头长寿命要经过设计、加工、管理和现场操作人员的共同努力。操作中的微小疏忽，将会导致钻头的非正常磨损或损坏，所以每一回次终了，要仔细观察钻头形态变化，正确判定     

孵漂石地层大口径钻头与钻进工艺的选择

根据工程实例，通过钻头和钻进工艺的对比试验，得出了利用大直径滚刀钻头，在致密卵漂石地层施工中大口径桩孔，能大幅度提高钻进效率。     

泥湾门大桥浅海大直径嵌岩桩施工技术

介绍了在浅海施工直径２．２０ｍ嵌岩桩的技术问题。包括平台的搭设，用刮刀钻头与牙轮钻头钻进克取硬岩一次成孔工艺，利用冲洗液平衡原理处理浅海钻进护简断裂的成孔方法，改进浇灌清孔流程，保证浇灌质量。     

本溪台沟铁矿深部坚硬地层孕镶金刚石绳索取心钻头的选择和使用

深部坚硬地层绳索取心钻进的特殊性在于钻头易打滑与增加钻头压力受限的矛盾。在分析总结本溪铁矿已施工超深孔成功经验的基础上,提出了孕镶金刚石钻头的选择与使用技术措施,提高了钻进效率,延长了钻头使用寿命,解决了深孔坚硬岩层钻头的打滑问题。     

Facies architecture of asymmetrical branching distributary channels: Cretaceous Ferron Sandstone,Utah, USA

Distributary channel systems are an important component of deltaic systems, but details of their branching pattern, stream‐order, internal variability and relation with adjacent levée, bay and bayhead delta are rather poorly documented in ancient examples. Photomosaic and measured sections collected along a gooseneck‐shaped canyon in southern Utah allow direct mapping of the branching pattern of an ancient distributary system. The main channel belt is ca 250 m wide and narrows to ca 200 m downstream of the branching point. A subordinate channel belt, ca 80 m wide, branches off of the main channel, forming a distinctly asymmetrical branching pattern. Water discharge in the main channel is estimated to be 85 to 170 m³ sec^?1. Comparison with palaeodischarge estimates of trunk rivers mapped in previous studies suggests that the branching documented in this study probably is a fourth‐order split. The distributary channels are characterized by a U‐shaped geometry filled with medium‐grained, cross‐bedded sandstone, and are dominated by lateral accretion, suggesting limited lateral migration and moderate sinuosity. Tidally influenced facies and limited trace fossils indicate direct marine influence. The distributary channels erode into adjacent levée and underlying heterolithic bay‐fill deposits, and the marine influence suggests that they were deposited on a lower delta plain, rather than on a non‐marine floodplain. The subordinate channel fed a bayhead delta, suggesting that it was formed by a partial avulsion, rather than bifurcation around a mouth bar, as is more characteristic of terminal distributary channels. Channel‐floor drapes, bar‐accretion drapes and abandoned channel fills within the sandstone channel belts represent the most important heterogeneity from the perspective of reservoir characterization.     

A new crinoid from the Mississippian (Early Carboniferous) of South Pembrokeshire,Wales

A new species of cladid crinoid, Hylodecrinus cymrus, is described from the Pembroke Limestone Group (Mississippian, Tournaisian, Courceyan) of West Angle Bay in south Pembrokeshire, Wales. It has a medium bowl‐shaped aboral cup, with strong ridges extending across the basals and radials forming pits at the plate corners. It is most similar to the late Tournaisian H. carinatus (Hall, 1861) of North America but differs in having less strongly cuneate brachials that are longer than wide with more subtle carinae on the aboral side. This specimen represents the first report of this genus from Europe, which most probably migrated from North America. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Secular changes in colony‐forms and bryozoan carbonate sediments through geological history

Ever since their first radiation in the Ordovician, bryozoans have contributed significantly to carbonate sedimentation. Most of the numerous colony‐forms developed by bryozoans have evolved repeatedly in different taxonomic groups and vary in their sediment‐producing potential. There are nine basic bryozoan colony‐forms: encrusting, dome‐shaped, palmate, foliose, fenestrate, robust branching, delicate branching, articulated and free‐living. The proportion of these morphotypes in bryozoan faunas period by period is shown to change significantly through the Phanerozoic. Notable patterns include: (i) steady increase in the number and proportion of encrusting species through time, interrupted by a transient drop in the Late Palaeozoic; (ii) post‐Triassic decrease in robust branching colonies; (iii) rise in the proportion of fenestrate colonies through the Palaeozoic, followed by their absence in the Triassic and Jurassic, rarity in the Cretaceous and reappearance in smaller proportions in the Cenozoic; and (iv) scarcity of articulated colonies and absence of free‐living colonies until the Cretaceous. Most Palaeozoic bryozoan sediments come from two architecturally distinct groups of colonies: (i) domal, delicate branching, robust branching and palmate; and (ii) fenestrate. The former generate coarse particles both as sediment and components of stromatoporoid‐coral reefs in the Early and mid Palaeozoic, whereas the delicate lacy fans of the latter create both prolific coarse sediment and form the cores of Late Palaeozoic deep‐water, sub‐photic biogenic mounds. Nearly all post‐Palaeozoic bryozoan sediments comprise cyclostomes and cheilostomes with many of the same growth forms but with the addition of free‐living colonies and significant numbers of articulated colonies. The latter produced sand and mud‐sized bryozoan sediment via disarticulation for the first time. In contrast to the Palaeozoic, post‐Palaeozoic bryozoans generated sediment varying more widely across the grain‐size spectrum, from mud to sand to gravel. This article highlights the need to consider evolutionary changes in carbonate‐producing organisms when interpreting facies changes through time.     

Organotemplate silica deposition in Neoproterozoic deep-marine environments: evidence from the Penganga Group, Adilabad, India

Silica in bedded cherts interstratified with manganese carbonates in a deep‐water carbonate ramp succession of the Neoproterozoic Penganga Group, India, displays film‐like, spherical to rod‐shaped, and tubular branching microstructures. The microstructures resemble mineralized extracellular polysaccharides, biofilms and bacterial morphologies. The microstructures suggest silicification by nucleation of silica on organic‐templates or indirectly as sorbed species accumulating on organic templates. Given that similar microstructures have also been documented in Archean cherts it is proposed that organotemplates might have been an important sink for the deposition of silica in Precambrian deep‐water marine environments.     

淮南煤田罗园井田地质特征及勘查工程布置

淮南煤田罗园井田构造是以阜凤逆冲推覆断层为主要断层组成的逆冲推覆构造系统。针对推覆体内含煤地层急倾斜、倒转以及总体呈"L"形构造形态特征,在二维地震勘查手段效果不理想的情况下,根据构造发育特征选择以钻探为主,布置了垂直钻孔、定向斜孔、分叉孔,并结合测井、采样测试等手段,取得了良好的地质效果。     

三峡水库下游分汊河道滩槽调整及其对水文过程的响应

为探究大型水利枢纽影响下分汊河道演变特征及其驱动机制,根据三峡水库下游的实测水文和地形资料,基于动态分流比对分汊河道进行了类别划分,在此基础上研究了主汊、支汊与洲头心滩的调整规律及其对水文过程的响应。结果表明:① 三峡水库蓄水后,坝下游分汊河道的洲头低滩均呈现萎缩,而汊河则表现为"主长支消"和"主消支长"并存的分异性规律;② 基于动态分流比的分汊河道类别划分方法,上述演变差异可归纳为枯水倾向汊河发展速率大于洪水倾向汊河的规律,且2008年之后洪水倾向汊河基本表现为淤积特征;③ 水文过程中洪水削减、中水持续时间增长是滩槽调整的驱动因素,汊河冲淤均是向着主支汊格局更加稳定的方向进行,并与流量变差系数减小的水文过程相适应。     

套铣管技术在水文钻具事故处理中的应用

在峰峰集团梧桐庄煤矿地面注浆孔施工时,因在扫孔过程中操作不当,使粗径钻铤脱扣跑钻,造成脱扣钻铤被卡事故。事故发生后,虽然对钻铤脱扣事故钻具采取了相应的措施进行处理,但均未成功。后引用了石油专用套铣管技术进行事故的处理,取得了非常理想的效果。介绍了事故处理难点及套铣管处理技术措施。     

夹层地基本构方程的研究与应用

工程中常见的地基往往含有多个夹层 ,将各个夹层按力学性质进行分组 ,分别考虑了各组夹层对整个地基本构关系的影响 ,得出了含有若干夹层的地基的本构方程 ,为求解夹层地基的本构关系的研究提供了新的思路。利用该理论可反求横观各向同性地基的弹性参数 ,并可考虑地基的弹性参数随深度变化的情况对整个地基的本构关系的影响     

模拟岩石中裂纹扩展连接的近场动力学方法

脆性岩石材料在压应力作用下常出现两类裂纹：翼型张拉裂纹和次生剪切裂纹。近场动力学是一种新型的无网格数值计算方法。在近场动力学理论中,采用积分形式的控制方程代替微分形式的控制方程使得该数值算法在断裂问题上具有独特的优势。将Mohr-Coulomb准则和最大主应力准则引入非普通“态”基近场动力学理论中,分别用于模拟材料常见的压剪和张拉破坏。这种扩展的非普通“态”基近场动力学可以有效地模拟脆性岩石材料在多种受力状态下的裂纹起裂、扩展和连接问题。通过5个不同的数值算例说明该数值算法在处理脆性岩石材料断裂问题的有效性和准确性。首先,通过模拟含圆孔的弹性板拉伸数值试验说明该数值算法的有效性和准确性。其次,数值模拟了简单三点弯曲试验以及不使用其他外部准则条件下动荷载作用下裂纹的分叉试验,所得结果与其他试验结果或数值结果相吻合,从而验证了该理论的有效性。然后,模拟了包含斜裂纹的巴西圆盘试验,裂纹扩展路径和计算所得的断裂韧度同样吻合于试验结果。最后,模拟了单轴压缩状态下,预制裂纹试样的裂纹扩展和连接问题。将该数值算法与试验结果对比表明,所提出的数值方法可以模拟和预测岩石类材料的张拉和压剪裂纹的起裂、扩展和连接行为。     

型钢水泥土复合梁中型钢-水泥土相互作用试验研究

在深度不太大的基坑而条件适当时可采用小规格型钢加筋水泥土结构作为挡土墙,但对其破坏模式和刚度仍缺乏深入地研究。与以型钢刚度为主的SMW工法不同,加筋水泥土墙的刚度可能主要依赖于水泥土,型钢主要承担拉应力。打设了6根不同截面高度的模型梁,采用钢板模拟型钢作为加筋,以不同加载方式的水泥土复合梁抗弯试验,分析了试验条件下钢板-水泥土复合梁的破坏机理和抗弯组合强度和抗弯承载力。将复合梁的刚度变化划分为两个阶段,提出了分阶段的特征组合刚度计算方法。当承载力满足足够安全度要求时,建议工程设计时取第一阶段末的特征刚度来计算加筋水泥土挡土墙变形。