关于四震相方法的初步研究

本文对四震相波速比方法较之常规波速比方法具有「放大」波速异常的作用,进行了较详细的讨论,认为四震相波速比是一种值得进一步研究和有待予以更多震例予以验证的方法。     

波速比计算中的不确定因素和在地震预报中的应用

通过对波速比计算中的一些不确定因素如何时间服务、震相辨别、震源深度、计算方法和介质的非均匀性的仔细分析,认为主要由计算方法的局际性和介质的非均匀性造成。作经过多年的地震预报实践,提出在研究普适性的同时,结合孕震模式探索地震前波速比异常的特殊笥。     

地震转换波测深中二次反射波震相的识别和利用

二次反射波震相的识别和利用对于进一步发展地震转换波测深法有重要意义。本文利用合成地震图方法,分析研究了短周期远震三分量初始30秒记录中主要震相的运动学和动力学特征。文中集中分析了PPP和PPS型二次波震相的振幅、波形和到时差等特征,及其与震中距、界面两侧波速差、界面结构和介质吸收等因素的关系。讨论了综合利用PS波和二次波震相的到时差资料测定介质速度参数的方法,并介绍了应用实例。     

地核界面波在微城仪上的体现及应用

利用南平台ＤＤ－１地震仪所记录到地核界面反射波ＰｃＰ、地核界面反射转换波ＳｃＰ、ＰｃＳ测定震源深度。结果表明,用这些震相测定地震震源深度,提高了台站测定远震震源参数的精度     

台湾琉球地区Lg波的震相特征

根据浙闽台站记录的台湾琉球近震资料，研究了该区Ｌｇ波的组成及各震相的基本特征。研究表明，该区Ｌｇ波由多个速度不同的波群组成，在Ｌｇ１和Ｌｇ２两种波中可以分出Ｌｇ′１、Ｌｇ″１；和Ｌｇ′２、Ｌｇ″２四种震相，不同震区各震相的记录特征明显不同，鲜明地反映出地壳结构由大陆型向海洋型过渡的特点。此外，还对波列中的未知震相、影响震相记录特征的其它因素，以及震相标注和Ｌｇ波走时表等问题进行了讨论。     

汶川地震前后波速比变化特征的再研究

收集整理了四川省地震台网1990—2012年产出的地震直达波震相数据, 利用单台多震和达法对2008年汶川M_S8.0地震前后四川地区的波速比变化特征进行了分析研究(共筛选出13个数据量较为丰富、 连续性较好的台站). 结果显示: 其中位于龙门山断裂中北段西侧的4个台站, 震前出现长达7年左右的中长期波速比低值异常; 其它9个台站的波速比震前变化基本稳定. 震前波速比出现异常的4个台站的分布与汶川M_S8.0地震孕震区范围大体一致, 从而为研究汶川M_S8.0地震前是否存在地壳介质特性的时间变化过程, 提供了有力的判定依据.      

安徽及邻区中强震前波速比变化研究

利用安徽及邻区地震波的震相资料,根据和达法计算波速比的原理,研发了波速比的计算程序,并对大台网和小台网资料的计算结果进行了对比分析,认为大、小台网资料对波速比的计算结果影响较小。此外还分析了台网布局对计算波速比的影响,发现在计算过程中加入远近台波速比值限制后,波速比变化范围减小,异常时间段也更为清晰,因此在在计算波速比时间进程时需要加远近台波速比限制。本文计算了安徽及周边地区7次中强地震前的波速比时间进程曲线,其中5次地震前存在低波速比异常,同时通过震例总结表明华东地区MS5.5级左右地震选取震中附近3°×3°范围内地震计算波速比、MS4.5级左右地震选取震中附近2°×2°范围内地震计算波速比相对比较合理,与相应强度地震的孕震范围较为吻合。     

地核界面波在微震仪上的体现及应用

利用南平台ＤＤ－１地震仪所记录到的地核界面反射波ＰｃＰ、地核界面反射转换波ＳｃＰ、ＰｃＳ测定震源深度。结果表明,用这些震相测定地震震源深度,提高了台站测定远震震源参数的精度。     

单裂缝岩石标本的弹性波频响特征初步分析

通过分析单裂缝岩石标本中弹性波到时分布、波震相转换和波振幅衰减等规律，进一步用波场及频谱量刻划介质横向不均匀性。Ｐ波震相遇裂缝端部后出现“之”字形波峰，分叉成折射Ｐ波、绕射Ｐ波，它的特征也依赖于发射源和接收点相对于裂缝的位置，当波以大角度斜跨裂缝和发射点在约裂缝半长度范围时波到时和振幅差别更大。对其研究有助于认识弹性波场在含断层结构中的复杂图象特征、在野外勘探中提高地震资料解释、断裂构造识别能力和提高弹性波在非完整岩石实验中的声发射定位等能力     

1966年邢台6.8级地震的深总结背景

根据“八五”期间邢台地震区深部地震物理方法的综合探测研究成果，依据Ｐ波、Ｓ波联合解释和二维密度反演，并结合浅部构造和三维应力场数值模拟计算等资料，进行综合分析研究。以１９６６年邢台６．８级地震为例，揭示了邢台地震区的孕震发震过程，邢台地震区的学位可结构和介质结构；（１）中、下地壳内分布有北东向高角度深断裂、深断裂两则出现明显的波速比异常。（２）中地壳有低速高层和密度不均匀异常。（３）上地壳底部有滑     

不同散射模式下S波包络合成

为揭示地震波在地壳小尺度非均匀介质中的散射过程,更准确地描述地震波的包络展宽现象,本文基于多次各向异性散射理论,采用离散波数法求解能量密度积分方程,选取高斯型自相关函数表征的散射模式,得到S波能量密度包络。基于此,本文首先分析了单次散射和多次散射在形成S波能量密度包络中的贡献规律;然后探讨了吸收系数和总散射系数对合成S波能量密度包络的影响;最后对比了在不同散射模式下合成的S波能量密度包络的差异。结果显示:① 不同的散射模式下单次散射和多次散射对地震波散射过程的贡献规律是一致的,对于近震（震源距小于100 km）,单次散射模型可以近似合成S波能量密度包络;随着震源距增大,多次前散射模型可以更快地接近总能量密度包络;② 吸收系数增大会降低直达S波和尾波幅值,总散射系数增大会降低直达S波幅值,但使得S波尾波幅值升高;③ 前散射模式下S波能量密度包络随震源距的增大会导致峰值延迟,包络展宽,尾波衰减一致性更快等现象产生。      

Boundary-reflected waves and ultrasonic coda waves in rock physics experiments

Ultrasonic coda waves are widely used to study high-frequency scattering. However, ultrasonic coda waves are strongly affected by interference from by boundary-reflected waves. To understand the effect of boundary-reflected waves, we performed ultrasonic experiments using aluminum and shale samples, and the rotating staggered-mesh finite-difference method to simulate the wavefield. We analyzed the wavefield characteristics at the different receiving points and the interference characteristics of the boundary-reflected waves with the ultrasonic coda wave, and the effect of sample geometry on the ultrasonic coda waves. The increase in the aspect ratio of the samples delays the interference effect of the laterally reflected waves and reduces the effect on the ultrasonic coda waves. The main waves interfering with the ultrasonic coda waves are laterally reflected PP-, PS-, PPP-, and PPS-waves. The scattering and attenuation of the high-frequency energy in actual rocks can weaken the interference of laterally reflected waves with the ultrasonic coda waves.     

Scattered Surface Wave Energy in the Seismic Coda

One of the many important contributions that Aki has made to seismology pertains to the origin of coda waves (Aki, 1969; Aki and Chouet, 1975). In this paper, I revisit Aki's original idea of the role of scattered surface waves in the seismic coda. Based on the radiative transfer theory, I developed a new set of scattered wave energy equations by including scattered surface waves and body wave to surface wave scattering conversions. The work is an extended study of Zeng et al. (1991), Zeng (1993) and Sato (1994a) on multiple isotropic-scattering, and may shed new insight into the seismic coda wave interpretation. The scattering equations are solved numerically by first discretizing the model at regular grids and then solving the linear integral equations iteratively. The results show that scattered wave energy can be well approximated by body-wave to body wave scattering at earlier arrival times and short distances. At long distances from the source, scattered surface waves dominate scattered body waves at surface stations. Since surface waves are 2-D propagating waves, their scattered energies should in theory follow a common decay curve. The observed common decay trends on seismic coda of local earthquake recordings particular at long lapse times suggest that perhaps later seismic codas are dominated by scattered surface waves. When efficient body wave to surface wave conversion mechanisms are present in the shallow crustal layers, such as soft sediment layers, the scattered surface waves dominate the seismic coda at even early arrival times for shallow sources and at later arrival times for deeper events.     

Probing mid-mantle heterogeneity using PKP coda waves

We investigate the utility of PKP coda waves for studying weak scattering from small-scale heterogeneity in the mid-mantle. Coda waves are potentially a useful probe of heterogeneity in the mid-mantle because they are not preferentially scattered near the CMB, as PKP precursors are, but are sensitive to scattering at all depths. PKP coda waves have not been used for this purpose historically because of interference with other late-arriving energy due to near-surface resonance and scattering. Any study of deep mantle scattering using coda waves requires the removal of near-surface effects from the data. We have analyzed 3624 recordings of PKP precursors and coda made by stations in the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Global Seismographic Network (GSN). To study the range and time dependence of the scattered waves, we binned and stacked envelopes of the recordings. We have considered precursors that arrive within a 20 s window before PKP and coda waves in a 60 s window after PKP. The PKP scattered waves increase in amplitude rapidly with range as predicted by scattering theory. At ranges below 125°, we predict and observe essentially no scattered energy preceding PKP. Coda amplitudes at these ranges are independent of range and provide an estimate of energy due to near-surface effects that we can expect at all ranges. We use the average coda amplitude at ranges from 120 to 125° to correct coda amplitudes at other ranges. PKP coda waves show a strong dependence on time and range and are clearly influenced by scattering in the lower mantle. PKP coda waves, however, do not provide a tighter constraint on the vertical distribution of mantle heterogeneity than is provided by precursors. This is due, in part, to relatively large scatter in coda amplitudes as revealed by a resampling analysis. Modeling using Rayleigh–Born scattering theory and an exponential autocorrelation function shows that PKP coda amplitudes are not highly sensitive to the vertical distribution of heterogeneity in the mantle. To illustrate this we consider single-scattering in two extreme models of mantle heterogeneity. One allows heterogeneity just at the CMB; the other includes heterogeneity throughout the mantle. The amplitudes of precursors are tightly constrained by our stack and support our earlier conclusion that small-scale heterogeneity is uniformly distributed throughout the lower mantle. The best-fit model includes 8 km scale length heterogeneity with an rms velocity contrast throughout the mantle of 1%.     

The Theory of Coda Wave Interferometry

Coda waves are sensitive to changes in the subsurface because the strong scattering that generates these waves causes them to repeatedly sample a limited region of space. Coda wave interferometry is a technique that exploits this sensitivity to estimate slight changes in the medium from a comparison of the coda waves before and after the perturbation. For spatially localized changes in the velocity, or for changes in the source location, the travel-time perturbation may be different for different scattering paths. The coda waves that arrive within a certain time window are therefore subject to a distribution of travel-time perturbations. Here I present the general theory of coda wave interferometry, and show how the time-shifted correlation coefficient can be used to estimate the mean and variance of the distribution of travel-time perturbations. I show how this general theory can be used to estimate changes in the wave velocity, in the location of scatterer positions, and in the source location.     

Coda waves: A review

The analysis and interpretation of coda waves have received increasing attention since the early seventies. In the past few years interest in this subject has spread worldwide, and the study of high-frequency seismic coda waves has become a very important seismological topic. As a conclusion of the studies accomplished in this time, coda waves are considered the result of scattering processes caused by heterogeneities acting on seismic waves.P andS waves play a particularly important role in this interaction. The process introduces an attenuation which, added to the intrinsic absorption, gives the observed apparent attenuation. Therefore, coda waves constitute a thumbprint left by the heterogeneities on the seismograms. Coda waves offer decisive information about the mechanism of how scattering and attenuation take place. This review describes coda waves in detail, and summarizes the work done in this subject to 1986. The relation between coda waves and attenuation in the context of research on seismic scattering problems is stressed. Particular attention has been given to the application of coda waves to estimate source and medium parameters. The state-of-the-art of the temporal variations of coda wave shape, and the possible use of these variations as an earthquake precursor also are presented. Care has been taken to introduce the statistical models used to deal with the heterogeneities responsible for scattering.     

Propagation and attenuation characteristics of the crustal phaseLg

TheLg wave consists of the superposition ofS waves supercritically reflected, and thus trapped, in the crust. This mode of propagation explains the strong amplitude of this phase and the large distance range in which it is observed. The numerical simulation leads to successful comparison between observed seismograms in stable continental areas and synthetics computed for simple standard crustal models. In regions with strong lateral variations, the influence of large-scale heterogeneities on theLg amplitude is not yet clearly established in terms of the geometrical characteristics of the crustal structure.The analysis of the decay of amplitude ofLg with epicentral distance allows the evaluation of the quality factor ofS waves in the crust. The results obtained show the same trends as codaQ: a clear correlation with the tectonic activity of the region considered, both for the value ofQ at 1 Hz and for its frequency dependence, suggesting that scattering plays a prominent part among the processes that cause the attenuation.The coda ofLg is made up of scatteredS waves. The study of the spatial attenuation of the coda indicated that a large part of the arrivals that compose the coda propagate asLg. The relative amplitude of the coda is larger at sites located on sediments because, in these conditions, a part ofLg energy can be converted locally into lower order surface modes.     

CodaQ as a combination of scattering and intrinsic attenuation: Numerical simulations with the boundary integral method

Numerical modelling ofSH wave seismograms in media whose material properties are prescribed by a random distribution of many perfectly elastic cavities and by intrinsic absorption of seismic energy (anelasticity) demonstrates that the main characteristics of the coda waves, namely amplitude decay and duration, are well described by singly scattered waves in anelastic media rather than by multiply scattered waves in either elastic or anelastic media. We use the Boundary Integral scheme developed byBenites et al. (1992) to compute the complete wave field and measure the values of the direct waveQ and coda wavesQ in a wide range of frequencies, determining the spatial decay of the direct wave log-amplitude relation and the temporal decay of the coda envelope, respectively. The effects of both intrinsic absorption and pure scattering on the overall attenuation can be quantified separately by computing theQ values for corresponding models with (anelastic) and without (elastic) absorption. For the models considered in this study, the values of codaQ ^–1 in anelastic media are in good agreement with the sum of the corresponding scatteringQ ^–1 and intrinsicQ ^–1 values, as established by the single-scattering model ofAki andChouet (1975). Also, for the same random model with intrinsic absorption it appears that the singly scattered waves propagate without significant loss of energy as compared with the multiply scattered waves, which are strongly affected by absorption, suggesting its dominant role in the attenuation of coda waves.     

Discussion on the Measurement Method for the Coda Wave Quality Factor

The Quality factor is the parameter that can be used to describe the energy attenuation on seismic wave. In theory, we can obtain the relationship between the change of the coda wave quality factor with time and the strong earthquake preparation process on the basis of the quality factor of a coda wave in a same ray path. However, in reality the coda wave quality factor measured by different seismic coda waves corresponds to different seismic wave ray paths. The change of the quality factor with time is related to non-elastic characteristics of the medium and the volume of scattering ellipsoid constrained by scattered wave phase fronts, besides the change of regional stress field. This paper discusses the relationship between quality factor, epicenter distance and different lapse time, and then discusses the relationship between quality factor and frequency. Furthermore the determination method of the coda wave quality factor is put forward. The improved determination method of the quality factor, which removes the influence of different earthquakes or propagation depth of scattered waves, may increase measurement precision, thus information pertaining to abnormal changes in quality factor and the relationship between the quality factor and earthquake preparation process can be acquired.