AIR-SEA COUPLING FEATURES FROM THE WARM PHASE TO THE COLD PHASE OF ENSO CYCLES IN THE SEVENTIES TO THE EIGHTIES*

Using the sea surface temperature and wind anomalies(SSTA and SSWA for short) of the tropical Pacific from January 1970 to December 1989,main spatial patterns of tropical Pacific SSTA and SSWA coupling features in the transform course from the warm phase to the cold phase of El Nino-southern Oscillation(ENSO) cycles are discussed.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)air-sea coupling patterns at the mature stage of El Nino(La Nina) are main spatial ones of tropical Pacific SSWA and SSTA coupling:(2)at the mature stage of El Nino,the interaction of the anticyclonic anomaly wind,generated by the forcing of distinct meridional SSTA gradient in the Northern Hemisphere tropical central Pacific.with the California cold current and SSTA is mainly responsible for weakening of El Nino;(3)the second sea temperature increase along the South American coast in the decaying course of El Nino results from the eastward movement of the weakened positive SSTA in the tropical central-eastern Pacific forced by anomalous west wind stress:(4)La Nina results from the joint effect of Walker circulation,Ekman drift and negative SSTA in the tropical central-eastern Pacific.     

热带太平洋SSWA特征及其在ENSO循环中的演变

应用1970年1月至1989年12月热带太平洋SSTA（海面温度距乎）和SSWA（海面风距平）资料,分析发现：热带太平洋SSWA的主要空间特征和海气耦合主要空间型均表现为ElNino（LaNina）盛期的SSWA分布。热带太平洋SS－WA的主要传播特征与ENSO循环过程中SSWA的演变是一致的,表现为赤道中东太平洋海面阻平东、西风的转换和赤道东太平洋SSWA辐散、辐合的转换。赤道中东太平洋距平东风（西风）向赤道距平西风（东风）的转换伴随着中西太平洋副热带SSWA偶极子气旋（反气旋）的生消,偶极子气旋（及气旋）表现为明显的北半球强于南半球。     

PREDICTION AND VERIFICATION OF THE 1997-1999 EL NINOAND LA NINA BY USING AN INTERMEDIATE OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE COUPLED MODEL*

The numerical simulations,hindcasts and verifications of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) have been conducted by using a dynamical tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere coupled model named NCCo.The results showed that the model had performed reasonable simulations of the major El Nino episodes in the history,and the model forecast skill in 1990s had been significantly improved.NCCo model has been used to predict the tropical Pacific SSTA since January 1997.The comparisons between predictions and observations indicated that the occurrence,evolution and ending of the 1997-1998 El Nino episode have been predicted fairly well by using this model.Also,the La Nina episode that began in the autumn of 1998 and the developing tendency of the tropical Pacific SSTA during the year 1999 have been predictedsuccessfully.The forecast skills of NCCo model during the 1997-1999 El Nino and La Nina events are above 0.5 at 0-14 lead months.     

INFLUENCE OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON AIR-SEA INTERACTION OVER TROPICAL PACIFIC IN OCEAN-ATMOSPHERIC COUPLED SYSTEM*

A hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model is designed,which consists of a global atmospheric general circulation model(L9R15 AGCM)and a simple ocean model(ZC ocean model over tropical Pacific).Using the model,experimental predictions are performed for the 1986/87 El Nino event and the 1988/89 La Nina event with and without the Tibetan Plateau respectively(called TP FORC and NTP FORC hereinafter).It is found as follows:(1)The coupled system can successfully predict the El Nino or La Nina event even if the Tibetan Plateau orography is not included in the model.The patterns of SSTA and wind anomalies in the model without the Tibetan Plateau are similar to those with the Tibetan Plateau,which further verifies the fact that ENSO process is mainly caused by the air-sea interaction in tropical Pacific.(2)However.the existence of the Tibetan Plateau exerts its influences on the intensity and duration of El Nino(or La Nina).It is unfavorable to the development and maintenance of westerly anomalies,so to some extent,restrains the development of El Nino,but favors the development of La Nina.(3)Effects of the Tibetan Plateau orography on the wind anomalies in the coupled system are different from those inuncoupled AGCM simulation.     

INFLUENCE OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON AIR-SEA INTERACTION OVER TROPICAL PACIFIC IN OCEAN-ATMOSPHERIC COUPLED SYSTEM

A hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model is designed,which consists of a global atmosphericgeneral circulation model(L9R15 AGCM)and a simple ocean model(ZC ocean model over tropicalPacific).Using the model,experimental predictions are performed for the 1986/87 El Nino eventand the 1988/89 La Nina event with and without the Tibetan Plateau respectively(called TPFORC and NTP FORC hereinafter).It is found as follows:(1)The coupled system cansuccessfully predict the El Nino or La Nina event even if the Tibetan Plateau orography is notincluded in the model.The patterns of SSTA and wind anomalies in the model without the TibetanPlateau are similar to those with the Tibetan Plateau,which further verifies the fact that ENSOprocess is mainly caused by the air-sea interaction in tropical Pacific.(2)However.the existenceof the Tibetan Plateau exerts its influences on the intensity and duration of El Nino(or La Nina).It is unfavorable to the development and maintenance of westerly anomalies,so to some extent,restrains the development of El Nino,but favors the development of La Nina.(3)Effects of theTibetan Plateau orography on the wind anomalies in the coupled system are different from those inuncoupled AGCM simulation.     

El Nino事件当年和次年夏季低纬环流特征的初步分析

分析1950年以来中等强度以上的ElNiño和LaNina当年和次年夏季(7月)低纬度风场和500hPa高度距平场,发现有不同的特征。其中中-西太平洋近赤道地区850、200hPa上风场异常变化十分明显,这种异常变化与南北半球大气相互作用有密切关系。在500hPa高度距平场上,北半球中、高和低纬地区表现出不同的正、负距平分布型式。上述特点对气候短期预测有一定参考意义。     

ElNino事件当年和次年夏季低纬环流特征的初步分析

分析１９５０年以来中等强度以上的ＥｌＮｉｎｏ和ＬａＮｉｎａ当年和次年夏季低纬度风场和５００ｈＰａ高度距平场发现有不同特征。其中中－西太平洋近赤道地区８５０、２００ｈＰａ上风场异常变化十分明显,这种异常变化与南北半球大气相互作用有密切关系。     

亚澳季风异常与ENSO准四年变化的联系分析

分析了赤道地区纬向风的年际变化特征，以及亚澳季风与ENSO在各个位相的联系。结果表明：赤道纬向风变化与中东太平洋海温变化在准四年周期上是强烈耦合的；在El Eino期间东亚冬季风弱，夏季风强，而南亚夏季风弱，反之，在La Nina期间东亚冬季风强，夏季风弱，而南亚夏季风强；东亚地区的异常北风有利于西太平洋西风异常爆发，使得东太平洋海温升高，但只有随后在中东太平洋出现持续性西风异常，El Nino才能发展，其中来自太平洋中部的异常北风（并不是来自东亚大陆地区）和南太平洋中部的异常南风的辐合对中东太平洋出现持续性西风异常起重要的作用，尤其是澳大利亚东北部的季风异常的影响更为显。     

STUDY ON THE QUASI-FOUR YEAR OSCILLATION OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION

Complex Singular Value Decomposition(CSVD)analysis technique was applied to study theQuasi Four year Oscillation(QFO)of air sea interaction and its coupled pattern evolution duringdifferent phases.Results show that:(1)CSVD method can better reveal phase relation betweentwo physical fields:(2)Not only northerly anomalies from Northern Hemisphere but alsosoutherly anomalies from Southern Hemisphere contribute to EI Nino.They converge in westernequatorial Pacific,leading to outburst of strong equatorial westerly anomalies,and result in strongEl Nino event onset:(3)An abnormal subtropical anticyclone circulation appears overnorthwestern Pacific while El Nino developing.It favors transitions from the warm SST(EINino)to the cold SST(La Nina),just as the tropical westerly anomalies produced by abnormalcyclone during a decaying La Nina.which encourage the development of El Nino:(4)Thewesterly anomalies in equatorial Pacific are mainly induced by eastward abnormal subtropicalcyclone pairs,which are located in north and south Pacific respectively,and are not the eastwardwesterly anomalies from equatorial Indian Ocean.     

西藏高原夏季降水对ENSO的响应

通过合成分析指出包括雅藏布江中西段在内的西藏高原中西部地区夏季（6－8月）降水在ENSO的不同位相期间存在着显著的差异。利用交叉谱和奇异值分解等方法，分析了高原夏季降水场与太平洋海温场在时间和空间上的联系，结果表明，ENSO的暖（冷）位相期，高原大部分地区夏季降水以偏少（多）为主。     

STUDY ON THE QUASI-FOUR YEAR OSCILLATION OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION*

Complex Singular Value Decomposition(CSVD)analysis technique was applied to study the Quasi Four year Oscillation(QFO)of air sea interaction and its coupled pattern evolution during different phases.Results show that:(1)CSVD method can better reveal phase relation between two physical fields:(2)Not only northerly anomalies from Northern Hemisphere but also southerly anomalies from Southern Hemisphere contribute to EI Nino.They converge in western equatorial Pacific,leading to outburst of strong equatorial westerly anomalies,and result in strong El Nino event onset:(3)An abnormal subtropical anticyclone circulation appears over northwestern Pacific while El Nino developing.It favors transitions from the warm SST(EINino)to the cold SST(La Nina),just as the tropical westerly anomalies produced by abnormal cyclone during a decaying La Nina.which encourage the development of El Nino:(4)The westerly anomalies in equatorial Pacific are mainly induced by eastward abnormal subtropical cyclone pairs,which are located in north and south Pacific respectively,and are not the eastward westerly anomalies from equatorial Indian Ocean.     

厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件循环演变过程的资料分析研究

利用1955-2000年热带、副热带太平洋地区次表层温度距平资料,构造了温度距平极值深度分布曲面图,它很接近20°温度面的深度分布,因此有理由认为这一深度曲面很接近热带温跃层的深度面。在温度距平极值深度曲面上,分析了20世纪60年代后期以来所有El　Nino/La Nina事件正/负海温距平信号的分布和传播“轨迹”,发现如果以暖池次表层作为起点,则一般来说,暖水或冷水先是沿赤道极值深度面向东、向上传播或运动,到达赤道东太平洋海盆边界附近后,在那里停留几个月,然后转北运动,在北纬10度左右再折向西运动到西太平洋转向南返回到暖池,即在赤道北侧形成闭合回路。温度距平运动一圈需时2-4年。如果暖（冷）水的温度距平都很强,就会在2-4年的时间上出现两次相邻的El　Nino（La Nina）事件,但可能是由于大气或海洋环境条件不合适,温度距平的强度在运动过程中有时会减弱,就不能形成El　Nino（La Nina）事件,但暖（冷）水运动的“轨迹”仍可辨认。由于暖、冷水绕环路的运动交替出现,El Nino（La　Nina）爆发前,在赤道西太平洋出现正（负）距平信号的同时,在东太平洋北纬10度左右会有负（正）距平信号出现,并且当正（负）距平信号向东传播时,负（正）距平信号向西传播,在赤道上表现为2-4年间隔的El Nino（La Nina）交     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF LAG INFLUENCE OF ENSO ON EAST-ASIAN MONSOON

By prescribing sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTAs)over eastern equatorial Pacific inJanuary—March,the lag influence of ENSO(El Nino and La Nina)on monsoon over East Asiahas been studied.The results suggest that,due to the excitation of atmospheric low-frequencyoscillation by the SSTA,ENSO has significant lag influence on the monsoon over East Asia.During the summer after E1 Nino,the subtropical high over western Pacific is intensified andshows the northward and westward displacement,meanwhile,the rainfall over East China isbelow normal,especially in North China:during the winter after E1 Nino,both the Asian troughand the winter monsoon over East Asia are strengthened.During the summer after La Nina,theanomalous subtropical high prevails over the lower reaches of Yangtze(Changjiang)River,therainfall between Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers is below normal:during the winter after La Nina,both the Asian trough and the winter monsoon over East Asia are weaker.Compared with LaNina,the effect of El Nino is stronger,but it is not always opposite to the one of La Nina.     

用一个简单海气耦合模式对20世纪90年代厄尔尼诺事件的预报试验

使用一个动力海洋与统计大气耦合的热带太平洋模式,对２０ 世纪９０ 年代的厄尔尼诺事件进行了数值模拟和预报。结果表明,模式能较好地再现３ 次暖事件的发展和演化过程,也能模拟１９９５／１９９６ 年的冷海温过程。预报试验的结果指出,２０ 世纪 ９０ 年代发生的厄尔尼诺事件具有其特殊性,很难在发展阶段作出准确预报,而一旦形成后,模式仍可对这类事件的成熟位相阶段作出大致提前 ６ 个月的有效预报。文中还用该模式对 １９９７ 年的热带太平洋海表温度作了预报试验,预测 １９９７ 年年底可能发生一次新的厄尔尼诺事件。关键词：２０ 世纪９０ 年代厄尔尼诺,简单海气耦合模式,预报试验。     

热带印度洋-太平洋地区海表温度异常的线性转置预报模型

采用ＣＯＡＤＳ的月平均海平面温度跨平（ＳＳＴＡ）资料,建立了预报热带印度洋－太平洋ＳＳＴＡ的线性转置模型（ＬＩＭ）。经检验,对于非独立和独立样本,预报的均方根误差分别在１２个月和１０个月预报时效内小于ＳＳＴＡ的均方差,相对误差在５个月预报时效内都小于５０％。在Ｅ１Ｎｉｎｏ和Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ时段效果优于其他时段,其中Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ时段又更好些。对同一地区的ＳＳＴＡ,ＬＩＭ预报优于自回归模型预报、奇异谱     

两类ENSO事件前期的热带太平洋海温距平场

分析了１９５６年以来两类ＥＮＳＯ事件热带太平洋海温距平场的特征。结果指出,东部型ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件前期为ＬａＮｉｎａ事件年,热带中东太平洋为强的海温负距平,东部型ＬａＮｉｎａ事件前期为ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件年,热带中不太平洋为强的海温正距平,中部型ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件前期热带中西太平洋多为明显的海温正距平,中部型ＬａＮｉｎａ事件前期热带东太平洋多为明显的海渐负距平。两类ＥＮＳＯ事件前期海温距平场特殊基本相反。     

Impact of diurnal atmosphere–ocean coupling on tropical climate simulations using a coupled GCM

The impacts of diurnal atmosphere–ocean (air–sea) coupling on tropical climate simulations are investigated using the SNU coupled GCM. To investigate the effect of the atmospheric and oceanic diurnal cycles on a climate simulation, a 1-day air–sea coupling interval experiment is compared to a 2-h coupling experiment. As previous studies have suggested, cold temperature biases over equatorial western Pacific regions are significantly reduced when diurnal air–sea coupling strategy is implemented. This warming is initiated by diurnal rectification and amplified further by the air–sea coupled feedbacks. In addition to its effect on the mean climatology, the diurnal coupling has also a distinctive impact on the amplitude of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It is demonstrated that a weakening of the ENSO magnitude is caused by reduced (increased) surface net heat fluxes into the ocean during El Nino (La Nina) events. Primarily, decreased (increased) incoming shortwave radiation during El Nino (La Nina) due to cloud shading is responsible for the net heat fluxes associated with ENSO.     

影响山东热带气旋的频数与太平洋海温的关系

利用1949—2007年热带气旋年鉴资料,对影响山东热带气旋（TC）的频数与太平洋海温的关系进行了分析。结果表明：（1）厄尔尼诺年,影响山东的TC频数较常年明显偏少。厄尔尼诺次年TC频数较常年稍有增加。拉尼娜年影响山东的TC频数较常年显著偏多,增加明显的月份主要是8月和9月,拉尼娜次年,影响山东TC频数偏少。厄尔尼诺事件强度越大,影响山东的TC频数越少。（2）影响山东的TC数和菲律宾以东洋面的海温呈正相关,并具有很好的持续性。（3）影响山东的TC多年,赤道中东太平洋有较强的负距平区;影响山东的TC少年,赤道中东太平洋为正距平区。说明赤道中东太平洋的海温高低对影响山东的TC频数有较好的指示作用。     

Increased summer electric power demand in Beijing driven by preceding spring tropical North Atlantic warming

本文利用北京市电力负荷资料,北京市站点观测温度资料,CN05.1温度资料,ERA5大气再分析资料及ERSST v3b海表温度资料,发现3-4月副热带北大西洋海温异常和北京市夏季电力呈很好的正相关关系,并揭示了副热带北大西洋海温异常影响北京市夏季电力的可能物理机制.春季副热带北大西洋海温异常偏暖,热带中太平洋出现东风异常...     

QBO Features of Tropical Pacific wind Stress Field with the Relation to El Nino

Analysis has been implemented of 1970-1992 tropical Pacific wind stress anomaly and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) datasets, indicating that quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of the tropical Pacific WS and SSTA is featured both by a standing and a progressive form, the former emerging in the most intense centers of action and the latter travelling east- or west-ward out of the SSTA sources. Results show that the SSTA is in the warm (cold) phase as zonal component of euqatorial wind stress anomaly gets weakened (reinforced) and the QBO of wind stress anomaly is well related to the El Nino cycle.