海洋沉积物热释光——潜在的天然气水合物找矿方法

概述了热释光的形成机理。从放射性方法探测油气藏的原理出发,提出了海洋沉积物热释光探测天然气水合物的可能性。对采自中国南海、东海的海底沉积物进行了有机烃、金属元素和热释光分析。结果表明,热释光与有机烃类呈正相关,天然气水合物形成和分解产生的碳酸钙、硫酸钙及硫酸钡沉淀是很好的热释光晶体,在矿物结晶过程中加入的微量金属元素对热释光起到调节作用。热释光不受有机污染的影响,灵敏度高,是很有前景的寻找天然气水合物的方法。     

海洋沉积物热释光--潜在的天然气水合物找矿方法

概述了热释光的形成机理。从放射性方法探测油气藏的原理出发 ,提出了海洋沉积物热释光探测天然气水合物的可能性。对采自中国南海、东海的海底沉积物进行了有机烃、金属元素和热释光分析。结果表明 ,热释光与有机烃类呈正相关 ,天然气水合物形成和分解产生的碳酸钙、硫酸钙及硫酸钡沉淀是很好的热释光晶体 ,在矿物结晶过程中加入的微量金属元素对热释光起到调节作用。热释光不受有机污染的影响 ,灵敏度高 ,是很有前景的寻找天然气水合物的方法     

利用尾矿砂制备镁铁氢氧化物实验研究

以金川铜镍矿尾矿酸浸液为原料,根据矿物沉淀pH值区间的不同,分步分离Fe、Mg的沉淀物以及有价金属Al、Co、Ni、Cu的混合沉淀物,进而制备具有高附加值的Fe(OH)3和Mg(OH)2,同时富集Co、Ni、Cu等有价金属。结果表明,当溶液pH值为3.8时可沉淀分离出主要成分为施威特曼石(schwertmannite)的氢氧化铁前驱体,pH值达到9.8时沉淀富集出Al、Co、Ni、Cu的混合氢氧化物,随即得到只含有Mg离子的溶液。在60℃条件下,将施威特曼石在pH值为12的NaOH溶液中老化36h,可以得到Fe(OH)3。同时,以NaOH调节只含有Mg离子的溶液至pH值为12.4时可获得Mg(OH)2。本研究为金属矿山尾矿的资源化综合利用提供了新的思路与方法。     

热释光法在内蒙东胜地区铀矿找矿中的试验应用

土壤天然热释光测量是一种穿透能力较强的核技术方法,能探测到地下较深处的地球物理信息。简单介绍了土壤天然热释光方法测量原理,研究了土壤热释光测量的影响因素。通过对已知剖面测量的结果表明,土壤天然热释光法在寻找铀矿床上可取得较好的效果。     

黔西北香炉山稀土矿的稀土元素赋存状态

以香炉山稀土矿床为研究对象,研究矿石中稀土元素赋存状态。采用扫描电镜、电子探针及化学浸取实验方法,对稀土矿石样品进行测试分析和浸取实验。扫描电镜未扫描出独立的稀土矿物,电子探针对样品原位微区探测出的元素有:O、Al、Si、Ca、Mg、Fe、Ti、K、Na、S、Cl、C、Cu、Cr、V、Pt,未探测到稀土元素。采用10%的(NH_4)_2SO_4、(NH4)Cl、NaCl和H_2SO_4化学试剂,室内常温常压,浸取24 h,结果显示,矿石中稀土元素容易被浸取,浸出率较高,为11.47%～24.00%,说明矿石中稀土元素的赋存状态为离子态存在,而不是稀土矿物。     

羌塘盆地沉积物热释光特征及潜在意义

热释光测量在探测陆地或海洋油气方面已显示出良好的应用效果,天然气水合物与常规油气在物源及运移机制上非常相似,可将热释光方法借鉴到天然气水合物的调查研究中。羌塘盆地147件沉积物样品的热释光测定结果表明,该区沉积物热释光具有近似对数正态分布的特征。结合前人研究结果及调查分析认为,该区热释光异常与深部油气或天然气水合物的对应模型为:矿藏上方出现热释光高值异常。研究区热释光高值异常出现2处集中分布区域,大致指示深部油气或天然气水合物藏的位置。研究结果对羌塘盆地油气或水合物的进一步调查研究有重要的参考价值。     

广西平桂矿区发现的砷钙铜矿

本砷钙铜矿发现于平桂矿区的岩溶堆积Au、Sn矿体的氧化带。经电子探针分析及湿法化学分析确定其主要成份是Cu、Ca、As,并含H_2O。计算的矿物化学式为(Ca,Mg)(Cu,Fe,Zn)(AsO_4,SiO_4,Al_2O_3)(OH)。单晶X射线分析测得晶胞参数a=7.33A,b=9.12A,c=5.79A,斜方晶系,空间群为P2_12_12_1。     

土壤天然热释光法在下庄铀矿田找深隐伏矿床中的试验研究

土壤天然热释光法是一种穿透能力较强的核技术方法,能探测到地下较深处的地球物理信息.文中简单介绍了土壤天然热释光方法的测量原理,探讨了该方法在寻找隐伏花岗岩型铀矿床中应用的可行性.对已知剖面进行土壤天然热释光测量,其结果表明该方法可靠,可作为一种寻找深隐伏矿床的方法.     

即时合成Cu/Mg/Al层状双氢氧化物处理含Cu2+废水实验研究

在模拟含Cu2+废水中加入Mg2+和Al3+,以NaOH为沉淀剂,研究金属盐水解即时合成层状双氢氧化物去除Cu2+的可行性,同时考察了体系终点pH值、配料中Mg/Cu摩尔比值及反应温度和时间对Cu2+去除率的影响,探讨了Cu2+去除机理及层状双氢氧化物形成过程。结果表明,实验条件下体系终点pH值显著影响Cu2+去除率,在pH值8.0~11.0范围内去除效果较好,达99%以上。通过X射线衍射分析结合即时合成法特点,废水中Cu2+主要是在晶核生成阶段以Cu/Mg/Al三元层状双氢氧化物形式被去除;三元层状双氢氧化物的形成由反应体系中Al3+、Cu2+、Mg2+分步水解导致,最适pH值约为9.0。     

Li-(Mg、Zn、Ni)钒酸盐三元体系相关系和结晶化学

对Li-(Mg、Zn、Ni)钒酸盐系统在500—800℃的相图研究发现:(Mg、Zn、Ni)V_2O_6和(Mg、Zn、Ni)_2V_2O_7,二个系统中都有两个主要固溶体,一个以NiV_2O_6(或Ni_2V_2O_7)为主结构,另一个在MgV_2O_6-ZnV_2O_6间形成完全连续型,Mg_2V_2O_7-Zn_2V_2O_7间为MgZnV_2O_7结构型。(Mg、Zn、Ni)_3V_2O_8系统中,整个就是一个固溶体,而Li(Mg、Zn、Ni)VO_4系统中,端员组分相互间也形成不同的固溶体。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.