黄土震陷灾害典型震例的综合研究

阐述了1995年甘肃永登5.8级地震时造成的黄土震陷灾害形成条件、震害形态特征、黄土的基本性质及湿陷性和静、动土力学参数与震陷灾害的成因关系。并用震陷量预测计算方法和三维有限元数值模拟方法检验了黄土震陷灾害预测的理论、方法并解释了永登5.8 级地震黄土震陷现象。     

永登5.8级地震中黄土震陷灾害的探讨

在1995年兰州永登发生的5.8级地震中,震区产生了严重的黄土震陷灾害。为了研究震区黄土震陷灾害的成因,对震区黄土进行了土工试验和土动力学试验,探讨了该区黄土的基本物理力学指标和土动力特性参数与黄土易损性的关系,分析了易损性与震区黄土震陷灾害的关系。经过多指标综合分析研究发现,震区黄土的易损性大,震陷性强。利用黄土震陷试验分析计算预测方法对震区黄土场地的震陷量进行预测研究,所得结果与实际地震的震陷量符合较好。     

基于几个黄土物性参数的震陷判定研究

依据试验数据,研究了含水量、孔隙比和埋藏深度对黄土震陷性的影响规律,结果显示,黄土震陷临界含水量随着动应力的增加而减小,浅层黄土较深层黄土水敏性更强,在50~80kPa之间,临界含水量有一个急剧下降的特征;在典型黄土地区,黄土的孔隙比小于一定数值(宝鸡地区0.73、兰州地区0.86)时,震陷不会发生;在天然含水量情况下,黄土震陷深度曲线随动应力的增加经历了一个从平稳、快速、再收敛至最大震陷深度的发展过程。     

黄土动残余变形的特性与机理研究

黄土震陷是常见的地震灾害。历史地震中,黄土震陷常有发生并导致地基沉降、诱发滑坡并造成生命财产损失。通过室内试验研究黄土动荷载残余变形,分析不同因素对黄土震陷的影响,揭示黄土震陷的发生机理,这对于准确评价黄土场地震陷性,     

含水量对黄土震陷性定量影响研究

含水量是影响黄土震陷性非常重要的参数。本文以洮河三级阶地上典型的Q3黄土为研究对象,对其震陷性特征进行了全面、系统的研究。通过在20 m深探井中依次取得4 m、8 m、12 m、16 m、20 m处黄土原状试样进行室内试验,得到以下结果:(1)天然黄土存在震陷性随深度增加而逐渐减弱的规律;(2)通过增湿、减湿获得5%,10%,15%和20%四种不同含水量黄土试样,同一深度黄土随着含水量增加其震陷性增长的规律明显;(3)通过实验数据分析得到了含水量对黄土震陷性定量影响规律,并根据其规律给出了不同动应力作用下的黄土震陷临界含水量。     

黄土震陷研究及相关问题探讨

回顾了30多年来关于黄土震陷的研究工作和成果.黄土震陷已为微结构特征、动三轴和现场爆破试验所证实,成为黄土地震工程研究领域的一项重要课题,但仍缺少典型震例,且停留在饱和土理论研究阶段.应用微结构形态学方法表征土体结构性变得困难,土力学方法将是微结构应用于震陷性研究的有效途径.震陷性判定仅是在多个参变量值区间内的确定性判定,概率性震陷预测应得到开展.震陷系数估算多是基于室内试验数据的经验公式或半经验半理论公式,并未完全解决其物理过程和力学机制问题,比如参变量多、计算繁琐和实用性差等,故应从黄土震陷的物理力学机制出发,厘清影响黄土震陷的主导因素及其表征参变量,建立具有物理力学意义的数学理论估算模型.抗震陷处理技术的关键是消除土体的震陷性,并减缓震陷时土与土工结构物的相互作用.     

黄土震陷初判指标的界定研究

通过对宝鸡和兰州地震小区划中所获得黄土震陷数据的统计,对黄土震陷的影响因素如含水量、孔隙比、干密度、初始弹性模量进行了分析,得出了对震陷初判更实用、更为具体的多项指标标准,并对弹性模量应用于黄土震陷的判断进行了探讨。     

黄土场地震陷的灾害特征及成因研究综述

基于文献史料记载和现场科考成果,考证了黄土地区几次中强以上地震引发的黄土震陷灾害,分析了黄土震陷灾害的破坏模式、发育特征及其形成条件。依据大量不同地区黄土的动三轴试验结果,比较分析了黄土震陷形成的物性指标的区域性变化规律,并进一步研究了震陷临界动应力的影响因素。研究显示,黄土地区的几次中强以上地震的极震区均有黄土震陷事例;黄土震陷的灾害模式可区分为振密型震陷、震陷型滑坡和液化型震陷,并由土性条件、地形地貌和地震动作用形式决定;孔隙比大于0.8时,黄土高原地区的黄土需要考虑不同含水量条件下的震陷性,而黄土高原地区东南部的河南、河北和晋东南地区的黄土则可根据缩限含水量判定其震陷性;临界动应力的大小由黄土的结构强度所主导,临界动应力比与含水量之间存在很好的幂函数关系。     

黄土场地震陷量的试验预测

通过不同地震荷载作用下黄土震陷的试验研究对兰州地区几个黄土场地的震陷量进行了预测．发现黄土在随机地震荷载和等幅正弦荷载作用下的震陷量预测结果存在一定的差别     

1995年永登地震黄土震陷变形特征及其形成机理

通过对1995年永登地震形成的黄土震陷场地现场考察及震区震陷形成的地震动和黄土厚度条件,用震区震陷试验曲线计算了震区试验震陷量。并通过震区震陷黄土和未震陷黄土微结构对比分析,探讨了黄土震陷形成的机理。结果表明,震区试验计算的震陷量略小于实际地震震陷量;黄土震陷产生的机理为地震力剪切作用下孔隙结构破坏,在重力和压力作用下振动质密所致。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.