佛山西樵山及邻近地区MIS5a红土中主量元素含量特征及其古气候意义

本文主要对广东佛山西樵和邻近的粤东北的临江地层剖面MIS5a网纹红土的主量元素含量进行了研究。结果表明,这两个剖面MIS5a红土的SiO 2 、Al 2 O 3 、TOFE（Fe 2 O 3 +FeO）含量、硅铝率n (SiO2) / n (Al2O3) 和化学蚀变指数 CIA 值与我国中亚热带和南亚热带红土都有明显的差异,而与热带地区——海南岛和雷州半岛红土中相应的地球化学指标比较接近。此前,在研究区碧寿洞和罗沙岩洞穴发现的MIS5a大熊猫—剑齿象动物化石群中,都含有热带动物成员——长臂猿（ Hylobates sp.）、犀（ Rhinoceros sp.）、中国犀（ Rhinoceros sinensis ）、华南巨獏（ Megatapirus cf. angustus ）和亚洲象（ Elephas sp.）。据此提出,西樵山和邻近地区MIS5a网纹红土代表了热带气候环境;MIS5a期间南岭以南广东境内的生物气候带属于边缘热带范围。     

岭南东江流域末次间冰期强网纹红土主元素特征

岭南东江流域临江剖面下部含一套总厚约4.35 m的弱网纹红土和强网纹红土,其顶部热释光(TL)年龄为(71.4 ±6.6)ka B.P.;与邻区地层对比推测,该强网纹红土形成时代为末次间冰期.该强网纹红土主元素分析结果显示,其以湿润型元素SiO2、Al2O3和TFe为主,分布范围依次60.32%～67.81%、17.52%一21.32%和4.17%-5.96%;干旱型元素Na2O、CaO和MgO含量均小于0.50%,表现为强烈淋溶.该强网纹红土主元素分布特征、风化特征值、CIA(化学蚀变指数)值都表明其属中等富铝化红土,其风化强度稍低于广西百色网纹红土而接近于江西修水网纹红土.     

广东西樵山MIS5a网纹红土常量元素分布及其气候意义

广东西樵剖面厚约9.6m,其中该剖面的MIS5a网纹红土"XQ41"厚约33cm,位于该剖面719~751cm深度。对MIS 5a网纹红土按1cm间隔采集,总共获得32个样品的常量元素分析结果。研究表明,化学风化指标SiO2/Al2O3、CIA、ba和CIW的分布范围和平均值都显示其在物质组成上具有总体上均一的特征;SiO2-ba、SiO2-CIW和SiO2/Al2O3-CIA散点图上则分别以大部分、几乎全部和全部地聚集于现代热带红土(砖红土)散点的分布范围。据此提出,西樵网纹红土主要形成于热带气候影响下的生物气候带。有意义的是,与西樵网纹红土相同时代的西樵邻近区域的碧寿洞和罗沙岩哺乳动物化石群,都含有指示热带气候的物种。这进一步表明,热带生物气候带与发育成熟的网纹红土存在着逻辑上的因果关系。这一研究结果,为MIS5a全球变化与中国低纬区域环境响应提出了一个新的认识问题的材料,相应地也为轨道变化与冰期间冰期旋回学说增添了一个新的内容。     

北戴河红色风化壳地球化学特征及气候环境意义

风化壳地球化学特征具有环境指示意义。用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)和X射线衍射法(XRD)分别测试了秦皇岛北戴河燕山大学北侧红色风化壳(简称燕大风化壳)主量元素和粘粒粘土矿物。结果表明:除Ca外,Si、Al、Fe、Na、K的含量在风化壳上均有不同程度的波动,其中Si、Na、K波动轨迹基本一致,Al、Fe则与其相反,相关性分析显示SiO2与Al2O3、TFe、Fe2O3,Al2O3与TFe、Fe2O3,Na2O与CaO具有较好相关性;粘土矿物组合为1·4nm过渡矿物(25%~45%)+伊利石(10%~20%)+伊蒙混层矿物(20%~35%)+高岭石(15%~30%),矿物演化系列是长石、黑云母→(蛭石→1·4nm过渡矿物)→(伊利石)→高岭石。与粘土矿物以1∶1型高岭石为主的富铝化南方红色风化壳相比,燕大风化壳Si淋失度,Fe、Al富集度,矿物演化程度都较低,属硅铝化风化壳。燕大风化壳是上新世暖温带到北亚热带过渡型气候的风化产物,与现代秦皇岛暖温带半湿润型气候不同,这反映第四纪以来该区气候干旱因子增多。CIA、S/A等指示的风化强度异常表明,燕大风化壳形成后至少遭受过两次构造抬升,为剥蚀型风化壳,反映该区新构造运动间歇式上升的特点。     

青海省都兰县艾日克汗森地区榴辉岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

青海省都兰县艾日克汗森地区的榴辉岩位于都兰北榴辉岩带西北方向约12km,是最新发现的较大规模榴辉岩产地。此榴辉岩为柴北缘高压-超高压变质带的一部分,大部分退变质程度较高。锆石U-Pb年龄为(435±4)Ma,代表了此榴辉岩峰期变质年龄;该榴辉岩SiO_2含量为48.36%～49.22%,(Na_2O+K_2O)含量为3.28%～3.65%,Na_2O含量均大于K_2O;原岩为基性玄武岩,为亚碱性拉斑玄武岩系列,构造环境为大洋中脊玄武岩环境。榴辉岩稀土配分曲线表现为右倾型模式,弱富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,(La/Sm)_N=1.70～2.34,(La/Yb)N=1.18～2.54,属于幔源E-MORB型。微量元素表现为强烈亏损Th、P、Zr等高场强元素,富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素。指示了柴北缘晚奥陶世到早志留世时期柴达木陆块与欧龙布鲁克微陆块的深俯冲与碰撞造山背景。     

中国南部OIS5e时期中亚热带北移的古生物学证据

大熊猫-剑齿象动物群是中国南方地区第四纪的代表性哺乳动物群,常见种属多见于亚热带地区,少数种属在自然状态下主要分布于热带-南亚热带地区,如猩猩、长臂猿、亚洲象和绝灭种巨貘、中国犀的现生种貘、犀等热带种,它们的存在指示了具热带气候性质的中亚热带南部的森林环境.本文在确定中国南部OIS 5e时期此类动物群种属构成与分布特征的基础上,主要以热带种属的分布及其北界为依据,推断出中业热带北界分布至秦岭-淮河以南,较现今北移约3°,1月份平均温较今高约4～5℃,年均温高约3℃,说明在现今的亚热带地区盛行中亚热带-热带的气候环境,发生了较大的生物-气候带变迁.该变迁事件对应于全球气候变化的高温期和35°N冬半年天文辐射总量的峰值,是全球气候变化影响下的结果.     

碳酸盐岩红土植硅体记录的指示意义

选取广西桂林市雁山碳酸盐岩红土剖面,对红土中的植硅体类型、分布及含量进行了定量分析。发现:(1)表土植硅体形态多样、含量丰富,含量从剖面表层向下迅速减少,20cm及其以下植硅体含量极少或没有;(2)除了0~0.1m内有植硅体富集外,其他深度再也没有发现新的植硅体富集层;(3)受淋滤和生物扰动作用影响,植硅体可能出现向下10~20cm的运移,但运移对其形态和大小没有明显的选择性,植硅体形态组合受运移影响不大,能够很好地反映上覆植被的组成和所处地区的气候总体特征;(4)研究区植硅体富集于红土表层,且为剖面中的唯一富集层,是红土形成过程植硅体运移的反映,支持了红土的碳酸盐岩风化成因;(5)植硅体运移选择性不明显的特点,为利用碳酸盐岩红土植硅体客观分析和重建古环境提供了基础和可能。      

青海湖沉积物生物硅的环境意义初步研究

湖泊沉积物中生物硅含量的变化已经被广泛应用于评价湖泊生产力和古气候变化研究,但大型湖泊不同位置生物硅含量的时空变化及其与环境要素之间的关系仍缺乏详细的现代过程研究.通过对青海湖不同位置表层沉积样品的生物硅含量测定,建立其空间分布模式及最近数百年生物硅含量的时间序列.结果表明,青海湖表层沉积物生物硅含量变化范围是1.75%～2.98%,平均值为2.25%.与世界其他湖泊相比,青海湖生物硅含量处于相对较低水平,可能与其特殊的地理位置和气候条件有关.青海湖生物硅含量的空间分布规律与沉积物质量堆积速率以及陆源组分含量(如SiO2)相反,而与化学/生物沉积组分(如CaCO3)含量的空间分布规律大体一致,说明生物硅的空间分布受到陆源碎屑物质的"稀释效应"影响.时间序列上,生物硅含量与SiO2含量呈相反变化趋势,与指示降雨量变化的C/N比值也是反相变化,说明生物硅含量在时间序列上也受与气候条件密切相关的陆源输入的影响.青海湖湖心低沉积速率区域的生物硅指标具有指示古气候变化的潜力.     

阿尔金北缘喀腊大湾地区早古生代中酸性火山熔岩岩石地球化学特征及其构造环境

阿尔金北缘喀腊大湾地区早古生代的中酸性火山岩为一套英安岩—流纹岩—粗面英安岩(少量)组合,在岩石地球化学上高SiO2、富碱(Na2O/K2O =0.4 ～22.2,Na2O+ K2O =2.49％ ～9.74％)、低钛,里特曼指数(δ)为0.20～5.52,铝饱和指数A/CNK为0.8～1.4,指示这是一套低钾—中钾钙碱性—碱性钾玄质(少量)火山岩,自北向南具有从准铝质Ⅰ型向弱过铝质—强过铝质S型花岗质岩浆过渡的特征.LREE、K、Ba、Th(U)、Pb、Zr富集以及Nb(Ta)、P、Ti的亏损指示其形成于与俯冲消减作用有关的活动大陆边缘环境.岩石地球化学研究表明,英安岩和流纹岩不存在分异演化关系,其源岩分别为变质(基性)火山岩和变质泥质岩.结合区域地质特征,认为该套中酸性火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘洋壳俯冲消减后期同碰撞—碰撞后的环境,是俯冲碰撞过程中陆壳巨量增厚,碰撞后伸展阶段中下地壳(或岩石圈)拆沉,幔源岩浆底侵,诱发趋于成熟的大陆边缘弧地壳在不同深度位置上发生部分熔融的产物.这一地质过程是对同一时期阿尔金北缘地区古大洋自北向南俯冲消减到米兰—金雁山地块之下的动力学机制的响应,也为判断阿尔金北缘红柳沟—拉配泉地区蛇绿混杂岩带早古生代的俯冲极性提供了佐证.     

贵州老万场金矿成矿物质来源的研究

硅酸盐成分研究表明老万场红土化过程经历了粘土化、铝土矿化、铁化三种化学风化作用;风化中化学蚀变较强，K2O、Na2O、CaO相对于Al2O3的淋失量很高。在红土剖面上成矿元素的含量变化很大。相关性分析表明，红土化过程中，Au、As的富集与脱硅富铝化程度关系不大，而与铁的富集有明显的关系；Au、As的富集与相对还原的环境有关，而Sb则在相对氧化的环境中易于聚集。可能反映了红土剖面中潜水面下部附近相对还原的环境Au、As易于富集。大厂层样品和老万场红土剖面样品在成矿元素(Au、As、Sb)含量、稀土元素含量、轻重稀土比值、配分曲线上以及微量元素特征包括大离子亲石元素、不相容元素上的较大差异，显示了红土层的发育与大厂层岩石有较大的差别，暗示它们物质来源上的一定差异性。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

海南长塘岭矿区大坡岩体岩石学、地球化学特征及其含矿性初探

海南大坡岩体位于五指山褶皱带内,主要受昌江—琼海构造带、琼西构造带与潭爷断陷构造带控制.岩石地球化学及岩石学研究表明,大坡岩体形成于海西-印支晚期,岩性单一,主要为中细粒似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩.岩体显示为Ⅰ型花岗岩与S型花岗岩的混合,主体以地壳物质部分熔融为主,形成过程有少量地幔物质加入.元素对的比值及稀土元素配分特征说明岩体钨锡等多金属含矿性可能较差.     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.