New Method for Estimating Daily Global Solar Radiation over Sloped Topography in China

A new scheme for the estimation of daily global solar radiation over sloped topography in China is developed based on the Iqbal model C and MODIS cloud fraction. The effects of topography are determined using a digital elevation model. The scheme is tested using observations of solar radiation at 98 stations in China, and the results show that the mean absolute bias error is 1.51 MJ m~(-2) d~(-1) and the mean relative absolute bias error is 10.57%. Based on calculations using this scheme,the distribution of daily global solar radiation over slopes in China on four days in the middle of each season(15 January,15 April, 15 July and 15 October 2003) at a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km are analyzed. To investigate the effects of topography on global solar radiation, the results determined in four mountains areas(Tianshan, Kunlun Mountains, Qinling,and Nanling) are discussed, and the typical characteristics of solar radiation over sloped surfaces revealed. In general, the new scheme can produce reasonable characteristics of solar radiation distribution at a high spatial resolution in mountain areas,which will be useful in analyses of mountain climate and planning for agricultural production.     

中国东部地区冬季和夏季地面湿度空间分布特征的对比分析

利用中国东部地区315个台站1963~2012年月平均地面观测资料,揭示了东部地区冬季和夏季地面比湿(SH)和相对湿度(RH)多年平均值及其变率的空间分布特征,并分析和比较了地理因素(经度、纬度和海拔高度)对其空间分布的影响。结果表明:1)在冬季,SH(0.4~7 g kg-1)以秦岭-淮河线为界,呈现出"北低南高"的分布特征;RH(41%~82%)则呈现出"南北高、中间低"的分布特征;一般冬季地面湿度相对较低的地区其变化幅度相对较大。2)在夏季,SH(7~20 g kg-1)整体上明显大于冬季,RH(44%~89%)则与冬季差异不大,均呈现由东南部沿海向西北内陆递减的分布特征;同样夏季地面湿度较低的地区通常其变化幅度也相对较大。3)东部地区冬季地面湿度空间分布受地理因素影响,其中纬度是最主要的影响因素,经度次之,海拔高度对其整体分布影响不明显,且地理因素对冬季SH的回归效果明显好于对冬季RH的回归效果。4)东部地区夏季地面湿度空间分布受地理因素影响较冬季显著,纬度同样是影响夏季地面湿度最主要的因素,但海拔高度对夏季SH、经度对夏季RH的影响程度较冬季增大,且地理因素对夏季SH的回归效果同样好于对RH的回归效果。     

基于北京多源资料的云宏观特征判识北大核心CSCD

获取准确的云高及其变化特征,对于揭示天气系统的演变以及改进气候模式具有重要作用。由于不同设备观测云高的不确定性,将锋区要素不连续变化理论引入云高分析中,将云底部、云顶部大气的交界过渡带区域视为云锋区,研究探空、毫米波雷达、风廓线雷达等不同类型设备观测要素在云锋区及云外环境大气的变化特征。对流云和层状云个例研究表明:在云锋区,温湿度及雷达反射率因子随高度的一阶、二阶导数均呈不连续现象(即一阶、二阶导数值在云内外和云锋区表现为不相等),风廓线雷达信噪比垂直梯度也出现突变,因此不同设备观测云高具有较好空间一致性,并得到云底和云顶高度的合理范围和相应判据;相对于层状云,对流云内外温度梯度差异以及云体内反射率因子二阶导数的脉动变化幅度均偏大,因此可作为区分二者的参考指标。     

2008年6-8月河南空中云水资源分布特征

利用FY2号卫星观测的2008年6-8月OLR资料和T213提供的相对湿度资料,分析了2008年夏季(6-8月)河南空中云系特征和水汽的空间分布,结果表明:实时OLR产品图像可以作为一幅天气图,进行数值化分析和处理.OLR值可以反映中高纬地区对流活动的强弱.2008年夏季,OLR的月平均分布与夏季月总降水量有较好的对应关系;相对湿度月平均分布与河南省月降水量趋势基本一致.     

六盘山地区空中水资源特征及水凝物降水效率研究

为了利用人工增雨技术合理开发六盘山地区空中水资源,首先需要了解该地区水汽场、地形对当地降水的影响和空中水资源的特征及典型降水过程中云系的降水效率。本文采用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)发布的高时空分辨率ERA5再分析数据集和中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)数据,通过统计分析研究了该地区水汽的输送、地形强迫作用下的辐合抬升状况和地形云参量特征,并分别利用WRF模式数值模拟的输出结果和ERA5再分析数据,估算2016~2017年夏季自西向东移经该山区的多次混合降水云系的水凝物降水效率。研究结果表明:位于西北地区东部的六盘山地区具有较为丰沛的大气可降水量和更强的水汽输送。受亚洲季风影响,夏季偏南风向六盘山地区输送了丰沛的水汽,山区成为相对湿度高值区;春、夏、秋季午后山区云量(CF)达70%及以上,夏季云水路径(CWP)和云光学厚度(COT)均明显大于周边地区。在夏季降水过程中,地形引起的动力场对降水有明显的影响,在日降水量5 mm以上强度的过程中,气流遇迎风坡地形产生明显辐合抬升,且辐合抬升越强时降水强度越大。夏季典型降水系统中,山区水凝物降水效率平均约为48.1%,空中还有较大部分的水凝物未能成为降水。因此作为水源涵养地的六盘山地区夏季空中水资源相对丰富而降水量不足,空中水资源具有一定开发空间。     

近30年六盘山东与西坡降水及空中水汽条件差异特征分析

利用1989—2018年欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的ERA-Interim高时空分辨率(0.125°×0.125°)再分析资料以及气象站降水观测资料,对六盘山区近30年东坡与西坡降水及空中水汽条件差异特征进行诊断分析。结果表明:①近30年六盘山区大气可降水量、700hPa比湿、水汽通量与降水量空间分布特征较为一致,呈东高西低、南大北小的特征。②六盘山区的水汽主要来源于低层孟加拉湾、南海及印度洋暖湿气流的水汽输送。③六盘山区的水汽输送特征表现为700hPa和750hPa以西南风水汽输送为主导,750hPa以下六盘山东侧为东南风迎风坡,受地形强迫的影响,东南暖湿气流在东坡抬升。④六盘山系东坡存在高层辐散、低层辐合或弱辐散的动力场配置,加之地形、东亚季风与天气系统之间相互作用的共同影响,造成六盘山区降水及空中水汽条件呈东高西低的分布特征。初步的研究结果可揭示区域空中水汽条件的分布特征,为该地云水资源开发提供可参考性依据。     

A study of a precipitation system in northeastern Taiwan during TAMEX IOP#10

Summary Two-thirds of the land mass of Taiwan island is covered by mountains that affect precipitation systems over the island. To understand the influence of such terrain on a precipitation system was one of the objectives of TAMEX (Taiwan Area Mesoscale Experiment, Kuo and Chen, 1990). During the passage of these precipitation systems, Doppler radar readings as well as conventional data were collected. On 17 June, 1987 a precipitation system moving toward northeastern Taiwan dumped over 100 mm of rainfall per day near the mountain foothills, not far from the ocean. Over the lee side, the precipitation amount was less. The radar data results indicate that a series of cells formed about 10 km upstream of the coastal area and moved toward the mountains under the influence of an easterly wind. The zonal speed was about 4 to 8 ms^–1. The time interval for the formation of these convective cells was about 40 minutes. They intensified near the coastal area, the foot hills and the mountain slope, but their intensity decreased on the lee-side. A two-dimensional, nonhydrostatic model with a terrain-following coordinate system was employed to study the influence of environmental wind patterns and terrain on the characteristics of a precipitation system. Simulation results indicate that a series of clouds associated with an updraft formed at the middle level, about 10 to 20 km east of the mountain foothills (near the coast line), under the influence of easterly winds in a very moist environment. Then, updrafts associated with cloud water travelled westward from the cloudy region, intensifying near the bottom of the mountains and in the coastal areas due to orographic lifting. Then, convective cells formed. As these cells continued moving westward and upward near the foothills as well as the upslope area near the mountain top, their intensity increased. But once they passed over the mountain top to the lee side, their intensity decreased. The time interval for the formation of cells was about 35 minutes and the size of the cells was about 5 to 8 km horizontally. The numerical results are qualitatively consistent with the observations. Sensitivity studies indicate that the magnitude of the wind speed influenced the formation of the cells. The low level wind profiles affected the movement of cells on the lee-side of the mountain, and the height of mountain also had an impact on the characteristics of the precipitation cells.With 18 Figures     

末次冰期冰盛期中国地区水循环因子变化的模拟研究

ISCCP卫星资料(1983—2006年)的结果显示:青藏高原地区是高云的高值中心;而以四川为中心直到同纬度的中国东南沿海地区是中云的高值区,同时,青藏高原地区是中云的低值中心。利用全球气候模式CCM3嵌套区域模式MM5模拟了现代和末次冰期冰盛期的气候。MM5模拟的结果与ISCCP的卫星资料对比表明:模拟结果再现了中国地区高云和中云分布的主要特征。这暗示云分布的气候特征可能主要由相对湿度决定。同时,通过MM5的结果与NCEP资料的对比也说明,模式可以较好地模拟水汽和温度的垂直分布。在此基础上,研究了末次冰期冰盛期水循环因子的变化。模拟结果显示:末次冰期冰盛期夏季对流层的温度降低,在对流层中上层存在温度降低的中心;而在冬季在南方的对流层中层存在降温中心,在北方的对流层中上层温度升高。大气中水汽含量与温度变化有很好的正相关,除了冬季北方对流层中上层水汽增加外,水汽含量一般降低,而且在近地层降低的最多,随高度增高水汽变化逐渐变小。但是,水汽的相对变化在对流层上层存在降低的高值中心。相对湿度存在变化,最大的变化超过15%,而且有增加,也有减少。在区域尺度相对湿度不是保守的。相对湿度变化与中云和低云的变化一致。在末次冰期冰盛期,中国地区高云量减少,除中国西南地区外,中云和低云量减少,低云量减少的最多。降水的变化与中云和低云的变化相对应,云量增加降水增加,云量减少降水也减少。从相对湿度和有效降水可以看到在西南地区末次冰期冰盛期变得潮湿,在夏季西北地区也变得潮湿。     

On the use of radiosonde humidity observations in mid-latitude NWP

Summary We compare radiosonde observations of relative humidity with NWP versions of the Meteorological Office Unified Model, and attempt to understand the causes of the systematic differences seen. The differences are found to have a different structure in cyclonic and anticyclonic situations over the UK. In cyclonic situations the mid-tropospheric temperature and humidity differences could be due to model biases, consistent with the conservation of energy; the latent heating from precipitation of the model's excess moisture would remove the model's cold bias. There is also some evidence for observational bias. Wetting of the sonde sensor in cloud can cause a moist bias at higher levels. The Väisala RS80 sonde also appears to have a dry bias near saturation.The Unified Model has a parameterisation for stratiform cloud which calculates the fractional cloud cover in a gridbox from the box-average relative humidity, allowing for sub-grid-scale variability within the box. This scheme has been tuned to give reasonable cloud amounts with the model's relative humidities. The cloud amounts implied (by the scheme) for radiosonde relative humidities are systematically less than the observed cloud. So assimilation of the observed humidities can significantly degrade analyses and predictions of cloud. Bias corrections for the radiosonde humidities have been calculated to compensate for this.Experiments have been performed to test the effect of the bias correction on the assimilation and prediction of cloud and precipation. With the control system, cloud cover and precipitation spins-up during the forecast period; the bias correction improves this. A large improvement was also found when the relationship between the temperature and humidity assimilation was changed; it is better to assume that temperature and relative humidity errors are uncorrelated, rather than temperature and specific humidity.With 16 Figures     

长白山地区遥感生态指数时空变化及其气候响应

利用Google Earth Engine(GEE)云平台，在原有遥感生态指数（RSEI）基础上，选用增强型植被指数（EVI）代替原绿度指标中的NDVI，构建并计算2001—2020年长白山地区植被生长季RSEI，采用回归分析、波动分析、Hurst指数等方法，分析长白山地区RSEI时空变化特征并探讨其气候影响因素。研究表明：（1）2001—2020年长白山地区RSEI波动缓慢上升，生态环境质量整体呈上升趋势。RSEI多年均值空间分布具有明显的分异性，长白山保护开发区生态环境质量较好，通化市、白山市大部较差。（2）近20年长白山地区RSEI稳定性较差，生态环境质量较脆弱。未来生态环境趋势总体向好，但局部地区仍存在持续恶化态势。（3）长白山地区RSEI主要受降水影响较大，与降水呈显著正相关，与气温相关性不强。     

基于MODIS积雪覆盖产品的中国天山积雪时空分布特征研究

利用2002-2016年MODIS逐日积雪遥感产品(MOD10A1、MYD10A1),采用日产品合成法、临近日分析法、空间滤波法和相邻时间合成法,生成天山山区逐日晴空积雪遥感产品数据集,研究分析了天山山区积雪时空分布特征。结果表明：近15a,天山山区平均积雪覆盖面积变化不明显,呈略微减少趋势,但主要表现为年际间的波动变化;分季节来看,天山山区积雪覆盖面积冬季 > 秋季> 春季 > 夏季;积雪面积从9月开始积累,1月达到峰值,占天山总面积的50±25%,3月开始消融,8月达到最低值,仅占天山总面积的为3.5±2%。;天山山区大部分区域积雪开始时间在第300天之后,积雪结束时间在第40~150天左右,海拔较高的区域积雪开始时间较早;天山山区平均积雪日数小于60天的不稳定积雪区主要分布在天山南坡、北坡边缘地带,占整个天山面积的44.57%,平均积雪日数在60~300天之间的区域占比为53.4%,主要分布在天山中部和北坡部分区域,平均积雪日数大于300天的永久积雪区,主要分布在海拔3800以上区域,占天山面积的2.03%。     

L波段探空判别云区方法的研究

利用2008年1月到2009年12月的L波段探空资料,和与之时空匹配的Cloudsat云观测资料,首先分析了云内和云外相对湿度的累积频率分布,发现以75%作为相对湿度阈值判断云准确率可达81%。随后利用BS（Bias Score）和TS（Threat Score）评分方法,对不同相对湿度阈值进行评分分析,发现以81%作为相对湿度阈值TS评分可达0.66,为最高。接着利用BS和TS评分方法分不同高度对相对湿度阈值进行评分分析,发现随高度的增加该高度上具有最好TS评分的相对湿度阈值在减小。利用这些阈值对云判断时,总的TS评分高于0.6,且其准确率达到84%以上,比利用单一相对湿度阈值判断云准确率要高。最后对这些阈值进行优化,得到一套适合于我国L波段探空秒数据的云垂直结构的判别方法。     

利用全天空数字图像对北京上空云况分布特征的试验分析

利用最新获取的近两年北京上空全天空数字图像资料对云况分布做统计分析,以获得云的分布特征。工作中将图像分为9个扇区和16个环区分别进行分析,从结果看,无云(云量<1)与全天空有云天气(云量>9)情况明显占优,平均各占总量的36%,46%。除去系统误差及计算所带来的误差发现,两年中北京上空多以晴好天气(包含薄卷云)和阴天为主。上空西北部云的分布略显偏多,头顶上空云的出现概率较其他位置低,并有随天顶角增大概率增大的趋势。     

Effects of complex terrain on net surface longwave radiation in China

Net surface longwave radiation (NSLR) is one of key meteorological factors and is strongly influenced by cloud cover, surface temperature, humidity, and local micrometeorological conditions as well as terrain conditions. Realistically estimating NSLR is vitally important for understanding surface radiation balance and investigating micrometeorological factors of air pollution dispersion, especially in regions with complicated terrain. In this study, we proposed a distributed model for estimating NSLR by considering effects of complex local terrain conditions in China. Meteorological data (including mean temperature, relative humidity, and sunshine percentage) and observed NSLR data from 1993 to 2001 together with the digital elevation model data were used to parametrize the model and account for the effects of atmospheric factors and surface terrain factors according to the isotropic principle. The monthly NSLR during 1961–2000 was estimated at a spatial resolution of 1 km. Topographic analysis suggests that the distribution characteristics of NSLR with elevation or slope are consistent with those of field observations. In particular, the estimated NSLR is favorably comparable with site-level observations on the Tibetan Plateau (average relative error < 11%). Our results indicate that this model can describe microscale distribution features in mountainous areas in detail and that this improved approach can be used for NSLR spatial estimation in other regions with complicated terrain.     

亚洲地区云量参数化的对比试验及云的影响

本文首先分析了亚洲地区气候云量及相对湿度的分布事实。然后,利用一有限区域模式,1979年FGGE资料和我们综合的实测云量资料等,对选用或修改了的6种云量诊断方案,就1979年冬、春及夏季的4次个例进行了对比试验。最后还针对四川‘81.7’特大暴雨个例,按有无云两种方案,作了48小时预报试验。结果表明,在6种云量诊断方案中,以考虑了亚洲地区特点的ECMWF修正方案和气候云量修正方案对云区及云量的诊断效果最好。另外,云的影响对大范围短期预报虽不重要;但可对局部地区的短期天气变化有一定影响。即模式云量增加后对流层中低层温度升高,抑制陆上对流发展,预报的降水量减少。     

Elevational Dependence of Air Temperature Variability and Trends in British Columbia's Cariboo Mountains, 1950–2010

Pristine mountain environments are more sensitive to climate change than other land surfaces. Climatic variations in mountainous terrain are still poorly understood. Previous studies revealed inconsistent findings on the elevational dependence of warming in the mountains. In this study, the trends and elevational dependence of air temperature in the Cariboo Mountains Region (CMR) of British Columbia are explored using a surface air temperature dataset with a spatial resolution of five arc minutes over the 1950–2010 period. A Mann-Kendall test is performed for evaluation of trends and their significance. In recent decades the CMR has been warming at a faster rate than regional and global warming. The minimum air temperature trend shows significant amplified warming at higher elevations. The snow–albedo feedback and changes in cloud cover over the CMR may possibly be the major physical mechanisms responsible for these trends. The implications of such changes on the endangered mountain caribou and water resources of the area are also discussed.     

黄山连续性云海过程的天气学分析

用美国NCEP／NCAR的全球日平均分析场资料,分析了黄山1984年1月19～24日连续6天云海天气过程的大气环流和物理量时间演变特征。结果表明,500hPa平均高度场鄂霍次克海为阻高,乌拉尔山以东为高压脊,我国东北存在一低压,黄山受偏西气流影响;1000hPa平均高度场黄山处在南伸的高压底部,受NE气流影响。物理量时间演变图上,18～19日降温、降湿,垂直速度由上升气流转变为弱下沉气流;云海出现阶段,气温、比湿、垂直速度稳定少变,风速较小,风向较乱。     

西北地区冰雹时空分布特征

应用1991—2000年西北地区基本站资料,统计分析了西北地区降雹的时空分布特征。结果表明：西北地区降雹主要的高频区在青藏高原中部、祁连山和天山山脉西段,并呈带状分布,多雹中心一般位于东西走向山脉的南坡,南北走向山脉的东坡。西北地区降雹旬、侯分布不均匀,产生双一多峰特征,从多雹区各代表站的旬或候际演变看,高原北部降冰雹来的比其南部早且持续时间长,但降雹日数明显少于其南部。天山山脉、祁连山降雹盛发期处于波动状态而高原中部降雹盛发期比较集中。     

淮河流域大别山地形对梅雨期暴雨低涡影响的模拟研究

基于淮河流域梅雨期低涡暴雨落区及低涡移动路径的统计特征,设计WRF数值模拟方案,研究大别山脉对浅薄低涡及其暴雨的地形强迫机制。结果表明:1)在三组数值试验中,无山脉时低涡东移速度较快,北绕山脉路径较慢,翻越山脉的移速居中;无大别山地形时,低涡路径明显偏南,显示低涡具有沿低地移动的特征;大别山地形倒置时,大尺度山体的出现迫使低涡北绕,路径更偏北。2)低涡反气旋式北绕,抵消和减弱了低涡强度;无山脉时,低涡强度由自身系统维持,强于北绕低涡;翻越山脊的低涡经历位涡守恒过程,山后强度几乎成倍增强。3)山脉梯度大,其强迫抬升作用大于低涡系统性抬升,两者叠加造成垂直上升速度增强近1倍。4)山后总涡度增强主要表现为低层涡度平流项、扭转项和散度项的明显增强,其增量可达1倍,但中层因子的影响不显著。5)强降水雨带发生在低涡偏东气流和偏南急流的汇合处,表明淮河流域暴雨低涡北部为强降水预警区。6)山脉通过对低涡东移路径的强迫,进一步影响暴雨强降水带的南北偏移。     

河西走廊太阳辐射时空分布特征及太阳能资源评估研究

利用1961—2020年河西走廊3个太阳辐射站和19个气象站资料,推算河西走廊各站太阳总辐射量,得出该地区太阳总辐射空间分布和时间变化特征,进一步采用相关系数法分析了太阳总辐射的气候影响因素。结果表明：(1)太阳总辐射空间分布在年及春、夏、秋季呈西北向东南递减,冬季呈西北向东南增加。(2)太阳总辐射在月际和季节分布上呈单峰型,5月最强,12月最弱,夏季最强,冬季最弱。(3)年太阳总辐射呈增加趋势,其线型倾向率为6.3 MJ/(m²·10 a),其中夏、秋、冬季总辐射呈减少趋势,夏季下降最明显,而春季呈明显增加趋势。(4)年、季总辐射都表现出2～3、5～6 a短周期及8～10 a长周期振荡。(5)太阳总辐射量与相对湿度、降水量、总云量、低云量及浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴日数总体呈负相关,与气温和日照时数呈正相关。(6)河西走廊太阳能资源丰富程度和稳定度表现一致,都呈现为由西北向东南递减的趋势,资源相对丰富的地区稳定度也相对较高。