地下商场结构对地面运动影响的振动台试验研究

为了研究地下空间结构对场地地震反应的影响，以一个三层地下商场结构为原型，设计并开展了土?地下空间结构动力相互作用振动台模型试验，研究了在6条不同卓越频率输入地震波在不同峰值加速度下场地地震反应的变化规律。试验研究结果表明：（1）地表水平加速度放大系数以结构中轴线为对称轴呈对称分布，地下结构显著影响上方及邻近场地的地表水平加速度。同时，由于地下空间结构的局部场地效应影响，即使在水平地震输入下也将导致场地产生竖向振动，地表竖直加速度放大系数呈M形分布。地下空间结构的影响范围可达到其两侧各一倍宽度距离。（2）地表加速度放大系数受输入地震波卓越频率的影响明显，且随着输入地震波的峰值加速度（PGA）的增大而降低，但空间放大系数随着PGA的增大而增大。（3）地表加速度Fourier谱的峰值频率受输入地震波的卓越频率、场地水平方向的固有频率和竖向固有频率的综合影响。     

SV波入射下河谷地形地震动分布特征分析

基于显式有限元方法和人工透射边界,对二维河谷地形在3条地震动波以SV波形式垂直入射和30°斜入射下进行了地震反应分析,比较了河谷地表各观测点地震动的差别,探讨了河谷地形地震动空间分布特征。结果表明,河谷地形对地震动分布具有重要影响,沿河谷斜坡顶到谷底的各观测点地震动峰值加速度（PGA）存在显著差异,地震动位移存在差动现象,地震动加速度反应谱在大于1 Hz的高频段差别明显。入射角度是影响场地地震反应的重要因素,斜入射时各观测点PGA和相对位移的离散程度明显大于垂直入射情形。     

SV波入射下峡谷地形对多支撑大跨桥梁地震反应影响分析

以二维河谷地形在SV波垂直入射和斜入射下的结果作为地震动输入,分析了地形因素导致的地震动差异对一座桥墩高差悬殊的连续刚构桥地震反应的影响,并与一致激励下的结果进行了对比。结果表明：与一致激励相比,考虑地形效应的多点激励作用下,刚构桥地震反应存在显著差异,难以找到规律性,不同的结构部位其最大内力的表现各不一样;多点激励使主梁遭受不利反应;斜入射对低墩和主梁有显著影响,使其内力显著增加或使结构各部位内力分布明显不均衡;与低墩相比,高柔的桥墩对多点激励相对不敏感;大跨度桥梁抗震分析与设计应考虑局部场地和入射波的入射方向和角度的影响     

远场大地震作用下大尺度深软场地的非线性地震效应分析

基于ABAQUS软件自行研制的并行计算显式算法集群平台,针对苏州城区典型地层剖面,建立了大尺度深软场地的二维精细化非线性有限元分析模型,对人工地震波和大地震远场地震动作用下深软场地的非线性地震效应进行了比较研究。研究结果表明：（1）与人工地震波作用时深软场地的地表峰值加速度放大效应相比,大地震远场地震波作用时的放大效应尤为显著,由于土介质的横向不均匀性及其非线性,使不同地表的峰值加速度放大效应存在明显的变异性。（2）深软场地对周期小于0.3 s的高频地震波均具有显著的滤波效应;大地震远场地震波作用时,深软场地对周期0.85～1.65 s的长周期地震波的放大效应非常显著,但对2.5～7.0 s的长周期地震波呈现出明显的滤波效应。（3）地震动峰值加速度PGA值沿土层深度和横向的分布形态呈现出明显的高低起伏现象,在不同成因的土层更迭面附近及土介质横向不均匀性显著的区域,地震波的局部聚焦放大和过滤减小现象尤为明显,且大地震远场地震动作用时,20 m以浅土层的PGA值呈现出非常显著的放大效应。（4）地震波的频谱特性、土层的横向不均匀性对深软场地地表加速度反应谱? 谱的谱形有显著影响;给出了描述加速度反应谱沿土层深度变化特征的三维谱形曲线,可以直观地展示出深软场地中细长地下结构地震反应可能存在类共振现象的土层深度。     

Seismically induced rock slope failures resulting from topographic amplification of strong ground motions: The case of Pacoima Canyon, California

The 1994 Northridge earthquake (M_w = 6.7) triggered extensive rock slope failures in Pacoima Canyon, immediately north of Los Angeles, California. Pacoima Canyon is a narrow and steep canyon incised in gneissic and granitic rocks. Peak accelerations of nearly 1.6 g were recorded at a ridge that forms the left abutment of Pacoima Dam; peak accelerations at the bottom of the canyon were less than 0.5 g, suggesting the occurrence of topographic amplification. Topographic effects have been previously suggested to explain similarly high ground motions at the site during the 1971 (M_w = 6.7) San Fernando earthquake. Furthermore, high landslide concentrations observed in the area have been attributed to unusually strong ground motions rather than higher susceptibility to sliding compared with nearby zones. We conducted field investigations and slope stability back-analyses to confirm the impact of topographic amplification on the triggering of landslides during the 1994 earthquake. Our results suggest that the observed extensive rock sliding and falling would have not been possible under unamplified seismic conditions, which would have generated a significantly lower number of areas affected by landslides. In contrast, modelling slope stability using amplified ground shaking predicts slope failure distributions matching what occurred in 1994. This observation confirms a significant role for topographic amplification on the triggering of landslides at the site, and emphasises the need to select carefully the inputs for seismic slope stability analyses.     

Site Response as a Function of Near-Surface Geology in the South Iceland Seismic Zone

Site response measurements provide information on the amplification of ground motions generated by local conditions. Recent studies of large destructive earthquakes have shown that damage during the earthquakes are often caused by the amplification of seismic waves in near-surface sedimentary layers. The estimation of site response is therefore critical, in order to evaluate the true seismic hazard potential of a given area. We investigated local site amplifications in the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ). Nine digital seismographs were deployed, temporarily, in an area of approximately 400 km2, in the westernmost part of the SISZ. Among the 90 events recorded, 15 were used in this study, including a magnitude 3.1 (ML) event and selected aftershocks, which occurred in the northern outskirts of the village Hveragerdi. Single Station Spectral Ratios (SSSR) of the recorded earthquakes revealed some of the effects of local site conditions. Spectral amplification factors of 2–5 on average, can be expected in the SIL area, depending on the sediment type and thickness. Higher site amplifications occur in the southern part of the study region, where the thickest sedimentary cover is found. Spectral amplification, related to topographical effects, is observed at the bedrock reference station, Bjarnastadir. Standard Spectral Ratios (SSR), with respect to the bedrock reference station, Bjarnastadir, were also calculated for some stations, in order to compare the two spectral ratio results. The two methods show a good correlation at some stations, whereas at others they vary considerably. The comparison between the earthquake and ambient noise data, on the other hand, gave better correlation when the SSSR method is used.     

Engineering-Seismological Analysis of Site Effects in the Area of Cologne

The study was implemented in the framework of the DFNK (Deutsches Forschungsnetz Naturkatastrophen – German Research Network Natural Disasters) project. The area around the city of Cologne was chosen as an object for assessment of seismic hazard and risk. A comprehensive geo-database was compiled for the area, which allows using a computational approach for analysis of site amplification functions and probable surface effects. Taking into account peculiarities of the local soil conditions, the analysis of site effects included both amplification of ground motions and liquefaction potential. These phenomena, having different nature, are interrelated and can considerably contribute to seismic hazard. This paper presents some results obtained on the base of computational analysis using geo-modeling.     

Effect of surface wave inversion non-uniqueness on 1D seismic ground response analysis

Surface wave methods are increasingly being used for geotechnical site characterization. The methodology is based on the dispersive characteristic of Rayleigh waves in vertically heterogeneous medium. Experimental dispersion curve is inverted to obtain one-dimensional shear-wave velocity profile by inverse problem solution. Uncertainty associated with this surface wave inversion has drawn much attention. Inverse problem solution can provide different equivalent shear-wave velocity profiles, which may lead to different seismic site response analysis. In this study, a neighborhood algorithm has been used for inversion of dispersion curve to get a set of equivalent shear-wave velocity profiles. These equivalent velocity profiles are then used for 1D ground response analysis for different input motion record of the same earthquake at different epicentral distances. Results show significant variation in amplification spectrum in terms of maximum amplification as well as peak frequency. The extent of this uncertainty largely depends on the characteristics of the ground motion records at different epicentral distances. A linear variation is observed between mean coefficients of variation of amplification spectrum and epicentral distance of ground motion records. A gradual increase in mean value of peak frequency and peak amplification with the epicentral distance is also observed.     

浅切割的高山峡谷复杂地形的地震动放大效应研究

高山峡谷复杂地形是我国西部地区常见的地形和场地条件,大量的工程(桥梁、大坝等)修建在这类场地上。实际震害调查结果表明不规则地形对地震动具有明显的放大作用,对边坡的稳定性和建筑物的安全性构成不利的影响。因此研究高山峡谷复杂地形的地震动放大效应具有重要的工程价值。本文针对浅切割的高山峡谷复杂地形(山体顶和峡谷底的高差在100~500 m范围内),基于边界积分方程法获得场地任意点的地震动,详细探讨了入射波类型(P波和SV波)、入射波频率、入射角、山体和峡谷的几何参数对浅切割的高山峡谷复杂地形的地震动放大效应的影响,发现山体的存在明显改变场地地震动的空间分布;高山峡谷复杂地形对地表地震动的放大作用与入射波频率密切相关;不同的地震波类型对应不同的地震动空间分布模式;峡谷深度对地震动放大效应的影响取决于入射波的类型;不对称的几何形状导致地震动的空间分布也呈现明显的不对称,并且SV波入射时的不对称性强于P波;当地震波斜入射时,峡谷背向震源侧的地震动远大于面向震源侧的地震动。本文的研究方法可以获得考虑高山峡谷复杂地形地震动放大效应的场地任意位置的地震动,为边坡的稳定性分析提供更符合实际的地震输入。     

浅埋孔洞对地表反平面运动的影响

采用复变函数和多极坐标方法,构造了一个能够自动满足水平表面上应力自由边界条件的散射波函数,研究了地下任意形柱状孔洞对任意角度入射的平面SH波的散射及其对地面震动的影响,给出了浅埋孔洞附近地面运动的数值结果。定量分析了入射波长、入射角度、孔洞的形状和埋深等因素对地面运动的影响。研究表明,浅埋孔洞与水平表面存在强烈的相互作用对局部地面运动将起到放大作用,在地面建筑物抗震设计时应考虑地下隧洞的存在对地震动的影响。     

基于随机地震反应的桥墩-群桩-土相互作用研究

考虑地震动的随机性,利用复反应分析技术,采用随机地震反应计算方法对某一特大型桥梁群桩基础与土动力相互作用效应进行了数值试验研究。将土与群桩体系视为一个整体进行有限元离散,采用等效线性化方法考虑土体的动力非线性性能。将桥墩-群桩-土相互作用体系与自由场随机地震反应进行比较,结果表明：相互作用效应的影响与桩土模量差异以及土体与群桩基础距离有关;软土层剪应变水平及分布发生了显著变化,群桩基础两侧附近土域剪应变呈现明显的弧形分布;地表及浅层土体最大地震加速度反应有所减小,但覆盖层中下部土体加速度反应峰值明显增大,增幅达5 %～30 %左右;此外,地震地面运动的频谱成分存在显著差别。桥梁桩基础抗震设计中应充分考虑桥梁结构-群桩-土相互作用效应。     

河北平原典型地裂缝场地动力响应特征研究

河北平原地裂缝分布广泛、致灾严重,给当地工程建设和人民生活造成了严重影响。目前对于河北平原地裂缝的研究主要是发育特征、成因机理以及分布等方面,对该区域场地动力特性的研究不足。为讨论河北平原地裂缝对场地动力响应的影响,分别选取该地区具有代表性的地裂缝(高丽营地裂缝和隆尧地裂缝(构造成因)、大名地裂缝(古河道成因)、唐山地裂缝(地震成因))进行野外地脉动测试,并通过傅里叶谱分析、反应谱分析和Arias烈度分析,揭示了不同类型地裂缝场地的动力响应特征。结果表明,地裂缝对场地卓越频率和卓越周期的影响较小,但对场地动力响应强度的影响较大。在地裂缝附近区域具有放大效应,上盘放大倍数达到2.2~2.7,下盘放大倍数达到1.7~2.4,并随着与地裂缝距离的增大逐渐衰减,一定距离后趋于平稳,且活动性更强的上盘的放大效应更明显。不同类型地裂缝对场地动力响应的影响趋势基本一致,但影响范围不同:构造地裂缝场地的放大效应影响范围最大,约24 m,地震地裂缝次之,约22 m,古河道地裂缝最小,约20 m。综合考虑河北平原地裂缝对场地影响范围:上盘约24 m,下盘约20 m。场地放大效应及其影响范围可以为河北平原地裂缝场地工程结构的合理抗震设防提供依据。      

Incident P and SV wave scattering effects under different canyon topographic and geological conditions

A numerical model for wave scattering problems due to P and SV wave incidences is outlined in this paper. After verifying the present model, a general parametric study on the displacement patterns along the canyons of different shapes due to P and SV wave incidences is also performed. In order to investigate the effects of geologic conditions on ground motions, a weathered V-shaped canyon, which has different elastic moduli in the weathered layer, is also considered herein. The numerical results from this investigation demonstrated that (1) the present model is very suitable to simulate the problem of P and SV wave scattering along a natural canyon; (2) the shape of a canyon may have important effects on the displacement patterns along the canyon, so that a rectangular canyon is not appropriate to be a dam site due to its high amplification effects on incident waves; (3) the weathered layer on the surface of a canyon will significantly amplify the free field motion, especially for the case of softer weathered layer. Therefore, the excavation or grouting on a dam or a bridge abutment is not only necessary for static stability under static loads, but also beneficial to earthquake resistance because less amplification can be expected for sound rock abutments.     

俯斜式混凝土重力挡土墙强震反应数值模拟

首先,介绍了基于OpenSees独立开发的一套用于挡土墙-土地震反应相互作用有限元分析计算软件RW_2DPS.据此建立了俯斜式混凝土重力挡土墙-土强震相互作用有限元模型.模型中,引入非线性有限元计算方法,选用多屈服面弹塑性本构模型模拟砂土的动力属性,应用零长度接触单元模拟墙与土体之间的接触特性,且采用一致耗能阻尼边界与速度边界条件.最后,输入随机地震动,进行挡土墙-土强震反应分析,并重点探讨墙背地震土压力和水平地震惯性力沿挡土墙高度分布规律.结果表明,墙背动土压力峰值出现在距挡土墙底约1/3墙高处;挡土墙背加速度具有放大效应,加速度峰值出现在挡土墙顶部;不同地震动作用下,加速度放大系数沿墙高分布规律不同,动土压力沿墙高变化规律基本一致.     

多地貌单元复合场地非线性地震效应特征二维分析

针对由河漫滩、阶地、波状起伏的丘陵地带和残丘等组成的典型复合地形场地,基于ABAQUS软件的显式有限元并行计算集群平台,考虑土体的非线性特征,采用黏弹性人工边界模拟切除的无限域对地震波动的影响,建立了大尺度复合地形真实场地的二维有限元模型,并将基岩地震动视为SH波,分析了不同地貌单元复合场地地震效应特征。结果表明：地形差异引起地表各测点峰值加速度(PGA)及峰值位移(PGD)不同;在相同地震波入射下,河漫滩区地表PGA大于Ⅰ级阶地区域,但其PGD明显小于Ⅰ级阶地区域,且河漫滩区的峰值位移差动较小;场地地表水平加速度反应谱呈双峰及多峰现象,加速度在0.4～1.2 Hz频段放大较多,且加速度反应谱特性与输入地震动相关;特定频段（0.5～1.75 Hz）地震动放大效应与聚集效应比较明显,频率小于0.2 Hz及大于2 Hz时,场地地震动放大特征不显著。低丘区的敏感频率段宽于河漫滩区;观测点的位置影响相应的水平加速度持时大小,局部地形变化将引起地震动持时差异,且持时和输入地震动特性相关。     

Ground motion amplification due to shallow cavities in nonlinear soils

Subsurface cavities or stiff inclusions represent mechanical discontinuities for seismic waves propagating in soils. They modify the propagation pattern of seismic waves and alter soil response in correspondence to the ground level or building foundations. In the literature, different analytical and numerical solutions have been proposed to account for the effect of underground cavities or inclusions on the motion generated by P, S or R waves. In these former studies, the subsoil was assimilated to a homogeneous, isotropic and linear elastic halfspace containing one or more cavities. In the present study, the effect of subsurface cavities on ground motion amplification has been analysed accounting for soil stiffness degradation and associated damping increase with increasing levels of shear strains, a fundamental aspect of soil behaviour under earthquakes. The analysed model was inspired to a real case represented by the village of Castelnuovo (Italy), which during the 2009 Abruzzo earthquake suffered huge damage. The main shock (6 April 2009) caused the collapse of 50 % of the whole built environment. The historical centre of Castelnuovo rises on a hill. In its subsoil, there are many cavities with roofs 2–3 m below the ground level. The longitudinal NW–SE section of the hill has been investigated by 2D nonlinear site response analyses. A preliminary site response analysis was performed without modelling cavities, to identify ground motion amplification due to mere stratigraphic and topographic factors. The numerical model was later refined inserting: (1) a single cavity below the hilltop, (2) multiple cavities placed below the ground surface of the hill and (3) multiple cavities filled with concrete (inclusions). The performed study highlights the important role exerted by underground cavities on the ground motion computed at the hill surface. This effect should be properly considered for both microzonation studies and the correct determination of the seismic actions on specific buildings.     

局部复杂场地Rayleigh波传播特性分析的SBFEM模型研究

基于土-结构动力相互作用（SSI）的原理,将求解包含局部复杂地形的散射场问题,分解为规则开挖场地的动刚度、包含复杂构造散射体的动刚度和自由场波动输入3个问题的求解,并依据子结构控制方程,提出了一种高精度的比例边界有限（SBFEM）计算模型。通过计算半圆形河谷和半圆形沉积河谷两个算例,验证了SBFEM计算模型的正确性。较为系统地讨论了矩形峡谷、垂直断层和孤凸山体等常见复杂地形对Rayleigh波场的散射作用。结果表明：峡谷深度、软弱断层破碎带和孤凸山体对Rayleigh波都有一定阻挡作用;峡谷宽度、断层宽度和硬性断层填充物等因素对Rayleigh波散射作用影响不明显。SBFEM分析模型可应用于隔震沟、隔震帷幕设计,对大坝、桥梁等工程的选址提供有益的建议。     

边界条件对土层粘弹性地震反应的影响

边界条件是土层粘弹性地震反应必须考虑的问题。对于地表面，一般作为自由边界，而对于地下深处基岩面，边界条件有两种处理方法：一是静止边界，二是非静止边界的。首先给出了在时间域内单层地基一维土层粘弹性地震反应封闭解析解，然后从理论上分析边界条件对土层粘弹性地震反应的影响，认为采用静止边界进行土层地震反应计算得到的地震动加速度时程符合天然地震记录形式，而采用非静止边界进行土层地震反应计算得到的地震动加速度时程初始阶段出现较大幅度的振荡现象，随着土层厚度增加，这种振荡现象逐渐减弱直至消失。当土层阻尼较小或剪切波速增长时，振荡现象加剧；当土层阻尼比较大或剪切波速减小时，振荡现象减弱。此外，采用非静止边界进行土层地震反应计算，表现出随着土层厚度的增加，土层对基岩输入地震动的放大作用逐步转化为吸收作用。     

直角域中凸起和孔洞对SH波的散射与地震动

按照波函数展开法和镜像方法,对直角域中半圆形凸起和圆形孔洞对SH波的散射进行了分析,得到其稳态解。对含孔洞和凸起的直角域做分区,等效为一个含孔洞与凹陷的直角域和一个圆域的契合,其在分界面上满足位移和应力的连续性条件,即契合条件,分别构造两个区域内的位移波函数,按照孔洞边界柱面上的应力自由和契合条件定解波函数展开式的系数。按Fourier级数展开法,得到定解条件的线性代数方程组,截断求解,进而得到问题的解析解。数值算例给出圆形孔洞边沿动应力和地表位移幅值的分布情况,得到直角域自由边界、凸起、孔洞对散射和地震动的影响。     

河口盆地非线性地震效应及设计地震动参数

针对基岩明显起伏、土层非均匀分布的典型河口盆地场地,考虑土体非线性特征,采用黏弹性人工边界模拟无限域对地震波动的影响,建立大尺度精细化二维有限元模型,分析了盆地地表地震动幅值、频谱、持时、传递函数特征,探讨了基岩起伏土层的地震动聚集效应及盆地边缘效应。结果表明：（1）盆地近地表土层表现出不同程度的地震动放大效应,且随土层深度增加呈非单调递减特征,基岩突变处地震动聚集效应明显,盆地两侧产生较为显著的边缘效应;场地中、长周期地震动的放大作用显著;（2）多遇地震、偶遇地震和罕遇地震水平时,场地卓越周期依次介于0.35～0.65 s、0.40～0.75 s和0.50～1.05 s之间;给出了盆地地表PGA（地表峰值加速度）、卓越周期均值等值线图及地表加速度反应谱放大因子建议值,地表设计地震动参数amax（地震影响系数）与Tg（特征周期）明显大于现行《建筑抗震设计规范》取值;（3）盆地特殊位置地表地震动持时得到不同幅度增长,且与输入地震动特性相关;（4）该盆地对0.5～2.0 Hz频段基岩地震动的放大效应比较显著,对小于0.2 Hz或大于2.5 Hz的基岩地震动,该盆地地震动放大效应不明显;（5）福州城区及其邻近区域地震动放大效应普遍较大。大尺度二维非线性分析一定程度上能合理反映微地形起伏、土层分布及土体非线性对地震波传播过程的影响。