I型轨道-路基系统动力荷载放大系数模型试验研究

高速列车行车时产生的动力荷载大小受多种因素影响,以列车运行速度的影响尤为关键。由于车辆-轨道-路基结构的复杂性,要通过理论计算准确地确定行车速度对动力荷载的影响并不容易。目前足尺物理模型试验已成为高速铁路无砟轨道路基结构动力性能研究的重要手段。根据沪宁城际无砟轨道设计和施工标准,建成室内1: 1无砟轨道路基模型,通过单个轮轴的动态激振试验获得I型轨道板动应变幅值及路基动土压力幅值随加载频率的变化规律,在该基础上得到列车动荷载随行车速度的变化规律。结合德国铁路动力荷载放大系数的计算公式,提出确定高速铁路I型轨道结构动力荷载放大系数的方法,并分别获得轨道板与路基结构动力荷载放大系数随列车运行速度的变化规律,可为我国I型轨道-路基系统设计动力荷载的确定提供依据。     

基床翻浆条件下无砟轨道路基振动特性研究

无砟轨道路基翻浆是近年高速铁路路基出现的特殊病害形式,为研究基床翻浆对无砟轨道路基动力特性的影响,在沪宁城际路基翻浆工点进行了病害勘查和现场行车试验,分析了列车荷载作用下翻浆段无砟轨道路基振动特性。结果表明：无砟轨道路基翻浆病害的形成主要与基床表层级配碎石细粒含量较高以及底座板伸缩缝、侧缝封闭不严有关;基床翻浆导致路基对轨道结构支承及约束作用降低,加剧了无砟轨道结构的振动,其中底座板振动放大效应尤其明显,且振动放大效应随车速增加而增大;基床翻浆改变了无砟轨道与路基基床间振动波传递状态,限制了路基基床参振耗能作用的发挥,翻浆断面路基面动位移幅值减少45%,底座板到路基面动位移传递函数减小约2/3,当列车速度为247 km/h时,在路基受动荷载主要作用频率范围内（0～15 Hz）,其动位移传递函数处于0.22～0.39间。     

Field Test and Numerical Analysis of Dynamic Stress of High-Speed Railway Tunnel Invert in Mudstone

In order to obtain the dynamic stress of invert and its filling in the high-speed railway tunnel under the vibration load of the train, this paper uses the field measurement method to arrange the resistance strain gauge inside the invert of the Lanzhou–Urumqi high-speed railway Fuchuan tunnel. The dynamic stress of the invert and its filling was measured, and the measurement results were verified by numerical analysis, the results obtained by the two were consistent. The results show that under the action of CRH5 electric multiple units, the dynamic stress time history curve of the invert and its filling has 16 peaks, with V-shape on both sides and W-shape in the middle. When the train load speed is constant, the dynamic stress in the tunnel invert and invert filling decreases with the increase of the depth. The dynamic stress at 0.5 m below the track bed is attenuated by about 23.1% compared to 0.2 m, the dynamic stress at 2.0 m below the track bed is attenuated by 67.5% compared to 0.2 m. Tunnel invert and its filling are the main carriers of train vibration load. The dynamic stress attenuation law of the invert and its filling conforms to the exponential function distribution. Through the data fitting, the calculation formula of the dynamic stress in different depths is given. The research results provide a new method for obtaining the dynamic stress of the invert and its filling in high-speed railway tunnel.

     

全风化花岗岩改良土路基的长期稳定性试验研究

全风化花岗岩用于高速公路填料已有成功的案例,但由于高速铁路路基变形控制更为严格,能否用于高速铁路路基填料还没有得到实体工程的验证。基于全风化花岗岩及其改良土的工程力学性质和变形特性,使用PMS-500型循环加载设备对全风化花岗岩改良土路基实体工程进行了现场循环加载试验研究,模拟分析了不同轴重列车荷载长期循环作用下浸水前后全风化花岗岩改良土路基的动态特性及沉降规律和其下雨前后路基性状变化。试验结果表明,全风化花岗岩改良土路基经过500万次列车模拟动荷载作用后,即使经历了如雨水长期浸饱路基的最为恶劣工况,最终沉降量不超过7.0 mm,证实了全风化花岗岩经过改良后能满足高速铁路变形控制的设计要求,可用于高速铁路的基床底层及路堤本体填料     

移动荷载下高铁路基段振动加速度频谱衰减特性

采用精细化和多尺度建模技术,建立了设计速度为350 km/h的双线高速铁路轨道-路基-地基非线性耦合系统的真三维动力分析模型,将地基土和路基填筑材料的非线性纳入分析模型中,采用三维黏弹性静-动力统一人工边界技术对地基无限域进行模拟,采用动接触算法模拟底座板底面和基床表层表面之间的相互作用,考虑移动荷载作用前路基-地基中客观的静应力状态对后续动力计算的影响,依托大规模并行计算技术和单元生死技术,模拟了地基的初始应力场生成、路基结构和轨道系统的施工过程,在此基础上模拟了与8辆编组的某型动车组轮对空间位置相对应的、作用于钢轨顶部的压力荷载的移动过程。基于分析结果,归纳了移动荷载作用下高速铁路轨道-路基-地基系统中振动加速度频谱的衰减特性。     

重载铁路粗粒土填料动力特性及累积变形分析

重载铁路路基比普通铁路和高速铁路要承受更大的动力荷载,路基本体的动力变形更加明显。重载铁路路基的核心层绝大部分为粗粒土,为了探讨重载铁路路基粗粒土填料在列车往复荷载作用下的变形和强度特性,开展了一系列大型动三轴试验,探讨了不同动应力幅值、不同围压、不同含水率对粗粒土土样累积变形的影响,分析了不同静强度和围压时动强度的特点,并根据粗粒土土样在不同围压和动应力作用下的变形规律,即增大围压或减小动应力有助于增强土体稳定,提出了基于累积变形发展趋势的路基粗粒土变形稳定界限状态和判别准则,并给出了判别准则参数。研究结果对重载铁路路基的动力变形稳定性评价和基于动力变形控制的路基设计具有参考价值。     

高速移动载荷作用下板式轨道-软岩路基系统的动力特性分析

运用D’Alembert原理和能量弱变分,建立了板式轨道-软岩路基系统半空间垂向耦合的动力计算模型,研究了高速铁路板式轨道-软岩路基系统的动态响应特征,获得了基床面上和软岩路堤面上各种动态响应值,将其作为确定基床厚度和基床表层厚度的前提依据,以指导无碴轨道路基结构的设计与施工。通过室内试验,对软岩及软岩填料的一般路用性能进行了研究,用其来判断软岩能否作为高速铁路无碴轨道基床以下部分填料的必要条件。     

武广高速铁路路基振动现场测试与分析

为研究武广高速铁路无砟轨道路基的振动特性,对武昌－咸宁综合试验段路基进行了现场实车测试。获得了各测点在不同列车荷载作用下的竖向振动加速度和动应力幅值,总结了试验段路基动力响应的分布规律,获得了试验段路基的固有频率,并结合小波分析方法对路基的振动特性进行了频域分析。结果表明,车速的提升加剧了基床表层顶面路基的振动,在260～320 km/h车速段尤为明显。经过2.7 m高路堤的衰减,路基的动力响应幅值和振动能量已基本不受车速影响。级配碎石层能有效抑制振动沿路基深度的传递。随着车速的提升,转向架固定轴距作用率、轨道不平顺成为引起路基振动的主要原因。轴重对动力响应幅值和振动能量的影响较车速更为显著,轴重的增加使得振动能量在频域内更为集中。     

高铁列车荷载作用下桩网复合地基振动特性模型试验

桩网复合地基是高速铁路广为应用的基础形式之一,其在高速列车荷载作用下的振动响应对列车运营安全和周围环境有着至关重要的影响。基于此,以现浇X形桩为对象,建立了桩网复合地基大比例尺模型,开展了桩网复合地基在高铁列车荷载作用下的动力响应特性研究,揭示了加载频率、加载幅值及振次的改变对桩网复合地基振动速度影响的规律。试验结果表明：速度响应幅值沿着路堤横向衰减较快,路堤耗能作用显著,列车运行产生的振动对周边环境影响较小。速度响应幅值沿桩网复合地基深度方向的衰减规律与横向振动传播规律有所不同。速度响应幅值从轨道板与钢筋混凝土底座到基床表层,衰减最快;加筋碎石垫层次之,相当于一个隔震垫层;地基中桩的存在使振动衰减变得缓慢,使由列车运行引起的振动影响深度加大。速度响应幅值随着加载频率的增加而逐渐变大,在25 Hz时出现峰值;速度响应幅值随着加载幅值的增加逐渐变大;速度响应幅值随着振次增加而基本保持不变。     

Numerical analysis of soil vibrations due to trains moving at critical speed

High-speed train induced vibrations of track structure and underlying soils differ from that induced by low-speed train. Determining the critical speed of train operation remains difficult due to the complex properties of the track, embankment and ground. A dynamic analysis model comprising track, embankment and layered ground was presented based on the two-and-half-dimensional (2.5D) finite elements combining with thin-layer elements to predict vibrations generated by train moving loads. The track structure is modeled as an Euler–Bernoulli beam resting on embankment. The train is treated as a series of moving axle loads; the embankment and ground are modeled by the 2.5D finite elements. The dynamic responses of the track structure and the ground under constant and vibrating moving loads at various speeds are presented. The results show that the critical speed of a train moving on an embankment is higher than the Rayleigh wave velocity of the underlying soil, attributed to the presence of the track structure and the embankment. It is found that the dynamic response of ground induced by moving constant loads is mostly dominated by train speed. While for the moving load with vibration frequency, the ground response is mostly affected by the vibration frequency instead of train speed. Mach effect appears when the train speed exceeds the critical speed of the track–embankment–ground system.     

考虑断层效应的高铁列车动荷载对地面沉降影响机理研究——以京张高铁怀来段为例

京张高铁怀来段位于怀涿、延矾盆地复合部位,盆地内土体工程地质特性的差异及隐伏断裂稳滑活动产生的地面沉降无疑会威胁京张高铁的安全运行。依据工程地质钻孔及地球物理探测资料,构建跨活动断层地基土体二维地层结构模型,通过数值模拟手段开展考虑断层效应的高铁列车动载荷对地面沉降的影响机理研究。研究表明:列车动荷载主要影响50 m深度范围内的土体,随车速增加动荷载造成的土体竖向位移降低,随车重增加竖向位移增加;在列车动荷载和断层滑移双重作用下,随深度增加,土体竖向位移以受列车动荷载影响为主转为以断层滑移影响为主,50 m以下土体竖向位移全部由断层滑移所致,且紧邻断层两侧距离相同位置上盘土体竖向位移大于下盘。      

疲劳动剪应变门槛与武广高铁无碴轨道路堑基床长期动力稳定

针对武广高铁无碴轨道红黏土路堑基床长期动力稳定性问题,利用改造后的应力控制式动三轴仪代替国内尚无的剪应变控制式共振柱仪,测试土体疲劳动剪应变门槛值,提出了一套完整的试验方案和数据处理方法,为疲劳动剪应变门槛的确定开辟了新的试验途径。通过疲劳动三轴试验,获得了9种试验条件下红黏土疲劳动剪应变门槛值。按曲线走势特征,红黏土 - 曲线可分为稳定型、临界型、破坏型3类,且不同试验条件下同类型的曲线具有相似的走势特征;探讨了含水比、围压对红黏土疲劳动剪应变门槛的影响,给出了简单实用的疲劳动剪应变门槛经验估算公式;基于室内试验及现场动响应测试成果,采用动剪应变法初步评价了武广高铁无碴轨道红黏土路堑基床的动力稳定性,给出了不同物理状态下红黏土基床最小换填厚度建议值。研究成果为我国高速铁路无碴轨道土质路基动力稳定性评价及路堑基床换填厚度的确定提出了新的思路,也为红黏土疲劳特性的深入研究提供了宝贵的第一手资料。     

无碴轨道路基基床动力特性的研究

以遂渝线无碴轨道路基为背景,通过室内模型试验研究,分析了在循环加载条件下路基基床的动态力学特性。试验结果表明,动应力响应在基床表层横断面方向上呈“W”形分布,混凝土基础板轨下位置响应最大,中线处和端部响应较小,但随着深度的增加,逐渐变为盆形分布特征;在基床表层范围内,动态响应最为强烈,且随深度的增加,衰减速率较快;加载频率对动应力影响较小,对动位移及加速度影响较大。另外,在遂渝线无碴轨道综合试验段现场实车试验中,分别进行了CRH2型动车组和货物列车不同运行速度下路基基床的动力学响应测试研究,验证并评价了遂渝线无碴轨道路基基床工程适应性。     

Susceptibility assessment of the precursor stage of a landslide threatening Haivan Railway Station,Vietnam

Haivan Station is an important station on the North-South railway line in central Vietnam. Field investigation has identified a precursor stage of a landslide that would threaten this railway. Therefore, a landslide susceptibility assessment for Haivan Station was urgently needed to protect passenger safety and the national railway. Conducted investigations included air-photo interpretation, drilling, ground water and inclinometer monitoring, laboratory testing, and landslide simulation. This research applied the undrained dynamic loading ring shear apparatus ICL-2 to drill-core samples from the precursor landslide. Samples for ring shear tests were taken from sandy soil layers found at depths of ~21, ~31, and ~50 m in the cores. Each of these was believed to be a possible sliding surface of a landslide, and all were tested to shear failure in the ICL-2 apparatus. The boundary between highly weathered granitic rock and weathered granitic rock was identified at about 50 m depth. The inclinometer monitoring detected slight movement at this depth. Therefore, the present day risk of a landslide forming at 50 m is higher than for one forming at either 21 or 31 m. The landslide dynamic parameters obtained from the ring shear test of the 50-m-deep sample were used in an integrated numerical simulation model LS-RAPID. The simulation result gave the critical pore-pressure ratio for landslide occurrence, and landslide’s likely maximum speed, total volume, and depth of landslide debris that could cover the railway. These estimates serve to raise awareness of the vulnerability of the Vietnam national railway sector to landslide impact.     

云桂高速铁路新型全封闭路堑基床动响应特性研究

膨胀土地区路堑基床病害是高速铁路建设中倍受关注的问题。结合云桂高速铁路工程实际,以典型膨胀土新型路堑基床为基础,借助有限差分软件FLAC3D,建立了三维路堑基床动力分析模型,探讨了列车荷载作用下新型全封闭路堑基床动力特性,并结合现场试验进行了分析。分析结果表明：数值模拟结果可较好地反映基床动响应变化规律,且与现场实测变化趋势相同;基床竖向动应力随深度呈指数型衰减,基床竖向动位移随深度呈幂函数型衰减;路基面动位移值为0.95 mm,满足高速铁路规范要求;基床动响应特征受服役环境影响显著,浸水条件下会引起基床表层动应力及振动速度增大;铺设防排水结构层可改善基床内的动应力分布,并减小路基面的动位移及增强基床抗振性能。研究成果可为膨胀土地区高速铁路工程实践及理论研究提供参考。     

高速铁路深厚软基连续薄板梁结构测试分析

在深厚软土地基上修筑无砟轨道高速铁路低矮路基,需要重点解决好软土地基工后沉降和长期动力稳定性问题.软土地基具有高压缩性,路堤荷载作用下会产生较大的残余沉降;同时,线路运营后,地基土在高速列车长期循环动荷载作用下易产生较大的塑性变形,二者耦合将严重影响到无砟轨道的几何状态和线路运营安全.基于此,在京沪高速铁路上海虹桥深厚软土地区低矮路基中,首次采用了桩基-连续薄板梁结构型式,并进行了系统的静动态监测、测试.结果表明,该结构工后沉降控制效果良好、长期循环荷载作用下性能稳定,可以满足高速铁路铺设无砟轨道和高速列车长期平顺运行的要求.     

列车行车荷载作用下富水弹性砂性地基动态响应

由于轨道的不平整性,列车运行中会产生较大的激振荷载。该激振荷载使铁路路基和地基发生动态响应。铁路路基过大的振动反应会对列车的通行安全不利,降低乘车的舒适性,而且会对铁路周边的建筑物带来不良振动,给周围居民带来噪音污染。所以研究和评估列车通过时铁路路基和地基的动态响应具有重要的实际意义。本文以Biot动态方程为控制方程,以有限元程序包FSSI-CAS 2D为数值计算工具,在前人研究的基础上,进一步深入研究了铁路路基、富水砂性地基在列车行车动荷载作用下的动态响应问题。考虑铁路路基和地基中地下水面线以上部分的非饱和带的存在是本研究的一个特色之处。数值计算表明在列车行车激振荷载作用下,铁路路基-地基系统发生强烈的动力响应,其中以低频的竖向响应为主; 并且该响应存在衰减。非饱和带内的负孔隙水压力在列车激振荷载作用下不发生变化,而饱和带内孔隙压力发生振荡。本文所提供的研究方法、工具和计算案例可为铁路交通工程中评价列车通过的安全性、乘车的舒适性提供研究参考。     

低围压循环荷载作用下饱和粗粒土的动力特性与骨干曲线模型研究

基床层是铁路路基的核心组成部分,一般为粗颗粒土,厚约2.5～3.0 m,长期直接承受行车荷载的反复作用,其在动载反复作用下的变形特性是评价路基工作性能的关键要素之一。为研究粗粒土在列车循环荷载作用下的应力-应变特性,开展了一系列应力控制的单向循环加载大型动三轴试验,模拟列车动载和路基粗粒料填筑实际情况,包括不同动应力幅值（模拟不同列车轴重）、不同围压（模拟不同埋深）的动三轴持续振动试验。结果表明,在循环荷载作用下,土体刚度变化与振动次数、围压关系密切。根据动应力幅值大小的不同,循环荷载作用下饱和粗粒土的动应变随振次的发展形态可分为3种类型：稳定型、破坏型和临界型。根据试验所得出的动应力-应变关系曲线特点,建立了含围压和循环振次的骨干曲线模型。与传统的骨干曲线模型相比,该模型能反映土体刚度随循环振次的变化,更能反映列车往复作用的实际情况;同时该模型能用于估算路基土体动强度,对铁路路基核心层的动力变形稳定性评价和基于动力变形控制的路基设计具有参考价值。     

桩板结构路基动力模型试验研究

桩板结构路基是高速铁路无碴轨道的一种新的路基结构形式,基于Bockingham π定理,采用量纲分析方法,确定了桩板结构路基模型的动力相似常数,通过室内大比例动态模型试验研究,分析了在循环加载的条件下浸水前、后桩板结构路基的动态力学特性。试验结果表明,路基动应力沿深度逐渐衰减,激振频率对动应力的影响不太明显;路基边坡浸水后,在相同加载频率下,动应力比浸水前略有增大;桩基加深了路基的动力影响范围,改善了路基土体部分的受力状态;桩底持力层受动力影响较大,是动力设计的关键环节之一。     

The behaviour of geosynthetic-reinforced pile foundation under long-term dynamic loads: model tests

In order to reduce the effects of the low strength and high compressibility of soft soil, geosynthetic-reinforced pile foundations (GRPF) are widely applied for the construction of high-speed railways. Though its reinforcement effect is proved acceptable in practices so far, it is unclear whether it will keep this performance as the train speed continues increasing. Since it is impossible to study the problem in field tests, only mathematical and physical models can be used. However, the nonlinear behaviour of the soft soil complicates the use of analytical models. Therefore, this paper presents a small-scale model test to study the possible changes in stress distribution and deformation in the GRPF under increasing dynamic loads. One test with a natural foundation, without piles or geosynthetic, shows the difference with a similar construction with GRPF foundation. Furthermore, three GRPF tests show the influence of the embankment thickness. The results show the long-term dynamic loading significantly affects the dynamic stress and displacements of the subsoil between the piles of the GRPF. This effect can be divided into three stages with an increasing level of load amplitude: no impact, advantageous impact, and adverse impact. When the dynamic load reaches the adverse impact stage, the long-term dynamic loads reduce the dynamic pile–soil stress ratio, which means that more soil settlement will develop, because more dynamic stress is applied to the soft soil. The test results show that the reduction in dynamic stress on the subsoil in the GRPF construction is clearly lower than the dynamic stress on the natural foundation, due to the existence of rigid piles. Moreover, a thicker embankment gives significantly lower dynamic stresses on the subsoil between the piles. For the thickest embankment tested, the adverse impact stage was not found at all: the arching kept enhancing under long-term dynamic loading with high load amplitudes.