沧州市地面沉降分析及防治措施研究

河北省沧州市多年来由于严重超采深层地下水,形成水位降落漏斗,中心埋深已近100 m,造成地面发生沉降。地面沉降于1970年开始出现,当时沉降量只有9 mm,但到2001年底,沉降中心累计已沉降到2 236mm。地面沉降导致城市内涝积水、危害水利防洪工程、埙坏建筑物、管道变形断裂、发生地裂缝、风暴潮危害进一步加重、浅层地下水位抬高引起环境恶化等问题。对地面沉降应采取积极、行之有效、经济上合理、技术上可行的防治措施,为子孙后代留下一个美好的家园。     

天津市宁河县地面沉降问题研究

通过对天津市宁河县1987年至2005年地下水开采量、宁河县县城第Ⅱ和第Ⅲ含水岩组地下水水位埋深变化趋势及其相对于1986年以来的累积沉降量的统计和相关线性分析后发现,天津市宁河县地面沉降的范围、沉降幅度、沉降速率和地下水的开采量有着明显的相关性,地下水的强采区、地下水位降落漏斗的中心区与地面沉降在时间和空间上具有高度的一致性.天津市宁河县地面沉降的发生、发展主要由超量开采地下水所致.     

江苏省地下水开发利用中的环境地质问题及对策

江苏省地下水在开发利用过程中,由于开采布局不合理和存在＂三集中＂以及水文环境地质条件脆弱等因素,出现水位逐年下降,并形成区域性超采漏斗,致使部分地段地下水资源枯竭、水质咸化和诱发地面沉降、地裂缝、岩溶塌陷等诸多环境地质问题。本文着重分析全省深层地下水开发利用的四个阶段、主采层区域水位降落漏斗的发展过程和因深层水超量开采诱发的水资源枯竭、水质咸化和地面沉降、地裂缝、岩溶塌陷等环境地质问题的发育特征及演化趋势,从地下水资源管理和可持续发展的角度,提出地下水资源合理利用的对策建议。     

华北平原鲁北地区地下水超采导致地面沉降区域特征及演化趋势预测

鲁北地区作为华北平原地面沉降的重要组成部分,其地面沉降问题日趋严重。以滨州博兴县为工程背景,基于研究区详细水文地质与工程地质资料以及历年地面沉降监测数据,系统分析该地区地下水动态分布及地面沉降分布演化特征。以Biot多孔介质固结理论为基础,建立博兴县地面沉降三维流 固耦合数值模型,还原地面沉降发展过程并预测分析不同地下水开采方案下的沉降演化规律。研究结果表明：博兴县浅层地下水位降幅呈现南大北小特点,深层地下水形成了以县城区为中心的椭圆形地下水区域降落漏斗;地面逐渐形成了分别以博兴县城区、湖滨镇和店子镇为沉降中心的三个小型沉降区,且有相互关联扩展的趋势;地面沉降三维流固耦合模型较为理想还原了研究区地面沉降发展过程,预测在现状地下水开采方案下未来10年内地面沉降仍以较大速率继续发展,累计沉降量超500mm的区域面积不断扩大,当减小20%现状地下水开采量时是较为合理有效的开采方案。     

上海地区第四系水文地质工程地质特征与地面沉降的关系

一、前言上海地区厚达300米的疏松沉积物中,蕴藏着丰富的深层地下水资源,早在十八世纪六十年代已被开采利用,至1963年地下水开采量达2.01亿吨/年由于长期过量开采,形成以市区为中心的区域性水位下降漏斗,从而产生地面沉降。自1921年发现地面沉降以来,最严重的地区已下沉了2.63米,在市区和近郊区形成一个碟形沉降洼地。经过近二十年的勘测、测量初步查明了上海地区水文地质工程地质特征;并对地下75米以上土层进行了地面沉降地质结构分区;分析研究了地下水在采灌条件下,地质结构与地面升沉的关系。本文着重论述上海地面沉降、地质结构、地下水采灌三者间的关系,以及当前控制地面沉降工作中出现的新问题。     

天津平原地下水可开采量与确定依据

根据深层地下水开采对地面沉降的影响比较,天津中部平原和滨海平原第二、三含水层组深层地下水开采对地面沉降影响较小,为适宜开采层位。地面沉降控制在10 mm/a,第二、三含水层组深层地下水可开采量为2.68亿m3/a。中部平原浅层地下淡水、微咸水,在技术经济上鼓励开采,可开采量为1.64亿m3/a;山前平原地下水现状开采强度未引起明显的环境地质问题,开采强度适当,可开采量为2.79亿m3/a。天津平原生态环境保持良好,地下水总的可开采量为7.11亿m3/a。     

南通市深层地下水咸化成因探究

针对南通市深层含水层-第III承压含水层地下水咸化问题,在分析水动力场和水化学场变化特征基础上,结合地下水同位素特征分析成果,对其地下水咸化成因进行了研究。结果表明,长期大量开采深层地下水,造成了地下水位大幅下降,已形成了区域性的地下水位降落漏斗。深层含水层和上覆含水层之间出现了较大的水位差,致使上部咸水下移入侵到下部含水层,进而导致深层淡水水质咸化。     

山东省广饶县地下水位多年动态及其地质环境效应分析

山东省广饶县地下淡水资源丰富,是本区工农业生产和生活用水的重要水源,长期大量开采地下水引发了地下水降落漏斗、咸水入侵、地面沉降等地质环境问题。通过对广饶县地下水多年监测资料的整理和分析,揭示了本区地下水水位的变化规律,预测了地下水水位的变化趋势。分析表明: 在现状开采条件下,浅层地下水降落漏斗已基本稳定,无加重趋势。考虑地面沉降和咸水入侵的发展趋势,提出深层地下水的约束埋深不应大于80 m,甄庙地区咸水入侵临界水位为10 m,这为当地地下水的合理开采与环境地质问题的防治提供了依据。     

大陆岛地下水动力学特征—以湛江东海岛为例

东海岛是一具有独特水文地质条件的大陆岛,浅层含水层与大陆以浅海湾相隔,中深层承压水含水层与大陆地下水系统紧密相连。为了深入地认识大陆岛地下水水动力学特征,以湛江东海岛为例,阐述了其水文地质条件,并分析了东海岛浅、中、深层地下水的流场和动态特征。分析结果表明,东海岛为一个典型且独特的大陆岛,岛内和大陆的部分浅层含水层由湛江湾相隔,岛内中、深层含水层和大陆中、深层含水层通过湛江湾相连,且具有统一的水位分布,并保持着密切的水力联系,岛内中、深层地下水由南向北径流补给湛江市区的降落漏斗中心;滨海及海水区域浅层含水层及其下伏的粘土层构成了防止海水入侵中、深层地下水的保护层;浅层地下水流场基本保持天然状态,水位动态特征主要为入渗径流型,水位变化与降雨量相关;中、深层地下水流场以人工流场为主,地下水由南向北径流,水位动态类型主要为开采动态型,水位变化主要受到开采量变化的影响;在近海岸地区,地下水动态表现为潮汐效应型,在潮汐作用下,地下水位动态具有周期性。     

北京地下水系统演化与地面沉降过程

采用地下水动态监测网、GPS监测网数据、气象监测数据与SAR数据、GIS等技术相结合,建立地下水系统演化与地面沉降过程模型,系统分析了北京地区地下水降落漏斗区地面沉降的形成过程。研究表明:降雨量呈逐年下降趋势,地下水开采量随之增大;平原区地下水位呈下降趋势,间接导致了地下水降落漏斗和地面沉降的形成演化。地面沉降对地下水降落漏斗的响应模式存在着季节与年际差异性,时空分布上存在不均匀性,最大地面沉降速率约为41.43 mm/a;揭示了地下水降落漏斗与地面沉降漏斗空间展布特性存在一致性,但并非完全吻合。     

Changes of groundwater flow field of Luanhe River Delta under the human activities and its impact on the ecological environment in the past 30 years

The Luanhe River Delta is located in the center of the Circum-Bohai Sea Economic Zone. It enjoys rapid economic and social development while suffering relatively water scarcity. The overexploitation of groundwater in the Luanhe River Delta in recent years has caused the continuous drop of groundwater level and serious environmental and geological problems. This study systematically analyzes the evolution characteristics of the population, economy, and groundwater exploitation in the Luanhe River Delta and summarizes the change patterns of the groundwater flow regime in different aquifers in the Luanhe River Delta according to previous water resource assessment data as well as the latest groundwater survey results. Through comparison of major source/sink terms and groundwater resources, the study reveals the impacts of human activities on the groundwater resources and ecological environment in the study area over the past 30 years from 1990 to 2020. The results are as follows. The average annual drop rate of shallow groundwater and the deep groundwater in the centers of depression cones is 0.4 m and 1.64 m, respectively in the Luanhe River Delta in the past 30 years. The depression cones of shallow and deep groundwater in the study area cover an area of 545.32 km² and 548.79 km², respectively, accounting for more than 10% of the total area of the Luanhe River Delta. Overexploitation of groundwater has further aggravated land subsidence. As a result, two large-scale subsidence centers have formed, with a maximum subsidence rate of up to 120 mm/a. The drop of groundwater level has induced some ecological problems in the Luanhe River Delta area, such as the zero flow and water quality deterioration of rivers and continuous shrinkage of natural wetlands and water. Meanwhile, the proportion of natural wetland area to the total wetland area has been decreased from 99% to 8% and the water area from 1776 km² to 263 km². These results will provide data for groundwater overexploitation control, land subsidence prevention, and ecological restoration in plains and provide services for water resources management and national land space planning.© 2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Characterization and mechanism of regional land subsidence in the Yellow River Delta, China

In this paper, we discuss historical and recent land subsidence in the Modern Yellow River Delta. Integrated analysis of leveling and relevant background data, including groundwater level, oil extraction, and geological structure, has revealed that land displacement is driven by natural and induced components acting at various depths. Since the 1950s, intense settlements occurred in the modern estuary delta lobes. Between 2002 and 2008, the subsidence center of Dongying and Guangrao exhibited a typical subsidence area with subsidence rates of 28.2 and 64.7 mm/years, respectively. Higher magnitudes are associated with groundwater withdrawals and oil–gas field exploitations, which induce the compaction of a deep clayey layer. There existed a significant linear positive correlation between groundwater level and elevation in the center of the deep groundwater depression cone. The major contributor of natural subsidence is tectonic movements, while moderate sinking due to the natural consolidation of the recent delta subsoil is still acting.     

停止开采深层地下水 修复与改善生态环境

沧州市水资源短缺，深层地下水严重超采，已形成大面积区域地下水位降落漏斗，地面沉降已达2m，生态环境严重恶化．为保障经济社会的可持续发展，要积极引调地表水，开发利用地下咸水，加强雨洪控制利用，逐步替代最后终止深层地下水的开采。从根本上修复和改善生态环境。     

The effect of stratigraphic heterogeneity on areal distribution of land subsidence at Taiyuan, northern China

Taiyuan city has experienced serious land subsidence since the 1950s, with the maximum accumulated subsidence of 2,960 mm and a total affected area of 585 km² by 2003. Tectonic settlement was found to contribute about 1% and the major cause is over-exploitation of groundwater. The spatial–temporal relationship between the areal distribution of land subsidence and that of groundwater drawdown from 1956 to 2000 indicates that although land subsidence centers overall match groundwater depression cones, there are local deviations, and that although the time series curves are similar, land subsidence always lags behind groundwater level decline, with different lag time at different sites. The major findings of this work on the control of stratigraphic heterogeneity on the spatial pattern of land subsidence at Taiyuan include: (1) land subsidence centers shift from the corresponding groundwater depression cones to the sides with thicker accumulated clay layers; (2) under the same pumping rate, land subsidence at places with more clay interlayers and thinner individual interlayers is greater and the lag time shorter; and (3) land subsidence is closely related to the physical properties of clay soils. The Interbed Storage Package-1, a modular subroutine of MODFLOW was employed to simulate the areal distribution of individual layer compression. The modeling results show that compression of different clay layers has different contribution to land subsidence. Pumping groundwater from water-bearing zones close to the most compressible clay layers should therefore be carefully controlled.     

降水和开采变化对石家庄地下水流场影响强度

为能精确识别降水和开采对石家庄地下水流场影响强度,应用小波变换和相关分析等研究方法,对区域平均地下水位、地下水降落漏斗面积及中心水位与降水和开采变化之间的互动特征进行了研究。结果表明:① 1961—1973年期间,平均地下水位随降水量增大呈幂函数递减趋势;1974—2010年期间,降水量每减小100 mm,漏斗中心水位下降速率增大7.35 m,平均地下水位下降速率增大2.15 m;② 1961—1973年期间,开采量每增加1亿m3,平均地下水位下降0.28 m,漏斗面积扩大11.74 km2,中心水位下降0.52 m,1974年以来累计超采量每增加1亿m3,漏斗面积增幅1.52 km2,中心水位降幅0.18 m;③ 降水量每减小100 mm,降水贡献度减弱3.0%,人类开采影响强度增大2.76%。     

大庆西部地下水位降落漏斗区水资源人工调蓄方案

对地下水资源的长期大量集中开采形成了区域性地下水位降落漏斗,地下水的超采引发了一系列环境地质问题。利用降落漏斗区腾空的地下储水空间进行水资源的人工调蓄可使地下水位得到恢复。以地下水为主要供水水源的大庆市目前已形成了东西两个大的区域性地下水位降落漏斗,必须进行地下水人工调蓄。设计并模拟了现状开采、逐年压缩分别在现采和压采基础之上进行人工回灌等4种人工调蓄方案,对大庆西部地下水位降落漏斗区进行水资源人工调蓄。结果表明,压缩开采和人工回灌均可加速降落漏斗区地下水位的恢复,在逐年压缩地下水开采量5%的情况下实施人工回灌（0.45×10⁸m³/a）,地下水位恢复效果最明显,到2010年末,漏斗中心地下水位可回升7.7~10.3 m。     

天津市地下水流-地面沉降耦合模型

天津市平原区地面沉降主要由地下水大量开采引起,影响范围广、危害大,已成为天津市主要的环境地质问题。分析了研究区的水文地质条件,结合地下水开发利用状况,将研究区概化为6个含水层组,地下水流考虑三维非稳定流,地面沉降选用一维固结压缩模型,运用地下水流模型Modflow 2005和地面沉降模拟模块 Sub,建立了天津市平原区地下水流-地面沉降数值耦合模型,模型面积为1.1×10⁴ km²,利用1998-2008年地下水位等值线、过程线、地面沉降过程线等资料对模型进行了识别。模拟期的地下水均衡分析表明,在多年开采条件下,越流补给、压缩释水、侧向边界流入分别占深层含水层补给量的41.84％、32.15％和24.17％。将调试后的模型应用于南水北调实施后地下水控采条件下的地面沉降趋势预测,显示出停采或减少地下水的开采,有利于减缓地面沉降下降速度,且表现出开采层位越往下,地面沉降恢复难度越大的变化趋势。     

上海市地下水位大幅抬升条件下土层变形特征分析

过去对地下水位持续下降条件的地面沉降研究较多,但对水位大幅持续抬升过程中的地面沉降研究较少。本文根据 上海大量地面沉降、水位观测和钻孔资料,系统分析上海市90年代末以来地下水位大幅抬升条件下各土层的变形特征。自 1998年以来,上海市通过大幅压缩开采量、回灌地下水等措施使第二、三、四和五承压含水层水位分别平均抬升2.1 m, 3.6 m, 12.4 m, 12.7 m。水位的抬升使上海市地面沉降平均速率由1998年的12.2 mm/a减小到2011年的1.83 mm/a,减少85%。 通过对27组分层标数据分析发现：现阶段主要压缩层位在第一、二软土层,年沉降速率为2~4 mm/a;而第二含水层以下土 层已经有少量回弹。在水位持续大幅抬升过程中,本文总结了两种变形特征：1） 变形和水位变化基本同步,残余变形量非 常小,变形可概化为线弹性变形,这种变形主要发生在第一、二、三和五承压含水层、第五和六弱透水层;2） 压缩速率逐 渐减小,无明显持续回弹趋势,有较大残余压缩量且存在变形滞后现象,变形可概化为弹塑性变形,这种变形主要发生在 地第二、三和四弱透水层。第四承压含水层变形较复杂,两种变形特征都有。其中较大残余变形量主要由塑性贮水率比弹 性贮水率大2个数量级引起;变形滞后主要由弱透水层中超孔隙水压力消散较慢引起。本文研究成果对于掌握水位抬升过 程中土层变形方式、发生发展机理、预测未来地面沉降及地下水科学管理和资源评价具有重要意义。     

Groundwater resources protection and aquifer recovery in China

The groundwater resources in China and especially the northern part represent a vital water resource. Both the shallow and deep aquifers are highly overexploited in a large area of north China. The heavy overexploitation of groundwater resources is causing major environmental damage. To protect groundwater resources, several technical feasibility studies were performed. Artificial recharge using floodwater and wastewater was tried. Surface spreading systems are applicable in many areas of the Yellow River basin and Hai River basin. Deep aquifer injections were undertaken in the urban area. A far better strategy is to reduce the extraction of groundwater, especially to stop or slow down land subsidence and seawater intrusion. To address the problem of falling groundwater levels and aquifer recovery, there is a need reduce groundwater extraction and artificial recharge.     

Overexploitation status of groundwater and induced geological hazards in China

During the process of urbanization and industrialization, groundwater has been extensively overexploited, with the direct result of continuously decreasing groundwater level, followed by the appearance of large scale of depression cones, which is furthermore followed by land subsidence, seawater intrusion, and increasing difficulties in subsequent groundwater exploitation. This paper makes an analysis on the geological disasters caused by overexploitation of groundwater. The consumption and overexploitation status of groundwater in representative regions in China is discussed first, with the distribution and development of depression cones elaborated the next. And the problems of land subsidence, seawater intrusion, and increasing difficulties caused by overexploitation of groundwater are analyzed at last. Results show that overexploitation of groundwater is positively related to economic development. Moreover, geological disasters such as land subsidence and seawater intrusion caused by long term of overexploitation also aggregate, posing threats, and losses to people’s lives and production. According to the analysis, the fundamental resolution for overexploitation of groundwater as well as consequential geological damages is to properly control city size and to utilize groundwater rationally and efficiently.