Detection and correction of inconsistencies between river networks and contour data by spatial constraint knowledge

In the representation of topographic data, the distribution of hydrographic networks should be constrained by the contour model’s landform features. During the integration of topographic databases, however, spatial conflicts may destroy these constraints, generating inconsistencies. This study presents a method to detect and correct inconsistencies between river networks and contour data by spatial knowledge. First, structured terrain features are extracted from the contour-based geometric representation and matching relationships between rivers and contours are constructed based on spatial knowledge of the distribution of rivers and talwegs. We then propose a distance metric for measuring differences and identifying inconsistencies between the matched river and contour features. Three correction approaches are provided for different inconsistency situations, including river adjustment referenced to the contour, contour adjustment referenced to the river and adjustment of both river and contour to middle positions. We apply the proposed method to the integration and maintenance of national topographic infrastructure in order to demonstrate its effectiveness.     

基于GIS的岩溶古地貌定量刻画方法分析研究

恢复岩溶古地貌对于分析岩溶储层发育特征具有重要作用。目前关于岩溶古地貌的恢复多为定性方法,定量刻画古地貌的水平有待提高,而GIS在定量分析处理地貌方面独具优势。以高石梯—磨溪区块灯四段岩溶储层为例,在经典古地貌恢复方法的基础上,从GIS的地貌因子出发,提取了包括高程、坡度、地表切割深度、地表粗糙度、地形起伏度在内的地形因子以及包括水流长度、河流等级、流域分析在内的水文因子;再选取核心地形因子,并对地貌因子进行敏感性评价,结果显示高程、坡度和地形起伏度对地形的表征贡献较大。以地貌成因—形态分类原则为地貌分类方案,对敏感地形因子进行重分类操作后作叠加分析处理,地貌分区成图显示研究区由岩溶高地、岩溶缓坡、岩溶缓坡过渡带和岩溶洼地4类地貌单元组成。对岩溶古地貌进行分析评价发现,岩溶缓坡为油气良好集聚地,地貌划分结果与储层分布具有相关性。     

Use of geomorphological units to improve drainage network extraction from a DEM : Comparison between automated extraction and photointerpretation methods in the Carraixet catchment (Valencia, Spain)

Drainage networks are one of the main elements characterizing basins, and network topology and geometry form the basis of many hydrological and geomorphological models (eg Geomorphological Unitary Hydrograph). The identification and manual delineation of channel networks from maps or aerial photographs requires much time and effort. In the last two decades, algorithms and procedures for automated extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data have been developed and implemented in many specialized software applications. Nevertheless, automatically delineated channel networks do not always show close agreement with manually delineated networks. This paper describes a comparative analysis between a drainage network automatically extracted from a gridded digital elevation model, and the drainage network delineated manually from stereographic pairs of aerial photographs. The analysis showed that the automatic extraction technique may be adequate for catchment headwaters, but is inappropriate in the middle and lower basins, especially for alluvial fans and calcareous platforms. The paper suggests improving the automatic extraction technique by adapting it to operate with different parameters for each of the geomorphological units within the catchment.     

Landforms and Geomorphological Classification of Part of The Upper Baitarani River Basin

Geomorphological map is a very effective tool in management of natural resources and helps in various types of planning and developmental activities. In the present study, geomorphological map for part of the upper Baitarani river basin was prepared using aerial photographs on 1:25,000 scale, satellite imagery in the form of IRS-IA false colour composites, generated from bands, 2,3,4 and SOI topographic sheets validated by ground truth. Since large part of the study area is inaccessible, remotely sensed data have played an important role in detailed mapping. The study area is mainly underlain by Precambrian rocks. Quarternary and recent formations are confined mainly to the river valleys. The criteria adopted for the identification and grouping of landforms of specific genetic type are the overall appearance (morphography), the shape/surface geometry (morphometry). the underlying geology, relief forming processes, and association of forms. The landform units as identified and delineated on the remotely sensed data are grouped under two genetic types, denudational and fluvial. Ten landform units, each having its own features, were identified under three geomorphic domains viz. Hill, Piedmont and Plain.     

Investigation of automatic feature weighting methods (Fisher,Chi-square and Relief-F) for landslide susceptibility mapping

In landslide susceptibility mapping, factor weights have been usually determined by expert judgements. A novel methodology for weighting landslide causative factors by integrating statistical feature weighting algorithms was proposed. The primary focus of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of automatic feature weighting algorithms, namely Fisher, Chi-square and Relief-F algorithms. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was used as a benchmark method to compare the performances of the weighting algorithms. All weighted factors were tested using factor-weighted overlay method, and quality of these maps was assessed using overall accuracy, area under the ROC curve (AUC) and success rate curve. In addition, Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test was applied to evaluate statistical differences between both estimated overall accuracies and AUCs, respectively. Results showed that the weights determined by feature weighting methods outperformed the conventional AHP method by about 6% and this level of differences was found to be statistically significant.     

基于Google Earth的虚拟城市构建方法

对以Google Earth为开发平台,利用其影像、地形数据和地标功能等,整合建筑物及相关信息构建虚拟城市的方法进行了研究。运行在Google Earth平台上的虚拟城市,支持影像数据更新和成果网络共享,能够发布各种与城市相关的信息。该方法实现了三维建筑物与地形的无缝融合,具有较高的研究价值和广阔的应用前景。     

黄土丘陵沟壑第三副区水文地貌关系正确DEM的建立与评价

本文以黄土丘陵沟壑第三副区的藉河流域为研究区,利用ANUDEM软件和1:5万地形图研究了水文地貌关系正确DEM的建立方法,从派生等高线与原始数字化等高线对比等方面对建立的DEM进行了质量评价。并且与传统TIN方法建立的不同水平分辨率的DEM做了比较。结果表明:由等高线、高程点、河流和陡崖线在ANUDEM5.1中生成的DEM质量优于由等高线、高程点和地形特征点用TIN方法生成的DEM。ANUDEM建立的DEM更能精确地反映水文地貌特征。在此基础上,研究了确定集水面积阈值的方法,通过在Arc/Info环境下运行AML程序自动提取了基于水文地貌关系正确DEM的流域特征。     

Remote sensing and geophysical survey applications for delineating near-surface palaeochannels and shallow aquifer in the United Arab Emirates

This study integrates remote sensing data and geoelectrical dipole–dipole resistivity to delineate near-surface palaeochannels and shallow aquifer in the northern part of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates. The shuttle imaging radar images and shuttle radar topographic mission DEM were used to delineate near-surface palaeochannels visually based on the contrast between bright and dark tone and automatically using the eight-direction flow model. The delineated palaeochannels were validated by comparing the textural features evident from advanced land observing satellite-phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar images and determining whether these patterns were different. Field observation and geoelectrical dipole–dipole resistivity method was used to define the depth of palaeochannels and lithology of the shallow aquifer. The remote sensing and geophysical investigations in the UAE, including the study area, indicate the presence of buried palaeochannels with south-west and north-west flow directions from Oman Mountain. The study area can be of economic importance to the local population.     

Use oe aerial photograph for study of soil salinity and landscape relationship in parts of Haryana

In order to know the development of soil salinity and alkalinity in relation to landform, a systematic approach has been adopted by using aerial photo-interpretation techniques followed by field checks. The major land form units identified in the area are (i) alluvial upland (ii) low land (iii) back-swamp areas (iv) remanent horstland (v) interfiuve (vi) abandoned channel (vii) plain undifferentiated and (viii) plain with aeolian activity. salt accumulation is pronounced in landform units (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) due to configurating slopes and basement ridge control, whereas in landform units (v) and (vi), a patchy distribution of salinity has been found. Landform units (vii) and (viii) are free from this hazard The elements of landscape have controlled the distriburion of salts within each landscape.     

输电线路的数字微地形自动提取方法

微地形是输电线路工程安全运行、电线积冰风险区划和线路建设期能耗计算等工作的重要基础,实现输电线路微地形的合理提取是复杂地形条件下电网工程建设的前提与保证。针对传统输电线路微地形提取存在决策知识模糊、主观因素影响大和缺少定量提取指标等问题,依据规程中微地形分类体系,提出了以地形位置指数、坡度、相对高程和水体距离为特征因子的组合表达输电线路微地形提取决策方案,利用数字地形分析技术建立了输电线路微地形自动提取方法。以2012—2018年某电网公司9条输电线路域栅格数字高程模型数据进行提取实验,实验结果与分析表明,所提方法能够有效提取垭口地形、高山地形、抬升地形、峡谷地形和水汽地形5类典型输电线路微地形,且揭示了微地形分布与线路灾害发生的相关性,可为电网建设可行性论证、线路精细化设计等提供技术支持。     

Characterization of Landforms and Soils in Complex Geological Formations—A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach

The present investigation has been designed to analyze the landform and soil relationship in a geologically complex terrain of Tirora tahsil of Gondia district, Maharashtra using remotely sensed data and GIS technique. The geomorphologic units of the study area were delineated through visual interpretation of IRS–ID LISS-III data based on the spatial variation of the image characteristics. Thirteen landform units have been identified in the tahsil. The slope varied from level to nearly level with an area of about 63.76% of the tahsil. Rest of the area ranged from very gentle to moderately steep slopes. During soil survey, soil profiles were studied for morphological features. Horizon-wise soil samples were collected from the representative soil profiles on each landform unit. The depth of soil varied from 25 to 160 cm and colour from dark brown to very dark grayish brown. The texture ranged from clay loam to clayey in accordance with higher and lower topographic positions respectively. Higher available water holding capacity (AWC 285 mm) is found in low-lying area and low to medium AWC (140 mm) is noticed in the soils developed at higher elevation. The soils reaction (pH) is strongly acidic in nature (pH 5.2) on dissected hills, linear ridge and moderately weathered pediments, whereas, the soils are moderately to slightly acidic in nature (pH 5.5 to 6.5) on hills, shallow weathered pediments, moderately weathered pediments, deeply weathered pediments, narrow valleys, and broad valley floors. Slightly alkaline condition (pH 7.6) was observed on foot slopes and aggraded valley fills. The electrical conductivity of the soils is found almost same in all landforms. The cation exchange capacity of the area varies from 10.5 to 51.5 cmol(p⁺)kg^?1. The base saturation increases with decreasing elevation and slope. The four major soil orders viz, Entisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols and Vertisols are found in the study areas which are further classified into suborder and great group levels. The landform and soil relationship was analyzed to appraise the land resources in the tahsil. The study shows that the application of remotely sensed data and GIS are immensely helpful in land resources appraisal for their management on sustainable basis.     

稳健加权总体最小二乘方法

加权总体最小二乘没有考虑观测数据中可能存在的粗差,本文基于IGG权函数,采用选权迭代法求解加权总体最小二乘。结合模拟数据和真实数据,系统地比较了加权总体最小二乘方法、基于Huber权函数的稳健加权总体最小二乘方法和基于IGG权函数的稳健加权总体最小二乘方法的系数估计和误差估计,通过对比分析表明,两种稳健加权总体最小二乘方法的参数估计结果比加权总体最小二乘方法更加可靠,且以基于IGG权函数的稳健加权总体最小二乘方法为最优。     

基于DEM的陕西省河网信息提取

利用数字高程模型(DEM)数据,采用最大距离权落差方法计算河流流向,根据流向数据计算汇流累积量,对汇流累积量用不同的阈值进行分割,得到不同密度的陕西省河网信息。此种方法提取河网信息较传统的人工调查方法获取信息更加灵活快捷,具有无可比拟的优势。     

顾及测区地形的水准网定权新方法研究

针对目前水准网平差中高差定权方法未能较好地考虑地形环境对高差观测误差的影响关系的问题,提出一种顾及测区地形起伏并根据测段往返测高差较差的水准网高差分类定权新方法。理论分析和实际数据证明,在水准网中既有地形起伏较大的测段,又有地形起伏不大的平缓测段时,采用文中提出的定权方法比传统定权方法更能真实反映水准网测量的精度情况,弥补了传统定权方法的不足。     

Automated Extraction of Natural Drainage Density Patterns for the Conterminous United States through High-Performance Computing

Hydrographic networks form an important data foundation for cartographic base mapping and for hydrologic analysis. Drainage density patterns for these networks can be derived to characterize local landscape, bedrock and climate conditions, and further inform hydrological and geomorphological analysis by indicating areas where too few headwater channels are represented. Natural drainage density patterns are not consistently available in existing hydrographical data bases for the United States because compilation and capture criteria historically varied, along with climate, during the period of data collection over the various terrain types throughout the country. This paper demonstrates an automated workflow that is being tested in a high-performance computing environment by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to map natural drainage density patterns at the 1:24,000-scale (24K) for the conterminous United States. Hydrographic network drainage patterns may be extracted from elevation data to guide corrections for existing hydrographic network data. The paper describes three stages in this workflow including data pre-processing, natural channel extraction, and generation of drainage density patterns from extracted channels. The workflow is implemented in parallel fashion by simultaneously executing procedures on multiple subbasin watersheds within the U.S. National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). Pre-processing defines parameters needed for the extraction process. Extraction proceeds in standard fashion: filling sinks, developing flow direction and weighted flow accumulation rasters. Drainage channels with assigned Strahler stream order are extracted within a subbasin and simplified. Drainage density patterns are then estimated with 100-m resolution and subsequently smoothed with a low-pass filter. The extraction process is found to be of better quality in higher slope terrains. Concurrent processing through the high-performance computing environment is shown to facilitate and refine the choice of drainage density extraction parameters and more readily improve extraction procedures than conventional processing.     

Automated mapping of Hammond's landforms

We automated a method for mapping Hammond's landforms over large landscapes using digital elevation data. We compared our results against Hammond's published landform maps, derived using manual interpretation procedures. We found general agreement in landform patterns mapped by the manual and the automated approaches, and very close agreement in characterization of local topographic relief. The two approaches produced different interpretations of intermediate landforms, which relied upon quantification of the proportion of landscape having gently sloping terrain. This type of computation is more efficiently and consistently applied by computer than human. Today's ready access to digital data and computerized geospatial technology provides a good foundation for mapping terrain features, but the mapping criteria guiding manual techniques in the past may not be appropriate for automated approaches. We suggest that future efforts center on the advantages offered by digital advancements in refining an approach to better characterize complex landforms.     

应用条件植被温度指数预测县域尺度小麦单产

选取关中平原2008-2016年的条件植被温度指数（vegetation temperature condition index,VTCI）遥感干旱监测结果,基于最优的干旱影响评估方法确定冬小麦各生育时期干旱对其单产的影响权重,构建县域尺度加权VTCI与小麦单产间的一元线性回归模型,并结合求和自回归移动平均模型（autoregressive integrated moving average,ARIMA）对各县（区）的冬小麦单产进行估测及向前一、二、三旬的预测。结果表明,基于改进的层次分析法与熵值法的最优组合赋权法对冬小麦各生育时期的权重确定较合理,以拔节期（0.489）最大,抽穗-灌浆期（0.427）次之,返青期（0.035）与乳熟期（0.049）较小;加权VTCI与小麦单产之间的相关性显著,单产估测精度较高;向前一、二、三旬的单产预测精度均较高,且以向前一旬的预测精度最高,有76.9%的相对误差小于2.0%,71.6%的均方根误差小于75.0 kg/hm2。     

流域地形自动分割研究

本文提供了基于栅格数字高程模型（ＤＥＭ）提取流域空间结构,进行流域自动分割的技术方法。该方法包括地貌形态结构定义、流域结构定义和算法设计３个部分。基于本文设计的算法,可以从ＤＥＭ提取完整的汇流网络和分水线网络,两者组成的多边形集把流域分割成具有拓扑结构的多个子汇流区,这个子汇流区集作为存贮流域信息的基本地貌单元,是流域信息进入地学数据库的框架,也是进行空间分布式机理──过程流域分析模型的基础。并以山西离石黄土丘陵沟壑区的王家沟流域为试验区,获得了较为满意的结果。     

Geospatial Technologies for National Geomorphology and Lineament Mapping Project – A Case Study of Goa State

A three level classification system, based on the genesis of landforms, was used to map the geomorphology of the Goa state. The first level corresponds to the process that was responsible for landform generation, the second level or the intermediate level was assigned based on the morphography, and the third level corresponds to the individual landforms units identified based on the morphostructure. The mapping was carried out using IRS-P6 LISS-III (23.5 m) satellite image as the primary data source. Ancillary data such as geological map, topographic map, digital elevation model (DEM), field data collected by global positioning system (GPS) and web portals for image visualisation, were also used for the mapping purpose. A new software designed for mapping landforms based on the genesis, was used in this study to create a seamless geomorphology and lineament database of the Goa state in a GIS environment. A total of 58 landforms within six types of genetic classes were mapped in this area. Similarly, structural and geomorphic lineaments were also delineated using the satellite data. The database created has multi-purpose usability such as environmental studies, mining activity assessment, coastal zone management and wasteland development, since the classification system used is focused on processes, not theme specific.     

利用MODIS影像反演大气水汽含量的方法研究

目前,利用MOD IS近红外波段反演大气水汽含量主要采用两通道比值加权法和三通道比值加权法,为了对比研究这两种的方法,本文结合四川地区MOD IS影像,采用两通道比值法和三通道比值法分别获得17、18、19近红外通道大气水汽值,然后对两通道比值法和三通道比值法计算的三个近红外通道大气水汽值取加权平均,分别得到该地区加权平均大气水汽含量。对子区域(成都地区)MOD IS的两种加权平均大气水汽含量与同时同地SONDE大气水汽含量进行对比分析,实验结果表明:用MOD IS近红外波段反演大气水汽含量拟采用三通道比值加权法。