湘中地区的岩溶发育特征与环境地质问题——以斗笠山,恩口煤矿为例

湘中地区碳酸盐广泛发育，其中含煤向斜盆地的岩溶发育特征，受岩性，地貌，水文，构造运动等多因素控制，并具有水平分带和垂直分带性。而环境地质问题，主要发生岩溶地下水排泄区。     

岩溶发育强度垂直分带方法

讨论了岩溶发育强度分带的现状,提出了岩溶发育强度垂直分带的原则,以钻孔岩溶率、溶洞规模和钻孔涌(漏)水量作为定量指标,以岩组特征、地质构造特征和地下水运动特征作为定性指标,划分为强烈、中等和微弱3个岩溶发育带,并用类比、主因素判别法及模糊综合评判方法确定岩溶发育的强度等级。     

华蓥山隧道岩溶发育强度垂直分带

论述了华蓥山隧道的岩溶发育特征,根据岩溶发育强度的划分依据和划分标准,结合岩溶发育的历史,采用类比判别法、主因素判别法和综合判别法对岩溶发育强度作了垂直分带,据此预测的溶洞规模与实际情况吻合。     

淄博地区岩溶垂直分带规律

运用大量的实际资料对淄博地区隐伏岩溶进行垂直分带,建立了岩溶发育程度与单位涌水量、渗透性、侵蚀性、CO_2、饱和钙差值相关方程,定量分析了该区垂向岩溶发育规律。     

塔中16-24井区奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶研究

塔中16－24井区奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶主要分为侵蚀面岩溶和深部岩溶。侵蚀面岩溶在垂向上具有良好的分带性，自上而下大致可分为5个带：风化壳（地表岩溶）、垂直渗流带、季节变化带、水平潜流带和深部缓流带，在地质历史上主要发育了3期。深部岩溶对本区碳酸盐岩储层孔隙发育程度有很大的影响，同时也发育了3期。塔中16－24井区奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶的发育受多种因素的影响，其中岩性、沉积相、构造、温度和古水系对古岩溶的发育起决定性的作用。     

新疆阿克苏地区震旦系风化壳古岩溶特征及其发育模式

阿克苏露头区多条震旦系地质剖面研究揭示震旦系风化壳古岩溶作用识别标志主要有区域性不整合面、大型洞穴垮塌角砾岩、溶洞、溶孔及高角度溶沟、溶缝等。震旦系风化壳古岩溶垂向分带结构以水平潜流带和深部缓流带为主,垂直渗流带发育较弱或不发育。水平潜流带以发育大型洞穴垮塌堆积体及蜂窝状溶洞群为特征,深部缓流带以发育孤立溶洞为特征。区域古岩溶特征及垂向分带结构对比表明,阿克苏露头区震旦系风化壳古岩溶模式为高潜水面缓坡型古岩溶。     

塔里木盆地轮南地区下奥陶统碳酸盐岩岩溶储层特征及形成模式

轮南地区是塔里木盆地重点产油气地区之一,对其下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层性能及分布的研究具有重要的实际意义。通过对研究区岩溶、裂缝发育、沉积和洞穴充填物分析研究,认为具渗透可溶性碳酸盐岩及温暖潮湿、多大气降水是岩溶储层形成的必要条件,构造裂缝的发育为岩溶储层发育创造了有利条件。根据裂缝性质及充填程度,本区裂缝可分为方解石完全充填张裂缝、方解石半充填张裂缝、泥质充填扭压性裂缝、未充填微细裂缝和缝合线5种,其中方解石半充填裂缝和缝合线对储层岩溶发育起重要作用。本区岩溶具明显的垂直分带性,可分为垂直渗流岩溶带、水平潜流岩溶带和过渡带,其中垂直渗流带底部及水平潜流岩溶带上部储集物性最佳。轮南地区发育的两期岩溶与石炭纪两次较大的海侵时间相一致。作者还研究了充填物的沉积特征,探讨了储层的演化模式。     

塔河油田下奥陶统碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层研究--以塔河油田6区为例

通过对研究区FMI成像测井和XMAC，DSI测井等资料的综合，并结合该区的油气地质、地球物理资料，对下奥陶统缝洞型碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层的剖面结构及展布特征进行了较为深入地分析结果表明，研究区古岩溶储层主要分布于下奥陶统顶部不整合面之下约250m的范围内，储层垂向发育具有明显分带性，岩溶剖面的纵向分带与该区多期次岩淀旋回作用密切相关。古岩溶储层的发育与分布受多种因素控制。     

山东峄城盆地岩溶发育的基本规律有与水源地形成的关系

山东省枣庄市峄城水源地是个典型的北方埋藏型岩溶水水源地。峄城盆地出露的岩溶地貌有干谷、溶洞、岩溶准平原、溶蚀裂隙、溶沟、溶槽、溶痕等，地下岩溶形态主要为溶洞、溶蚀裂隙和溶孔，岩溶的发育具有层控性、水平分带和垂直分带等特点和规律。该盆地岩溶水系统的含水介质为寒武系、奥陶系的灰岩、白云岩，以溶隙、溶孔为主加少量小型溶洞构成了一个统一的互相连通的地下水空隙网络系统，为地下水的运移、储存提供了通道和空间。岩溶水流在此空隙网络系统内具有渗流性质，流态以层流为主，形成一个基本统一的单斜扇形水动力网，并具有统一的水化学场，该盆地分间接补给、直接补给、汇集排泄和汇集四人输导功能区。并在汇集区形成了具有供水意义的大型岩溶水水源地。     

渤中凹陷碳酸盐岩潜山岩溶分带特征与优质储层分布规律研究

渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷西南环古生界深埋碳酸盐岩潜山天然气获得重大突破,钻井揭示古生界气层垂向上显示分段性特征,该区储层主要受岩溶作用的控制,认识研究区岩溶垂向分带特征是预测优质储层和油气分布的关键。文章利用岩心、薄片、电性特征、能谱测井U 值、C、O、Sr 同位素等资料,结合水动力作用的大小、方向,综合分析认为,岩溶储层垂向具有分带性特征,自上而下分为表层风化带、垂直渗流带、水平潜流带和深部缓流带,且其岩电特征与溶蚀作用强差异性控制了储层发育段。研究表明优质储层主要分布于表层风化带、水平潜流带,且分别在不整合面以下20 m 范围内和距不整合面50~200 m,此外在溶蚀作用弱的深部缓流带,白云岩发育区则是潜在优质储层发育带。明确岩溶垂向分带特征及储层发育规律,对下一步碳酸盐岩区油气勘探具有一定的指导意义。     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

New caddisflies species (Insecta: Trichoptera) from the Cretaceous Taymyr amber

Four new Trichoptera species: Kliganigadukia taymyrensis gen. et sp. nov. (Hydrobiosidae), Archaeopolycentra yantardakh sp. nov. (Polycentropodidae), Taymyrodipseudon protopegasus gen. et sp. nov. (Dipseudopsidae), and Siberoclea parapolaria gen. et sp. nov. (Leptoceridae) from Late Cretaceous amber (Santonian, Kheta Formation, 85 Ma) of Taymyr (Siberia, Russian Federation) are described and illustrated. Data on the Cretaceous amber Trichoptera (13 families, 20 genera, 29 species) are summarized and discussed.     

吉林中部早二叠世皱纹珊瑚一新属Huadianophyllum

本文描述了产于吉林中部的皱纹珊瑚1新属2新种。这些珊瑚化石除具皱纹珊瑚的一般特征之外,还具有六射珊瑚的特点。它对研究六射珊瑚与皱纹珊瑚之间演化关系具有重要意义。     

Première caractérisation palynologique du Trias moyen dans le Haut Atlas ; implications pour l'initiation du rifting téthysien au Maroc

The Middle Anisian has been palynologically characterized for the first time, at the whole Moroccan scale, in the High Atlas of Marrakech. The stratigraphic, tectonic and paleogeographic implications of this discovery are analysed. To cite this article: E.H. El Arabi et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

The late cretaceous transgression in the SWAnglo-Paris Basin: Stratigraphy of the Craie de Villedieu Formation

The litho- and biostratigraphy of the Craie de Villedieu Formation (Coniacian-Santonian)of western France are described in detail. The formation is subdivided into three members each containing a number of lithologically distinct named hardgrounds and marker beds. These constitute an onlapping sequence that thins from > 15 m in the NE around Cangey and Villedieu-le-Château, to < 2 m in the SW around St Michel-sur-Loire, a distance of 70 km. Thickness variation is related to the interaction of differential subsidence with eustatic transgression. Comparison with the Chalk Rock Formation of southern England indicates that transgressive and regressive hardground suites may be differentiated on bed geometry and hardground surface characteristics. The Craie de Villedieu rests everywhere on a regional hardground that coincides with the Turonian/Coniacian boundary in expanded successions, but probably marks a significant hiatus. South-west of Tours, onlap results in Santonian strata resting disconformably on strata of Turonian age. The basal Craie de Villedieu contains a succession of three Coniacian ammonite faunas characterized by Peroniceras and Forresteria (Harleites) (oldest), Gauthiericeras margae (Schlüter), and Protexanites (youngest). Volviceramus ex gr. involutus (J. de C. Sowerby) occurs with the two uppermost ammonite assemblages. A Santonian ammonite fauna dominated by Placenticeras polyopsis (Dujardin) occurs with Texanites gallicus Collignon and common Cladoceramus in the middle of the formation. Cordiceramus ex gr. cordiformis (J. de C. Sowerby) is recorded with Santonian ammonites in the upper part of the formation. A correlation with the Micraster zones of chalk facies is suggested, based on the inoceramid stratigraphy. The record of T. gallicus in association with Cladoceramus affords the first direct evidence for the position of the base of the Santonian in the Anglo-Paris Basin.     

Mechanical quality of bedrock with increasing ductile deformation

Most of the rocks in Precambrian shield areas have experienced a complex structural and metamorphic evolution, processes which have a strong influence on bedrock quality. The properties vary on both a local and a regional scale. It is highly beneficial to know the variations in detail when exploiting the rocks for industrial purposes. The main objective of the investigation was to study the variation of rock mechanical properties in an originally more or less isotropic rock at various stages of ductile deformation. The rocks investigated were Paleoproterozoic and with ages of ca. 1.80-1.88 Ga, and the areas chosen for sampling were situated north-east of Lake Vänern (Kristinehamn; 10 samples), south of the city of Eskilstuna, South Central Sweden (5 samples) and south of Ödeshög, near Lake Vättern in southern Sweden (7 samples). The 12 samples from the latter two areas are described in this investigation, while the 10 samples from Kristinehamn have been published earlier (Göransson et al., 2004). A comprehensive study of various parameters of importance for bedrock quality has been performed on all samples, e.g. studded tyre test (STT) and Los Angeles test (LA), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), ultrasonic velocity, perimeter measurements of mineral phases, and petrographic and chemical analyses. The weakly deformed and massive (more or less isotropic) rocks show a tendency towards better properties of abrasion (STT) than the strongly deformed rocks and this can also be said for UCS, reflecting the greater ability of rocks to split along foliation planes. This is not entirely unambiguous, as the more deformed rocks, such as the mylonites, may have varying properties. This depends on the combined effects of, e.g. grain size, recrystallisation and foliation. However, the brittleness (LA) shows somewhat better values with increased deformation. This may depend on higher amounts of dark minerals, as their existence does not affect this test as much as in the case of abrasion tests. The perimeter values of the mineral phases display generally higher values, i.e. grain boundaries for the more strongly deformed rocks are more complicated. However, the values for the investigated mylonites may vary between low and high. The lower value may be due to dynamic recrystallisation and the creation of triple points (static recrystallisation) making the rock weaker. Besides, the development of a strong foliation may decrease rock strength despite the usually finer grain size. The results show that it is extremely important to consider all possible variations of bedrock before classification and exploitation, as the bedrock material in fact is highly heterogeneous.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

Biogeography of the Saharan Gretaceous and Paleocene epicontinental transgressions

The first trans-Saharan epicontinental transgression began in the Late Cenomanian and peaked in the Early Turonian. The sea entered through rifts (Nigeria) and subsiding areas (north Africa) and, at maximum extent, spilled out onto stable craton. The central Sahara was land in late Early Turonian time; the sea seems to have remained in the central part of the Benue rift, to sally forth again during the minor Coniacian transgressive pulse. The Coniacian transgression went no further than eastern and central Niger Republic. For a short time during the Cenomanian-Turonian link-up between the Tethys and the South Atlantic, some organisms (mainly ammonites and pelecypods) passed across the Sahara. The Coniacian marine deposits of eastern Niger contain several elements typical of the Mungo River Formation of Cameroun, and coastal Nigeria. These faunistic indications imply that the topographical obstacle formed by the Zambuk ridge of northeastern Nigeria was swamped at maximum transgression. A third, very extensive epicontinental transgression began in latest Campanian time and reached its acme in the Early Maastrichtian. In the central Sahara, at least, there was a retreat of the sea in later Maastrichtian times. A final transgression peaked during the Paleocene, after which the sea withdrew permanently from the northwest African hinterland. The same marine ostracod associations occur in the Paleocene of coastal Nigeria, the Sokoto embayment, Mali and Libya, thus providing strong evidence of a marine connexion, albeit brief, between the South Atlantic and the Tethys, despite the lack of outcrop evidence in the crucial Niger valley region.     

Rôle de la déformation métamorphique dans la cristallinité du graphite : l'exemple des schistes graphiteux de la vallée de la Lotru (Carpathes,Roumanie)Role of metamorphic strain in the cristallinity of graphite: the example of the graphitic schists from the Lotru valley (Carpathians,Romania)

The study of the schists from Lotru valley (Carpathians mountains, Romania) shows the role of stress in graphite crystallinity. The carbonaceous material was separated and studied by X-ray diffraction and Raman microspectrometry. There exists a clear contrast between the crystallization degree of graphite found in the quartz–muscovite schists (good) and that found in the quartzites (poor). This observation is in conformity with a clear differentiation of fabric. The graphite suffered an anisotropic deformation in the graphitic schists, whereas it was protected from deformation by quartz in the quartzites. In this last case, the development of graphite from the organic material took place with a volume decrease, protected by the surrounding quartz. To cite this article: S.-C. Barzoi, B. Guy, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 89–95.     

The ammonite fauna and genesis of a mid-Cretaceous siliceous oolite from the Alagoas Basin, Brazil

Acanthoceratid ammonites from near Maceió, in the State of Alagoas, provide evidence of a mid-Cretaceous marine incursion into the present onshore part of the Alagoas Basin. The ammonites Pseudocalycoceras sp. cf. P. harpax (Stoliczka, 1864) and Kamerunoceras sp. are assigned a late Cenomanian age. The rock is a siliceous oolite that occurs as derived nodules and fragments in late Cenozoic continental sediments. It is interpreted as an originally calcareous oolite formed in a near-shore, high-energy environment. Absence of primary cement suggests that silicification took place early in diagenesis. The silicified, and therefore more resistant material from the original Cenomanian sequence was reworked and redeposited with the Cenozoic sediments. The age, indicated by the ammonites, suggests that the original deposition was related to the global late Cenomanian—early Turonian sea-level rise.