MOVING SOURCE PROFILING (MSP)1

Moving source profiling is a modification of walk-away vertical seismic profiling in which the source is moved along a line across a well while the signal is recorded in the well at a certain depth. The method was designed to better predict the target horizon below the drill bit and away from the well location. The method has several advantages in areas of complicated overburden. In overthrust regions, the receiver is placed below much of the complicated structure to minimize distortion of the reflected signal. The final seismic image is a depth presentation of the subsurface structure and stratigraphy based on wavefront calculations. This depth estimation is obtained without extensive processing of the recorded data. The final result is available within a few days and can help interpreters to decide if and where to sidetrack the well. The method is demonstrated using an example from the overthrust zone of the Lower Saxonian Basin and the Pompeckj's well in Northern Germany.     

Contents of Volume 1 (2003)

Volume Contents

Contents of Volume 1 (2003)     

Isostatic status in North China (1)

Following Airy and Pratt principles, five kinds of local-compensation models are analysed and a rapid 3-D gravity formula is utilized to calculate isostatic anomalies for 66 models with different parameters. It is noted that isostatic gravity maps appear nearly identical in their main patterns and features. The optimum compensation model in North China is one of modified Airy models in which the different density distribution in the surface, upper crust and lower crust is taken into account and the standard crustal thickness is about 50km. The position of the complete compensation interface is located in the upper mantle. The North China platform as a whole is under sub-isostatic equilibrium status with an isostatic anomaly of about 18·10^?5 m/s² on an average. The distribution of isostatic gravity anomaly shows an obvious blockwise pattern. Most positive anomaly areas occur over the eastern part, the Jiao-Liao Block, Mt. Yan block and northern margin of the Hebei-Shandong block, whereas a negative area occurs in the Shanxi graben. The comparison of models indicates that the Moho discontinuity is not suitable to be taken as a compensation interface, and the compensation effects in Airy model are better than that in Pratt model, which is consistent with the feature of dominant layered structure and less lateral inhomogeneity in crust. Some results about composite compensation, the basic characteristics of isostatic anomaly and deep stucture will be published later in the second part of this paper.     

Zhang Heng's Seismoscope( 1):Its Emergence

The emergence of Zhang Heng's seismoscope has a profound historical background. This paper intends to explore the formation and material basis of Zhang Heng's scientific thought. It appears that the simple intention of "observing visions and distinguishing good fortune or misfortune"was his motivation to develop the seismoscope. Tracing its historical background,the authors proposed in this paper that the development of this seismoscope started around 128 A. D., and based on perceptual knowledge, two ideas about earthquakes came into being,i. e.,earthquake location could be judged according to the instrument shaking direction, and the earthquake and earth split were essentially different. In the instrument manufacture,Zhang Heng advocated a principle of "making utensils to imitate cosmos". By this principle,the following three problems were readily solved: the seismoscope imitated the response of the suspension system to earthquakes( i. e. natural seismoscope). Technically,the trigger mechanism of the latch was used for reference,and it recorded the physical evidence of earthquake occurrence by an ingenious way of a ball dropping from a dragon's mouth. The solution of these three key problems lead to the emergence of the seismoscope in 132 A. D. and the successful detection of an earthquake in 134 A. D. His invention deepened humanity's knowledge of natural laws, and promoted the development of science and technology in that time and later.     

SSY-1型多址数字水位遥测设备

SSK-1型数字水位记录仪和SSY-1型多址数字水位遥测设备是近来新研制成功的包括探头在内的全数字化水位观测装备。本文将扼要介绍该设备的基本组成和工作原理,并对目前水位仪器设计和水位观测中普遍存在的问题——水位观测仪器的精度、误差分析及传输中的抗扰问题做了讨论     

REFLECTION AMPLITUDES AND MIGRATION AMPLITUDES (ZERO-OFFSET SITUATION)1

The effect of wave-equation migration on amplitudes is determined. This effect is derived for zero-offset traces and for second-order approximations of the traveltimes. Three steps are followed: firstly, the amplitudes of zero-offset traces are established; secondly minus half the traveltimes are used as input for downward continuation in migration (forward in space and time); thirdly, the amplitudes of the migrated events are determined by downward continuation (at zero-traveltimes). Layered models (piles of homogeneous layers) with smooth interfaces are used. The determinants of the 2 × 2 matrices B ₀ obtained for these models are responsible for the main effect on migration. The migration result primarily depends on the overburden as the inverse of det ( B ₀). Drastic effects can occur over small distances. For weakly reflecting media, it is confirmed that wave-equation migration gives “correct” results (but the input data must be multiplied by V₀T₀), i.e. amplitudes proportional to the reflection coefficient. For any velocity changes, the inverse of det ( B ₀) will, in general, give inaccurate migration amplitudes and inaccurate lithological interpretations. In a simple step, true amplitude migration, or exact migration, is derived from our results. It is assumed that no focus phenomena are present. The effect of buried foci is discussed briefly.     

On the relationship between small atmospheric ions concentration and (1) smoke, (2) sulfur dioxide and (3) wind speed

In the present study the influence of smoke and sulfur dioxide concentrations and of wind velocity on the concentration of small positive and negative ions above Athens area (=37°58.3N, =23°43E,h=107 m) is examined.Between the above mentioned elements simple linear correlation and multiple linear correlation is attempted. This correlation is based on mean daily values of the elements, for the two-year period 1971–1972, for each month separately.From the above examination it has been ascertained that small ions concentration increases as smoke and/or sulfur dioxide concentration decreases. Also, small ions concentration increases as wind velocity increases.In addition, it was ascertained that sulfur dioxide contributes the least to the determination of the variance of small ions concentration, whilst the greatest contribution is made by smoke for the positive small ions or by wind velocity for the negative ones.     

Downward continuation of (Vs)L profile in 1P (time-domain) with linear excitation using point electrodes. A short notet1

It is seen that the apparent chargeability (M_a)_L anomaly over a 2D graphite body splits into two distinct (V_s)_L anomalies which closely follow the apparent resistivity profile. This suggests that the electric field amplitude is distorted due to a superficial inhomogeneity creating a (V_s)_L anomaly, which bears no relation to the polarized body. The target depth obtained by continuation of such a profile is therefore, not acceptable.     

利用GM（1,1）预测模型预测房屋面积

房屋面积数据是地震灾害损失评估的重要参数，也是地震应急数据库基础数据。数据库要求每年及时更新，但数据更新周期较长，达不到更新要求。本研究主要从乌鲁木齐统计年鉴中提取2001—2018年房屋基础数据，建立乌鲁木齐住宅建筑总面积及人均住宅面积数据增长模型，利用GM（1,1）预测模型和多元线性回归模型预测未来2年乌鲁木齐住宅建筑总面积和人均住宅面积。本研究得到的住宅建筑总面积及人均住宅面积数据可作为应急数据库中相关基础数据更新的补充手段，也可作为未来几年震害预测的参考基础数据。     

高压变电站抗震可靠性分析(一)

讨论了高压变电站中电气主接线系统的抗震可靠性分析问题,主要分析了高压变电站中常见的双母线系统的抗震可靠性。通过系统的可靠性关系和建立系统的可靠性分析准则,给出了双母线系统在各个抗震准则条件下的可靠性的表达形式。最后进行了实例分析。     

地震孕育体源流变模型（一）-位移场

为了研究地震孕育过程，在弹性包体理论的基础上建立了流变介质的体源包体模型理论．本文基于弹性包体模型的位移场的解析解，运用流变力学理论中的对应原理，导出流变体介质中，包体在任意一点的3个方向分别产生的位移的粘弹性解析解.      

非等步长GM(1,1)模型在建筑物变形监测中的应用研究

将灰色系统理论应用于建筑物变形监测数据分析,针对观测周期的不确定性因素,提出使用非等步长GM(1,1)模型进行监测,并用最小二乘法求解模型参数,给出模型精度的检验方法,并以实际的建筑物的沉降观测数据为例说明应用此方法的全部过程,将分析和预测结果与传统GM模型进行比对,获得了更好的拟合数据和预测数据,且精度更高。