甘肃文县阳山金矿床葛条湾-安坝矿段原生晕地球化学特征及深部找矿远景评价

甘肃文县阳山金矿是产于勉略缝合带内的超大型卡林-类卡林型金矿床。为探讨矿区深部找矿潜力和成矿远景评价,文章对葛条湾-安坝矿段30号勘探线剖面的成矿及伴生元素原生晕地球化学特征进行研究,结果表明:该矿段原生晕的轴(垂)向分带序列自上而下为:Pb—Co—Cu—Zn—Mn—Bi—Mo—Sb—Au—As—Ag。矿体中部原生晕具有反向分带特征,原生晕出现前缘晕、尾晕叠加,显示具有多阶段热液叠加成矿作用的特征。在深部1400 m标高,前缘晕并未消失,并向深部强度增大,尾晕仅为弱异常。同时,原生晕地球化学参数(As×Sb)/(Mo×Bi)、(As+Sb)/(Mo+Bi)比值发生转折并升高,前缘晕因子得分在深部有很强的高值异常,进一步证实深部具有盲矿体存在的可能性。综上表明,阳山金矿矿区深部找矿前景较好。     

湖南临湘虎形山钨矿原生晕地球化学特征与深部找矿预测

为预测湖南临湘虎形山钨矿床主矿体的深部变化趋势,在矿床地质特征和矿床成因研究的基础上,开展了野外地质调查和原生晕地球化学研究。微量元素统计分析表明,矿体的前缘晕元素为Ag、Zn、Au、Pb、Be、As、Cu,近矿元素为W、Bi,尾晕元素Sb、Sn、Mo。24号勘探线的钻孔原生晕数据表明,矿体自上而下其原生晕轴向分带序列为:Ag-Zn-Au-Pb-Be-As-Cu-W-Bi-Sb-Sn-Mo,具有"头尾晕共存"和"反分带"特征。结合矿体原生晕轴向分带模式,预测矿体向深部(-350 m以下)有一定的延伸或深部有盲矿体的存在。     

山东蓬莱石家金矿原生晕地球化学特征及深部找矿预测

为预测和评价山东蓬莱石家金矿床的深部找矿远景,延长矿山服务年限,着重论述了该矿床的原生晕地球化学特征,对矿床的深部找矿潜力进行了探讨。原生晕元素组合特征分析表明,石家金矿床的矿体及近矿晕元素组合为Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、S、Te,前缘晕为Hg、As、Sb、Ba,尾晕为Mo、W、Sn。元素异常形态特征显示,326号矿脉南段以前缘晕和近矿晕为主,北段以前缘晕和尾晕为主,近矿晕元素异常较弱,矿体总体具有向南侧伏的特点。原生晕轴向分带序列在36线和84线均呈现反分带和前缘晕、尾晕共存的特点,结合地球化学参数在垂向上呈振荡波动变化的特征,说明矿体由多期次成矿作用叠加形成,同时预示矿体向深部还有一定延伸或有盲矿体存在。综合分析认为,326号矿脉南段为成矿的有利部位,深部仍有较大的找矿空间;矿体北段深部矿化减弱,但出现了前缘晕、尾晕元素的共存,预示深部可能还有盲矿体存在。     

陕西双王金矿床轴(垂)向黄铁矿中微量元素变化规律及深部预测

凤太矿集区是秦岭重要的铅锌金多金属成矿区之一,双王金矿是该成矿区中典型的角砾岩型金矿床。本文采用格里戈良提出的原生晕分带指数法,详细研究了双王金矿床KT9矿体和KT8矿体中ZK18-5、ZK30-1和ZK40-53个坑内钻孔的原生晕轴(垂)向分带特征,通过各钻孔中原生晕分带指数垂向变化规律、微量元素衬值及地球化学参数分析进行深部矿化预测。结果显示,双王金矿床原生晕轴(垂)向分带序列呈明显的反带现象,ZK18-5中在标高950 m附近矿化程度最好,矿体向深部逐渐尖灭;ZK30-1在标高980 m附近矿化程度最好,其深部预测有串珠状矿体存在,深部矿化前景较好;ZK40-5在标高850 m附近矿化程度最好,预测深部矿体仍有较大规模的延伸,深部矿化前景较好。     

青海都兰红旗沟金矿床构造叠加晕深部找矿预测

红旗沟金矿床是青海省五龙沟矿集区Ⅸ号含金破碎蚀变带中的典型金矿床。文章通过对矿床元素组合、元素相关变化特点及主矿体赋矿构造中原生晕分布、组分分带、垂(轴)向分带序列变化规律、原生晕叠加特点等地球化学特征的综合分析,探讨了该矿床成矿热液活动地球化学规律和找矿标志模型,圈定了矿床深部第二富集带及矿化带深部有利盲矿赋矿空间,预测矿区深部具有较大的找矿潜力。     

新疆哈图齐Ⅲ金矿成矿指示元素的分类与深部预测

通过与国内外及哈图齐Ⅰ热液型金矿的对比,筛选出齐Ⅲ成矿成晕指示元素Hg、Au、Ni、Pb、As、Sb、Cu、W、Zn、Ag、Mo、Bi等。利用格氏分带指数法和相关性聚类分析,获得齐Ⅲ金矿矿体原生晕轴向分带序列为:(Sb)-(Ni-Cu-Zn-Ag-Pb-Bi)-(Mo-As)-(Au-Hg-W),相关性聚类为:Pb-Bi,W-Au-Sb-As,Cu-Zn-Ni和Hg-Ag。结合前人研究成果和剔除叠加结构的影响,获得该矿前缘晕指示元素组合是Hg-As-Sb,近矿元素组合Pb-Ag-Cu-Zn-Bi,尾晕组合W-Ni-Mo。根据原生晕分布特征及前沿晕与尾晕元素累加比的变化趋势,推测深部可能存在隐伏矿体。     

新疆哈图金矿地球化学原生晕的深部找矿意义

哈图金矿是新疆目前开采规模和产量最大的金矿床。利用矿区中东段的坑探工程和矿区西段钻探工程,开展了原生晕地球化学测量,中东段坑探工程中11个中段共采集矿体及围岩样品159件,西段钻探岩芯等间距取样54件,测试元素为Hg、Au、Ni、Pb、As、Sb、Cu、W、Zn、Ag、Mo、Bi共12项。通过研究,查明哈图金矿前缘晕为Hg-As-Sb,近矿元素为Ag-Cu-Zn-Mo,尾晕元素为W-Bi-Ni;中东段矿体原生晕轴向分带序列为Au、Pb-Hg-As、Ag-W-Sb、Bi-Zn、Cu、Ni、Mo;西段分带序列为Bi、Zn、Hg-Pb-Sb-Cu-W、As-Ag、Ni-Mo-Au。西段原生晕出现"反分带"与"头尾晕共存"现象,受雁列式含矿构造尖灭再现的影响,原生晕存在叠加结构,垂向上地球化学参数波动明显,结合区域地质矿产资料推断,矿区西段深处找矿潜力大于中东段。     

玛曲大水金矿原生晕地球化学特征及深部找矿预测

为延长大水金矿的服务年限,解决资源危机,通过对矿区构造叠加晕研究,对其深部找矿潜力和找矿方向进行预测和评价。系统采集矿区69个中段、120个钻孔的岩石、矿石样品进行测试分析,利用多元统计方法,对矿区成矿成晕元素的组合特征和空间分布特征进行分析,并以找矿前景较好的87(B)勘查线为主要研究对象。研究表明：(1)大水金矿主成矿元素Au与伴生元素As、Sb、Hg表现出较好的正相关关系,可作为后期找矿勘查的重要指数元素;(2)原生晕元素具有“前、尾晕共存”和“反分带”现象,且地球化学参数在轴向上呈波动变化的特点,表明大水金矿成矿过程具有多期多阶段叠加的特征,预示深部有盲矿体存在;(3)通过预测,在87(B)勘探线深部得到验证,发现了新的矿体。结果证明原生晕对预测深部隐伏矿体具有重要指导意义。     

内蒙古柳坝沟金矿床原生晕地球化学特征及深部成矿远景评价

文中系统论述了柳坝沟金矿床的多金属元素原生晕地球化学特征,运用多元统计方法,结合地球化学各参数信息,勾勒出矿区原生晕异常形态,建立了元素轴向分带序列,探讨金矿床剥蚀程度并建立了原生晕叠加模型。认为柳坝沟金矿床西段头尾晕共存,Sb、Bi反分带,显示出多阶段叠加成矿的特点,是下部有盲矿体存在的反映;东段基本属正向分带序列,地球化学参数较强的波动,可能预示着深部有盲矿体存在。313号脉西段矿体遭受一定剥蚀,矿段中段和东段遭受轻微剥蚀。综合分析推断西段深部矿化远景较好,中段较好异常分布在海拔高度1400 m以上的较浅部位,东段深部前景最佳;为矿区深部找矿提供了重要依据。     

冀西三道沟金矿地球化学特征及深部找矿预测

解析三道沟金矿地球化学场,利用聚类分析得出3号矿脉主成矿元素、并伴有多种元素的综合原生晕;厘定金矿床的地球化学原生晕横向分带、垂向分带及纵向晕异常特征;确定了原生晕垂向分带序列,并建立矿床晕地球化学模式;优选找矿靶区,对深部隐伏金矿体进行定位预测。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.