中美联合25m氮氧饱和—空气巡潜科学实验

中美科技工作者首次在我国联合进行了为期七天的25m氮氧饱和空气巡潜科学实验,在五天饱和停留期间,四名潜水员进行了60人次50～75m不减压与减压反复巡潜。完成了Doppler监测和肺、心,脑生理功能测试,经53h50min减压,潜水员安全出舱,无一例减压病症。本实验方案对当前饱和潜水的新程序、巡潜深度时限、高压氧暴露限度以及饱和减压等进行了有效的探索,并对其安全性、实用性进行了验证。     

模拟36.5米氮氧饱和潜水26昼夜和60、70及75米空气巡潜对人体脑电图的影响

饱和潜水技术能提高水下作业效率,还可藉巡回潜水来增加水下作业深度,因此从六十年代以来在世界潜水技术先进国家中得到迅速发展,目前已成为进行潜水作业的一种重要手段.在空气潜水中,脑功能的变化早就引起人们的注意,高压氮会引起人体象酒精中毒样的麻醉症状,因此,一些水下生理和医学家们不但把脑电图作为潜水员选拔的体检指标,而且还用作潜水时健康检查和监护的重要手段.关于长期暴露于高气压环境下人体脑电图变化的研究尚属少见.本工作系统地记录了模拟36.5米氮氧饱和和潜水26昼夜各时期及进行不同深度空气巡潜时的脑电图,以探索长期暴露于高压氮氧环境对人体脑电图的影响以及适应过程中的变化规律.     

CHINITROX-6实验中连续12d反复高氧暴露时的允许氧剂量

人体暴露于50kPa以上氧分压的高氧环境中会引起累积性氧中毒,这也称为慢性氧中毒或肺型氧中毒。对于一次性高氧暴露,Wright等建议氧剂量的适宜值为615UPTD(使肺活量平均下降2％),最多不宜大于1425     

302米氦氧饱和潜水模拟实验中人体某些生理功能的观察

在模拟302米氦氧饱和潜水时,我们观察了潜水员的某些生理功能,其结果如下:1.到达最大深度时,脑电图有二种类型的变化:在脑的各叶,θ活动甚至δ活动增加;α节律减少,其振幅下降。在302米时可见θ波指数的增加和α指数的减少。2.从海平加压到150 m 时,受测者 A 没有出现明显的震颤,而受测者 B 和 C 即有明显的震颤振幅的增加。受测者 B 和 C 就是在这种条件下出现最大的震颤振幅的变化。3.从加压开始到饱和深度时观察到潜水员心率下降,未见有明显的 ST 段和 T 波的改变,三名潜水员心电图都没有出现明显的 ST 段下降。在以 R 波为主的标准导联和胸导联的心电图上,既没有 T 波的倒置和双相,也没有 T 波的平坦,甚至在302米体力负荷时,也没有 ST 段和 T 波的不正常表现。4.肺通气量各参数的测量结果如下:当受测者从海平加压到302米后,肺容量几乎没有变化,但时间肺活量、最大肺通气量和最大呼吸流量随气道阻力的增加而明显减少。     

350m模拟氦氧饱和—370m巡回潜水实验研究

4名海军潜水员,呼吸氦氧混合气,在饱和居住舱内,经过2.5d,加压到350m饱和深度。在此深度实施了370m的巡回潜水,有效地完成了规定的援潸作业内容。在高气压下,潜水员未出现明显高压神经综合征症状。在350m深度连续生活工作三昼夜后,经14.5d减压,顺利回到常压,潸水员无任何减压病症状,确保了安全。在全过程22d的不同阶段.分别测定了多项医学指标,潸水员反应感觉良好,有较好的适应和作业能力.一系列医学保障措施是有效的、切实可行的。加、减压方案都是安全的。此研究的完成,表明我国已具备了实施350m大深度饱和潜水医学保障的能力。对国防和经济建设将会有一定的军事、社会和经济效益。     

粤东沿岸上升流的研究

在粤东沿岸的夏季存在风生上升流,中心位置在20m以浅,该上升流的年际变化较大,1982年8月碣石湾外上升流流速为1.2×10-3cm/s,活性磷酸盐的垂直通量为1.5 mmol/(m2·d),初级生产力为1558mg/(m2·d).在上升流靠岸内侧,5m以浅范围的底层存在着贫氧现象,在上升流的中心区外,有海水垂向逆温现象,上升流区海水的理化特征:温度为22.13℃,盐度为34.19,溶解氧为3.72cm3/dm3氧饱和度为74.6%,pH值为8.14,活性磷酸盐为1.10 mmol/m3.     

潜水监控系统的应用研究

通过研究和分析潜水过程中出现的问题,设计了一套针对空气潜水的监控系统.系统利用计算机、视频监控、传感器技术,对潜水员的气源压力、供气压力、潜水深度、潜水时间及潜水过程中拍摄图像声音进行采集和记录.整个系统分为气源压力监测、潜水员深度监测和水下图像声音采集3个模块,可同时对4名潜水员进行实时监控,使水面人员可以准确地掌握...     

CHISAT-1实验中的多普勒超声波气泡监测

CHlSAT-1实验,即1988年中美联合25m氮氧饱和50～75m空气反复巡潜科学实验。实验参照美国海洋大气局NOAA新推出的Repex程序,技术参数采用公制计量单位,该程序新增加的内容有:无停留站的反复巡潜表,不同间隔时间的一个或数个减压停留站的反复巡潜表,前期饱和减压表和饱和主减压表,连续氧暴露的允许累积剂量,以及应急程序等。与以前一系列氮氧饱和——空气巡潜程序相比,该程序具有巡潜作业效率高,减压负荷较大的特点。本实验拟对上述空气反复巡潜及饱和减压程序进行实验验证。     

模拟200米53小时氦氧饱和潜水的医学保障

本文介绍了4名潜水员在21ATA、呼吸氦氧混合气、暴露53小时、进行模拟饱和潜水环境下一系列生理功能变化的技术资料.通过一系列技术措施,成功地实施了医学保障任务,积累的资料对了解和评价机体在高气压下不同阶段生理功能的变化规律,适应及工作能力,营养卫生状况,加、减压方案的安全性及医疗安全保证措施的有效性,以及对今后实施海上实际饱和潜水医学保障均有参考价值.     

乙醇防治减压病的初步研究

1.通过对440名潜水员的调查,发现饮酒的潜水员急性减压病的发病率明显低于不饮酒者。 2.通过对127名潜水员的调查发现,饮酒的潜水员减压性骨坏死的发病率明显低于不饮酒者。 3.在49名减压性骨坏死患者中,不饮酒者的发病率是饮酒者的3倍。 4.18名潜水员在9～29年来饮酒与非饮酒期间减压病的发病情况作自身对照,他们共患急性减压病31次,减压性骨坏死5人。均发生于非饮酒期。 5.乙醇治疗家兔急性减压病的实验指出,乙醇对家兔急性减压病的治疗是有效的。治疗组与对照组家兔死亡差别极显著。 6.乙醇治疗减压病的机理是降低气泡的表面张力;影响血小板的分泌、粘附、聚集和促凝功能;促进体内氮气和二氧化碳气体的排出,增加血输出量,改善微循环等。     

CHANGES ON EEG DURING SIMULATED N2-O2 SATURATION DIVING

During N2-O2 simulated saturation at a depih of 36.5 m the frequency, amplitude and index of a waves decreased and the activities of β and θ wave increased on the EEGs at rest. After the pressure was decompressed to normal, they could recover to the predive level. During the air excursion diving at depths of 60 and 70 m , the paramenters of EEG approximated to those of N2-O2 exposure. But at that time of the air excursion diving at a depth of 75 m they appeared the maximum. This showed that the changes related to the nitrogen partial pressure. There was an increase in slow waves during the simulated N2-O2 saturation. The activities of slow wave decreased on the EEGs in case of hyperventilation. The photic scimulation to the eyes caused the slow wave to disappear, and a rhythm could recover temporarily. When the photic stimulation was over the slow rhythm reappeared on the EEG. All the changes in EEG indicated that the encephalon function of the human body showed a gradual adaptation process during the     

Estimation of spawning habitats of market squid (Doryteuthis opalescens) from field surveys of eggs off Central and Southern California

Like many other loliginid squid, Doryteuthis (Loligo) opalescens deposits egg cases on the ocean floor. Depending upon temperature, egg cases may persist for 5–12 weeks before the paralarvae hatch. Because of this relatively long duration and squid’s pelagic life history, egg cases provide a practical life stage to survey. During 2001–2002, squid egg beds in Monterey Bay, Carmel Bay, and around the California Channel Islands were surveyed using a remotely operated vehicle with the goal of delineating the habitat of egg beds that are spawned during active commercial fishing. Egg cases were highly aggregated and densities reached 1338 capsules m⁻². Squid eggs were significantly shallower in Central California. Egg cases occurred between 20 and 93 m around the Channel Islands, and in Central California they were between 13 and 61 m. The temperatures in both regions were similar (10–12 °C), with some eggs in Southern California found up to 14.4 °C. Ninety-five percent of eggs were found on sand, suggesting that temperature and substrate are stronger behavioral cues than depth to stimulate spawning. Suitable spawning habitat was defined by three criteria: sandy benthic substrate, temperatures between 10 and 14.4 °C, and depths between 20 and 70 m when the first two criteria hold. Additionally, within this defined area, oxygen concentration is quantified. The greatest commercial landings of market squid occur in both Central and Southern California during a time of year when water temperatures of 10–12 °C are prevalent in the 20–70 m depth range.     

CHANGES ON EEG DURING SIMULATED SATURATION DIVING

During N2-O2 simulated saturation at a depth of 36.5 m the frequency, amplitude and index of a waves decreased and the activities of β and θ wave increased on the EEGs at rest. After the pressure was decompressed to normal, they could recover to the predive level. During the air excursion diving at depths of 60 and 70 m, the paramenters of EEG approximated to those of N2-O2 exposure. But at that time of the air excursion diving at a depth of 75 m they appeared the maximum. This showed that the changes related to the nitrogen partial pressure. There was an increase in slow waves during the simulated N2-O2 saturation. The activities of slow wave decreased on the EEGs in case of hyperventilation. The photic stimulation to the eyes caused the slow wave to disappear, and a rhythm could recover temporarily. When the photic stimulation was over the flow rhythm reappeared on the EEG. All the changes in EEG indicated that the encephalon function of the human body showed a gradual adaptation process during the     

OBSERVATION OF HUMAN EEG AND TREMOR DURING SIMULATED He-O2 SATURATION DIVING AT A DEPTH OF 302 METRES

EEG and tremor of three divers are recorded during simulated He-O2 saturation diving at a depth of 302 m. The results ate as follows:1.During the exposure to He-O2, a decrease in a rhythm and increase in activity of 8 and wave appear in subjects' EEGs and sometimees characteristics with sleep stage I are shown in individual EEG,2.During the exposure to He-O2. the increase in the amplitude of postural tremor in 4-8 Hz and 8-13 Hz is recorded and the increase of the amplitude of 8-13 Hz is more noticeable.3. During the exposure to He-O2, all the divers suffered from fatigue, poor sleep and memory failure. These symptoms accorded with the records of the subjects' EEG and tremor.     

Experimental study on the 350 msw simulated heliox saturation-370 msw excursion diving

-The chief purpose of the research was to understand the physiological function change regularity, performance and adaptability of the human body living and working under high pressure for prolonged time.In January 1989, 4 naval divers entered the habital of NMRI's 500 msw saturation diving system after a series of adaptive diving training. The breathing mixture was helium-oxygen. After 55 h compression (including intermediate stages) the 350 msw depth was reached, where the divers lived and worked for 72 h 10 min. No sign of discomfort or significant HPNS was found in the 4 divers.The second and third day of the saturation exposure, the divers carried out 370 msw dry and wet chamber excursion diving 2 man-time each, the divers effectively carried out operational work under water, the total excursion time was 1 h each excursion dive.Saturation decompression started after 3-day storage exposure, the divers were gradually brought toward the surface 25 msw a day on the average by employing the linear stead     

The effect of low level supplementary heating on diving duration

The exothermic reaction which proceeds when small sachets containing particulate mixtures of iron and magnesium are flooded with sea water, has been used for thermal support of free divers. Initial application of such generators to heating of the hands (Burton and Chan, 1981), and later extension to heating of the torso, have been described previously (Chan and Burton, 1981, 1982). Of considerable interest during field trials of the torso heating system was a strong subjective impression among those taking part, that significant increases of dive duration and decreases of perceived discomfort could be obtained with relatively low levels of power generation, for example less than 50% of that required for thermal balance. In this paper, a simple mathematical model of human stored heat loss is used to rationalize this observation. Also it successfully predicts voluntary exposure times of unheated divers who become cold. When used to estimate body heat debt, the model enables documented dives by this laboratory and by others, including recent exposures in Antarctica using low level supplementary heating, to be analysed.     

盐度对变化2014年东北太平洋“暖泡”的作用

A significant strong, warm "Blob"(a large circular water body with a positive ocean temperature anomaly)appeared in the Northeast Pacific(NEP) in the boreal winter of 2013–2014, which induced many extreme climate events in the US and Canada. In this study, analyses of the temperature and salinity anomaly variations from the Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography(Argo) data provided insights into the formation of the warm"Blob" over the NEP. The early negative salinity anomaly dominantly contributed to the shallower mixed layer depth(MLD) in the NEP during the period of 2012–2013. Then, the shallower mixed layer trapped more heat in the upper water column and resulted in a warmer sea surface temperature(SST), which enhanced the warm"Blob". The salinity variability contributed to approximately 60% of the shallowing MLD related to the warm"Blob". The salinity anomaly in the warm "Blob" region resulted from a combination of both local and nonlocal effects. The freshened water at the surface played a local role in the MLD anomaly. Interestingly, the MLD anomaly was more dependent on the local subsurface salinity anomaly in the 100–150 m depth range in the NEP.The salinity anomaly in the 50–100 m depth range may be linked to the anomaly in the 100–150 m depth range by vertical advection or mixing. The salinity anomaly in the 100–150 m depth range resulted from the eastward transportation of a subducted water mass that was freshened west of the dateline, which played a nonlocal role.The results suggest that the early salinity anomaly in the NEP related to the warm "Blob" may be a precursor signal of interannual and interdecadal variabilities.     

Reexamination of the spawning migration of Anguilla dieffenbachii in relation to water temperature and the lunar cycle

ABSTRACT

The oceanic spawning migration of female Anguilla dieffenbachii eels was previously studied using pop-up satellite transmitting tags (PSAT). The swimming depths and experienced-temperature data of 3 eels released in May 2006 were re-examined in relation to water temperature data, and also lunar cycle and regional hydrography as these latter aspects were not considered in the original study. Eel 2 and Eel 3 initially experienced lower water temperature above 600?m, suggesting they remained south of the subtropical-convergence front longer than Eel 1. Their experienced nighttime minimum depths showed linear relationships with the lunar cycle, because they swam shallower during new moon than during full moon. The eels experienced narrow deep-day temperature ranges at a wide range of depths compared to experiencing narrow shallow-night depth ranges where temperatures varied more widely, indicating that several different factors determine their day and night depth ranges.