太平洋多金属结核勘查——DY85—1航次简介

DY85—1航次(1992年5月24日—11月21日)由地矿部广州海洋地质调查局利用《海洋四号》船实施的我国“八五”期间在东太平洋我国申请区的开辟区(东太平洋海盆西部,夏威夷岛东南海域,其地理坐标大致是8°52.5′—11°22.5′N,151°7.5′—153°22.5′W)内进行的第一个航次调查,也是我国以中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会(简称大洋协会)的名义,向联合国国际海底管理局筹委会申请作为先驱投资者并获批准后实施的首次调查,其目的是在“七五”调查工作的基础上,对开辟区西部进行进一步的勘探,圈定出区内富矿区,计算出多金属结核的资源量,对多金属结核资源进行评价,同时为“海洋”地质科学研究和采矿,选矿与冶炼试验研究采集样品,具体任务有: 1.通过地质取样、海底照相、多频探测和其它地球物理方法的调查,以及结核样品的测试分析,查明多金属结核类型、形状、丰度、覆盖率、品位及其分布规律,计算出资源量。 2.通过较详细的测深资料,查清区内地形、地貌特征,以及区内结核分布(丰度、品位变化)与宏观、微观地形,地貌、水深的关系,依照调查精度,圈出坡度大于5°的地形障碍物。 3.采集足够的结核和沉积物样品,查清区内沉积物类型、结构、分布特征及其工程地质特征。     

中国多金属结核西示范区的结核小尺度分布特征

利用在中国多金属结核西示范区加密调查中获取的海底视像资料,通过水下定位数据处理和结核覆盖率计算,并结合多波束地形测量数据,从结核覆盖率分布角度对多金属结核的小尺度分布特征进行研究。研究结果表明:多金属结核分布与地形有一定的对应关系,在地形平缓区域,结核覆盖率变化较平缓,而在某些地形陡峭区域,由于块状结壳的形成,结核/结壳覆盖率出现明显的跃升;西示范区为结核高覆盖率分布区,结核覆盖率沿东西方向变化不大,由北向南呈增高趋势;地形坡度对结核分布有明显的影响,在区内0°~3.6°的坡度范围内,坡度越大,结核覆盖率越高。     

深海浅地层剖面特征及其与多金属结核富集度的关系

对东太平洋 Ｃ Ｃ 区内 １ 万多公里的浅地层剖面探测资料进行了统计分析, 并对深海浅地层剖面特征及其与多金属结核丰度的关系作了研究, 结果表明： 多金属结核的富集度与海底声反射率呈正比关系, 影响和控制结核丰度的主要因素是海底地形。一般透明层愈厚, 结核愈富集, 但不是对应关系; 层状层或散射层发育, 则多金属结核富集, 反之则不富集     

深海浅地层剖面特及其与多金属结核富集度的关系

对东太平洋ＣＣ区内１万多公里的浅地层剖面探测资料进行了统计分析,并对深海浅地层剖面特征及其与多金属结核丰度的关系作了研究。结果表明：Ｑ我金属结核的富集度与海镀声反经呈正比关系,影响和控制结核丰度的主要因素是海底地形。一般透明层愈厚,结核愈富集,但不是对应关系;层状层或散射层发育,则多金属结核富集,反之则不富集。     

东太平洋海底结核及相关沉积物的稀土元素地球化学特征

海底多金属结核多分布于沉积物表面,而且二者之间关系密切.宏观上,结核的丰度、品位、形态及分布规律与海底地形、地层结构、沉积厚度及沉积物类型有密切关系[1,2];微观上,结核和相关沉积物的元素组成有一定的联系[3~7]1).     

中国开辟区不利开采地形类型及其分布

利用1998年"大洋一号"调查船近海底作业所获的深拖海底电视和照相系统资料,对中国开辟区不利开采地形类型及其分布特征进行了研究,并对海底地形的坡度进行了计算,结果表明:(1)中国开辟区东、西两区海底的东向坡和西向坡是均衡分布的。东、西两区海底地形坡度的分布特征明显不同,东区海底地形坡度以0～15°为主,而西区坡度大于3°的地形则很少。坡度大于5°的地形主要分布于坡脚处,特别是坡度超过15°的地形总是出现在水深变化的转折点处。(2)研究区不利开采地形可分为坡度为5～15°和大于15°两种类型,东区地形坡度大于5°的不利开采地形比西区多14%,东区坡度大于15°的地形为3.6%,比西区(仅为1.4%)多,东、西两区都有少量坡度近90°的地形出现,并且这种地形在东区所占比率比西区大,说明东区断崖、陡坎和断裂沟槽比西区多,地形也更为复杂多变。     

大洋多金属结核资源量计算和资源评价方法探讨

本文对大洋多金属结核资源量计算中所涉及到的各种参数,包括矿区面积、结核丰度、结核品位、结核含水率和海底障碍物进行了较详细的论述;确定了多金属结核资源量计算方法及其选择依据,并对算术平均法和加权平均法的计算结果进行了对比;针对太平洋CC区(Clarion-Clipperton Zone)两种不同成因的多金属结核矿区,着重对结核水平分布连续性、单位面积资源量、结核丰度和品位的稳定性作了定量分析,并利用标准差对结核丰度和品位的变化作了统计分析.最后根据这些分析结果对多金属结核矿区进行了综合性资源评价.文中尚强调镍等量在多金属结核资源评价中的重要作用.     

中太平洋海盆多金属结核分布及其与CC区中国多金属结核开辟区多金属结核特征对比

在综合分析航次调查资料的基础上,总结了中太平洋海盆多金属结核的矿产资源特征与分布规律,并与CC区中国多金属结核开辟区结核特征进行对比。结果发现:CP区多金属结核以S型水成成因为主,具有较高的丰度与覆盖率,但品位较低;而CC区结核S型(西区)、S+R型、R型(东区)三者均有,以混合成因和成岩成因为主,尽管丰度、覆盖率稍低,但品位较高。多金属结核中锰相矿物差异、表层沉积物类型及南极底流的影响是造成两区多金属结核差异的主要因素。     

用镍等量丰度和镍等量品位圈定和评价大洋多金属结核矿区

为大洋多金属结核矿区圈定、资源量计算和矿区评价建立一个统一标准和采用公正合理定量的方法,为使我国留下的矿区确是已在联合国登记注册的15×104km2多金属结核勘探矿区中质量最好的矿区,本文对利用丰度和品位资料圈定和评价多金属结核矿区的各种传统方法作了全面深入的剖析,认为传统方法存在许多不足之外,从而提出用镍等量丰度和镍等量品位作为圈定和评价大洋多金属结核矿区的最佳指标。     

东太平洋CC区板块构造和多金属结核资源效应探讨

利用东太平洋CC区多波束海底地形测量、结核覆盖率深拖系统探测、结核丰度地质采样和地球物理地震勘探资料,运用板块构造和沉积动力学理论,并与丰度趋势面和神经网络分析结果对比,对东太平洋CC区构造与多金属结核资源效应关系进行了探讨,并认为:(1)富集在研究区约200亿t结核的最主要控制因素是东太平洋海隆、莱恩山脉、克拉里昂-克利伯顿大断裂(Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone),东、西、南、北的四个构造单元为结核大量富集起到了框架性的关键作用;(2)本区经历了和遵循着海底扩张的基本过程,这个过程对结核物质来源、成矿作用、结核分布有重大影响,结核丰度、覆盖率与地形变化非常一致,重大相变距离为10～15km,基底自形成以来一直影响着地表结核;(3)地球深部地质作用过程对结核成矿作用也有一定影响,影响因素可能涉及基底岩浆房及其大小等.     

Resource Assessment of Polymetallic Nodules Using Acoustic Backscatter Intensity Data from the Korean Exploration Area,Northeastern Equatorial Pacific

A high level of confidence in resource data is a key prerequisite for conducting a reliable economic feasibility study in deep water seafloor mining. However, the acquisition of accurate resource data is difficult when employing traditional point-sampling methods to assess the resource potential of polymetallic nodules, given the vast size of the survey area and high spatial variability in nodule distribution. In this study, we analyzed high-resolution acoustic backscatter intensity images to estimate nodule abundance and increase confidence levels in nodule abundance data. We operated a 120 kHz deep-towed sidescan sonar (DSL-120) system (1×1 m resolution) across a 75 km² representative area in the Korean Exploration Area for polymetallic nodules in the Northeastern Equatorial Pacific. A deep-towed camera system was also run along two tracks in the same area to estimate the abundance of polymetallic nodules on the seafloor. Backscatter data were classified into four facies based on intensity. The facies with the weakest and strongest backscatter intensities occurred in areas of high slope gradient and basement outcrops, respectively. The backscatter intensities of the two other facies correlated well with the nodule abundances estimated from still-camera images. A linear fit between backscatter intensity and mean nodule abundance for 10 zones in the study area yielded an excellent correlation (r² = 0.97). This allowed us to compile a map of polymetallic nodule abundance that shows greater resolution than a map derived from the extrapolation of point-sampling data. Our preliminary analyses indicate that it is possible to greatly increase the confidence level of nodule resource data if the relationship between backscatter intensity and nodule abundance is reliably established. This approach has another key advantage over point sampling and image analyses in that detailed maps of mining obstacles along the seafloor are produced when acquiring data on the abundance of polymetallic nodules. The key limitation of this work is a poor correlation between nodule coverage, as observed from photographs, and nodule abundance. Significant additional ground truth sampling using well located box cores should be completed to determine whether or not there is a real correlation between the backscatter and abundance.     

Regional Variability in Occurrence and Distribution of Polymetallic Nodules in the Central Indian Basin

Regional scale morphological studies on different-sized polymetallic nodules from the Central Indian Basin show that only 2–5 cm sized nodules have highest occurrence per station (92–94% along latitudes; 88–94% along longitudes). A nodule size shows an inverse relationship with the nodule distribution, grade, and abundance. Interestingly, only 3–4 and 4–5 cm sized nodules have highest grade, abundance, and distribution percentages along longitudes in P₁, first generation mine site and relinquished area, which further implies that the nodule mining along the longitude would be beneficial. Different-sized nodule groups suggest their formation under variable environmental conditions that existed in the Central Indian Basin. The coexistence of different-sized nodules suggests different environmental conditions existed in the Central Indian Basin.     

Relationship between mn nodule abundance and other geological factors in the northeastern pacific: Application of gis and probability method

The aims of this study are 1) to construct a database using geostatistics and Geographic Information System (GIS), and 2) to derive the spatial relationships between manganese nodule abundance and other geological factors such as metal grade, slope, water depth, topography, and acoustic characteristics of the sub-bottom. Using GIS, it is possible to analyze a large amount of data efficiently, and to maximize the practical application, to increase specialization, and to enhance the accuracy of the analyses. The greater the copper and nickel grade, the higher the rating. The distribution pattern of nickel grade is similar to that of copper grade. The slopes are generally less than 3° except for seamounts and cliff areas. The rating shows no correlation with slope. The rating is highest for slopes between 2.5 and 3.5° in block N1 and between 4.0 and 4.5° in block N3. The topography is classified into five groups: seamount, hill crest, hill slant, hill base or plain, and seafloor basin or valley. The rating proves lowest for seamount and hill crest. Our results show that the rating increases with the water depth in the study area. Nodule abundance dose not show any significant relationship with the thickness of the upper transparent layer in the study area.     

2000年夏季南极普里兹湾及邻近海域浮游植物研究

报道了2000年夏季(1月)在62°~69°S,70°30'~75°30'E的南极普里兹湾邻近海域浮游植物种类组成、丰度分布、叶绿素a浓度及其环境调控.结果表明,调查海区共有浮游植物4门33属65种、变种和变型.浮游植物平均细胞丰度为32.67×103个/dm3.浮游植物细胞丰度和叶绿素a浓度高值均出现在水体较稳定的近岸海湾和冰间湖及毗邻陆架,在大陆坡和深海区它们的值明显减小.浮游植物细胞丰度和叶绿素a浓度在0~50m水层最大,100m以下水层随深度的增加而减小.浮游植物丰度呈昼夜变化,在13:00丰度最高.浮游植物优势种为短菱形藻(Nitzschiacurta),占总丰度的24.8%.浮游植物种类组成和细胞丰度与浮冰和水团稳定性有关.经回归分析,浮游植物细胞丰度与水温、溶解氧成显著正相关,与无机磷(PO_{43--P)和无机氮(NO3--N)成显著负相关.}     

2014年春季季风间期东印度洋赤道及其邻近海域硅藻群落

2014年4月10日至5月13日在东印度洋赤道区及其邻近海域(10.08°N-6.00°S,80.00°~96.10°E)进行硅藻物种组成和群落结构的调查。分析了45个网采样品,共鉴定出浮游硅藻34属113种(包括变种、变形及未定名种),大部分物种为热带外洋性种以及暖海外洋性种,与该海区的热带及亚热带的环境特征一致。优势种为佛氏梯形藻(Climacodium frauenfeldianum)、地中海细柱藻(Leptocylindrus mediterraneus)、密聚角毛藻(Chaetoceros coarctatus)、美丽漂流藻(Planktoniella foromsa)、大西洋角毛藻那不勒斯变种(Chaetoceros atlanticus var. neapolitanus)、距端假管藻(Pseudosolenia calcar-avis,即距端根管藻Rhizosolenia calcaravis)、圆柱几内亚藻(Guinardia cylindrus)、达蒂角毛藻(Chaetoceros dadayi)、伏氏海线藻(Thalassionema frauenfeldii)、离心列海链藻(Thalassiosira excentrica)、瘤面角毛藻(Chaetoceros bacteriastroides)以及笔尖根管藻粗径变种(Rhizosolenia styliformis var. latissima)等。硅藻的平均细胞丰度为1.855×103个/m3,其平面分布不均匀,赤道断面细胞丰度较低,高值区出现在海区北部。聚类分析发现有7种生态类群,这些硅藻的种类和丰度平面分布与上层水体(200 m以浅)温度、盐度及营养盐的水柱平均值有较好的对应关系。     

东海浮游介形类(Ostracods)分布特征

根据1997~2000年东海(23°30'~33°00'N,118°30'~128°00'E)海域四季海洋调查资料,探讨了东海浮游介形类分布特征及与环境的关系.结果表明:东海浮游介形类丰度占浮游动物总丰度的3.47%;春、夏、秋和冬四季平均丰度分别为0.70,1.72,2.57和0.90个/m3;冬春季的短棒真浮萤(Euconchoecia chierchiae),夏季的后圆真浮萤(Euconchoecia maimai)和秋季的齿形海萤(Cypridi-na dentata)分别是各季的主要优势种;夏、秋季介形类总丰度与水文环境因子的线性相关性不显著,春季与表层盐度相关,冬季与表层温度相关.东海北部外海四季均有介形类高丰度区出现,但在东海北部近海长江口及其邻近舟山水域,介形类数量相对较低.在东海南部,冬春季高丰度区位于外海,夏秋季在近海.东海浮游介形类基本上是一大类较为典型的暖水性且具有集群行为的海洋浮游动物.介形类秋季高丰度区和较高丰度区的分布与太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)、绿鳍马面鲀(Navodon Septentrionalis)、鲐鯵鱼类等渔场的位置基本一致,在渔业上有重要的意义.     

吕宋海峡及周边海域湍流混合的时空分布特征研究

利用1992—2002年的温盐深数据与2012—2016年的Argo数据,基于细尺度参数化方法研究了吕宋海峡及周边海域(12°—30°N,115°—129°E)湍流混合的时空分布特征,并分析了地形粗糙度、内潮以及风输入的近惯性能通量对湍流混合的影响。结果表明,吕宋海峡和东海陆坡处具有强混合的特征,扩散率高达4×10~(-3) m~2/s,主要是由内潮产生导致的,其中吕宋海峡主要是M2、K1和O1内潮的贡献,而东海陆坡处主要是M_2内潮的贡献;南海北部也呈现较强的混合,且陆坡处的混合比海盆高1—2个量级;南海中央海盆和离岸的菲律宾海混合较弱,扩散率为O (10-5 m2/s)。此外,在研究区域内,湍流混合的年际变化和季节变化均不明显,且混合扩散率与风输入的近惯性能通量未表现出明显的季节相关。     

Role of the small-size fraction of mesozooplankton in the pelagic community of the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the autumn

The role of the small-size (SF; 0.1–0.5 mm) and large-size (LF; 0.5–20.0 mm) fractions in the biomass and abundance of mesozooplankton (0.1–20.0 mm) was assessed using the database of samples obtained during the cruises of RV Akvanavt in the northeastern Black Sea in November 2000 and October 2006. The mesozooplankton was collected by means of Juday nets (37/50, filtering gauze 160 μm) and Niskin bottles in two areas: (1) the shelf and continental slope (30–1480 m depth) and (2) the deep sea (depths of more than 1500 m). The plankton net was considerably less effective in collecting the SF of the mesozooplankton (by a factor of 30–36) than the Niskin bottles. When comparing the SF and LF, we estimated the abundance and biomass of the SF in the samples obtained with the Niskin bottles. The abundance of the SF in the deep-sea area was 2.5 times lower compared to the shelf and continental slope, and the LF abundance was 5.0 times lower in the same way. The abundance of the SF constituted 88% of the total mesozooplankton on the shelf and continental slope, and 78% in the deep-sea area. The biomass of the SF was higher as well on the shelf and continental slope. Meroplankton played a significant role in the SF zooplankton abundance (0.5 × 10³ + 0.16 ind. m⁻³) in this area. The SF grazing impact was 10% of the total mesozooplankton grazing on the shelf and continental slope, and 17% in the deepsea area. Appendicularia and nauplii of copepods had the greatest contribution to the mesozooplankton grazing among the SF group.