按新的水库诱发地震分类探讨长江三峡水库诱发地震的可能性

提出了一种新的水库诱发地震分类方法，将水库地震分为断裂活动型、崩滑塌陷型、膨胀破裂型和岩溶气爆型四大类共十个亚类。指出评价水库诱发地震的危险性实际上主要是评估诱发断裂活动型水库强震的可能性。在分析了长江三峡水库区水库诱发强震的地质条件之后，按照上述观点着重分析了水库诱发断裂活动型强震的可能性。得出的基本结论是：对整个长江三峡水库区而言，水库诱发地震的最大震级不会超过５．５级；倘若仅就库首区而论，水     

湖南东江水库地震的预测研究

1986年8月2日湖南东江水库截流蓄水,10个月后发生水库诱发地震。蓄水初期,地震活动频度与库水位有较明显的相关关系,但1993年至今,地震活动的频度与库水位之间的这种相关性已逐步消失。诱发地震空间分布有一定的规律性,受水体、构造、岩性的控制。依据地震构造背景、水库规模、水库蓄水后诱发最大震级的最大概率时间等预测东江水库诱发地震最大震级不会大于4．99级．1991年发生的3．2级地震应为最大震级的概率是80％。今后仍可能发生3级左右地震。     

重庆三江口水库诱发地震分析研究

通过野外地震地质调查并参考前人研究成果,分析三江口水库区的地质构造背景、地震活动性及水文地质条件等资料,对该水库诱发地震的可能性进行分析。构造类比法分析表明:蓄水后发生构造型水库诱发地震的可能性较小,但有可能发生岩溶塌陷型水库诱发地震。概率预测法分析表明:库首段(新滩子—狮狸弯)发震概率较小,仅为0.02;库中段(狮狸弯—牛鼻子)岩溶不太发育,诱震可能性较小,不发震的概率为0.96;库尾段(牛鼻子—峡马口)有可能诱发微震,发震(M3.0)概率为0.10。     

新丰江水库诱发地震的构造条件

本文在地质考察的基础上,采用数学模拟方法,重演了本区的地震序列,论证了诱发地震的构造条件。指出,新丰江水库有两组发震构造,它们的活动强度和时间有所不同。诱发地震的发震构造与水库蓄水前构造地震的发震构造属于相同构造体系,唯发震部位更逼近水库。文章还指出,库基弹性变形引起的附加引张应变使部分地区的活动断裂更易于错动。水库荷载还使地震在剖面上有浅层和深层之分。它们的频度与水库水位有不同的相关性     

水诱发地震应力场初步探讨

本文对国内外21个水诱发地震事例的震级—断层破裂长度关系进行回归分析,然后利用断裂力学方法,研究理论震级—断层破裂长度的关系,发现在水库地震的情形里,区域剪应力场的强度水平可以大大小于构造地震的区域剪应力场的强度水平,同时,发现在因库水位下降而触发水库地震的情形里,库水水位的减小量可以小于库水位上升触发地震情形里库水水位的增加量.最后,对注水地震的注水压力进行了讨论。     

水库诱发地震震级预测的统计研究

于收集到的全球102例水库及已发地震的资料,应用隶属函数方法综合分析了水库基本属性、震中区岩性、库坝区基本烈度和震中区断层类型等与水库诱发地震之间的关系,从统计学角度给出了水库诱发最大地震震级的判定方法．通过回溯检验和费舍尔判别检验给出了预测震级的相对误差和正确识别率,总体预测效果较好,可为将来水库的设防和最大地震震级的判定提供统计学上的依据．      

水库诱发地震的最大震级及其发震时间的预测研究

用信息量法和灰色模型法研究了水库诱发地震的最大震级和发震时间．信息量法是对水库地震震例的地震地质因素和标志进行统计，计算它们对诱发地震震级提供的信息量，据信息量的大小判断诱发地震的可能最大震级；灰色模型法是研究水库诱发地震前震的频次随时间的变化，以变化率最大的时间作为最大地震发生的时间．用新丰江和柯依纳水库地震震例资料对信息量法和灰色模型法进行了检验．结果表明，两种模型方法有一定的可行性．      

湖南江垭水电工程水库诱发地震可能性的初步评价

根据野外实地工作，进行水库诱发地震诱震条件的综合分析，并与其它发震水库进行对比，对江垭水电工程水库诱发地震可能性作出初步评价。认为江垭水库蓄水后，在岩溶发育的峡谷地段存在诱发地震的可能性，并对发震地段，最高震级和烈度进行了估计     

喀腊塑克水库诱发地震浅析

采用判别标志、对比判断方法,尤其是概率分析方法对喀腊塑克水库诱发地震进行了分析。概率分析方法是利用诱震水库和未发震水库的统计资料,考虑了库深、库容、构造应力环境、断层活动性及诱震区介质条件5个因素,再利用概率统计中的贝叶斯公式建立了预测水库能否诱震的概率模型,最终计算出结果。另外,从库区断层活动性及断裂所通过的位置、库水深度及岩石坚硬程度等方面,分析出可能产生诱发该水库地震的位置。结合工作中的体会,提出评价水库诱发地震的步骤和方法。最终分析结果表明,喀腊塑克水库诱发地震的可能性不大。     

利用水库诱发地震数据库快速为政府部门提供汶川M_s8.0地震灾害对策

根据水库诱发地震的发震相关因素和特点,确定出水库诱发地震数据库元参数和库结构,并通过资料收集初步建立起水库诱发地震数据库,它包含了全世界水库诱发地震震例1 31个、中国大Ⅰ型水库110座、中国大Ⅱ型水库200座和坝高达100m的水库70座,并具有快速查询、统计、图示等简单功能。在汶川M_S8.0地震发生后的第2天,应地震主管部门的要求及时给出了四川省及附近区域已建大型水库的基本信息及分布。可见,水库诱发地震数据库是有助于政府部门进行地震快速对策的一种有效工具     

全球油气开采诱发地震的研究现状与对策

人工诱发地震现象已经有很久的历史.水库蓄水、采矿、地热开发、从地下提取液体或气体,或将液体注入地球内部都可能诱发地震.大量地震监测数据与科学分析结果显示:美国俄克拉何马州的地震剧增主要与页岩油气开采的废水回注量相关;加拿大阿尔伯塔省的地震剧增主要与页岩油气开采水力压裂的工作量相关;而荷兰罗宁根天然气田的传统天然气开采也同样诱发了较强的地震活动.在中国四川盆地的页岩油气开发区域,地震活动近几年也大幅度增强,但目前监测与科研工作较少,对某些地震成因尚有争议.目前研究诱发地震问题已成为学术界与工业界的一门专业学科.推断诱发地震,除了分析时空分布与工业活动的相关性之外,本文综述了该领域基于地震学、地质动力学、构造地质学的多种分析方法.如何在油气开采过程中减少诱发地震的灾害影响成为当前相关各界极为关注的科研问题,本文介绍了多个国家或地区建立的控制诱发地震的管理系统、基于地震大数据的诱发地震概率预测方法,以及基于地球物理与地质信息的综合诱发地震风险评估方法,并对我国控制诱发地震问题提出建设性意见.     

Twenty Years Seismic Monitoring of Induced Seismicity in Northern Albania

—The northern part of Albania has been the focus of an intense effort by the Seismological Institute of Albania, for in this area two of the country’s biggest reservoirs are located. Three years before the impounding of the Fierza reservoir, a four-station network was installed around it. The possibility of induced seismicity continued after the impoundment of the Fierza reservoir in 1978 and the Komani reservoir, in 1985. The seismicity of the zone and some aspects of induced seismicity including temporal correlation of seismicity with water level changes, spatial patterns in seismicity, frequency-mag nitude relations, fault plane solutions etc., are studied during this period. The presence in this zone of a very important transverse fault, the Shkoder-Peja fault, makes the study of induced seismicity from Fierza and Komani reservoirs even more significant. The studies have shown that the impounding of the Fierza and Komani reservoirs has modified the natural course of microearthquake energy release, increasing the number of swarms in this area.¶The fluctuation of the water level in these two reservoirs, in due course, is a potentially important factor in the evaluation of seismicity for Northern Albania and especially in the hazard assessment of this region.     

Prognostic anomalies of induced seismicity in the region of the Koyna-Warna water reservoirs, West India

In 2000, the region of the Koyna-Warna water reservoirs in West India was hit by two strong earthquakes, which occurred six months apart and had magnitudes M > 5. The Koyna-Warna seismic zone is a typical region of induced seismicity with a pronounced correlation between seismicity and water level variations in the reservoirs. This indicates that the stress level in the region is close to critical; thus, insignificant variations in stress caused by the variations in the water level may trigger a strong earthquake. In order to study the preparatory processes in the sources of the induced earthquakes, in this paper we analyze the seismic catalogue for the Koyna-Warna region before a pair of strong earthquakes of 2000. The induced seismicity is found to exhibit prognostic variations, which are typical of preparation of tectonic earthquakes and indicative of the formation of metastable source zones of future earthquakes. Based on the obtained results, we suggest that initiation of failure in these metastable zones within the region of induced seismicity could have been caused by the external impacts associated with water level variations in the reservoirs and by the internal processes of avalanche unstable crack propagation.     

紫坪铺水库蓄水前天然地震活动

紫坪铺水库位于龙门山断裂带。了解和掌握水库蓄水前库坝区及其周围天然地震活动背景水平,可对水库诱发地震的危险性进行前期评价,可为蓄水后的诱发地震活动监测提供可靠的鉴别依据。紫坪铺水库地震台网在水库蓄水前运行逾1年,本文用这批资料提供表征库区及附近和库坝区蓄水前天然地震活动水平确切实用的各项指标。用全国和四川台网地震资料,给出含库区的较大区域地震活动背景和对库区的影响。     

Source Parameters and Scaling Relations for Reservoir Induced Seismicity in the Longtan Reservoir Area

We investigate the relationship between the impoundment and seismicity in the Longtan reservoir, southwestern China and find evidence that the seismicity was reservoir induced. After the reservoir impoundment, a pronounced increase in seismicity was observed in five clusters mainly concentrated in the areas where few earthquakes had occurred before the first filling. The observed induced seismicity shows a strong correlation with the filling cycles. The activity levels in the five clusters are different due to differences in the structures and permeabilities of the faults. Source parameters for 1,616 earthquakes with M _L 0.1–4.2 recorded by 24 fixed and temporary stations deployed around the reservoir were calculated after applying corrections for geometrical spreading, frequency-dependent Q, and site effects. The static stress drop and apparent stress in this area both appear to increase with increasing seismic moment over the entire magnitude range. Our results show that reservoir induced earthquakes have ten times lower average stress drop than natural tectonic earthquakes. These results may indicate that the reservoir induced seismicity can occur with a lower tectonic stress due to the high pore pressures of the underground medium, and that the effect of the water decreases the coefficient of friction.     

水库诱发地震的预测

从三方面对水库诱发地震进行预测：根椐水库区的地质、地震和工程条件,在水库的设计阶段进行诱发地震的前期评价预测;按国内外已有震例资料预测可能诱发地震的水库发生最大地震的时间;在已初发震的水库对地震的发展趋势和破坏性地震的可能性进行预测     

孔隙压力扩散与水库诱发地震活动性的初步研究

水库诱发地震活动与水的渗透有密切关系,本文认为水库诱发地震中,前震活动主要是由于水的渗透引起孔隙压力扩散,岩石强度弱化所致。由于水库区地下岩石渗透性质的复杂性,将库区岩石介质分为均匀、非均匀渗透的两种情况,利用两相(固、液)多孔介质中孔隙压力扩散理论,分别对水库蓄水所引起的孔隙压力场进行了数值模拟计算,计算结果表明,非均匀渗透模型中水渗透所形成的孔隙压力分布与水库地震发生的空间位置对应得较好,孔隙压力峰值扩散到水库诱发地震的前震震源处的时间(1.8天～45天)与水库蓄水后引起前震活动的滞后时间大体一致。     

水库诱发地震与构造地震震源参数特征差异性研究——以龙滩水库为例

首先讨论龙滩库区水库蓄水与地震活动之间的关系,发现龙滩水库诱发地震特征十分明显,地震共分5丛呈丛集分布.利用库区架设的24个固定和流动台站记录的数字记录资料,在研究得到龙滩库区非弹性衰减和台站场地响应的基础上,精确测定得到了该地区总共1616个ML≥0.1级地震的震源参数,比较了水库诱发地震与构造地震震源参数特征的差异,得到了以下主要结论:1)龙滩水库地震活动与水库蓄水关系密切,不同蓄水阶段5丛的地震活动状态不同,局部断裂构造发育以及岩石透水性能影响着地震活动对蓄水过程的响应.2)龙滩水库诱发地震的地震矩M0随震级ML的增大而增大,两者之间存在较好的线性关系,统计关系为LogM0=1.07 ML+10.17.应力降与地震大小之间的关系和Nuttli的板内地震为增加应力降(ISD)模型的结果比较吻合,统计关系为LogΔσ=0.71 ML-2.89.3)龙滩水库地区地震辐射能量和地震视应力均随震级的增大而增大,后者意味着大地震是比小地震更高效率的地震能量辐射体.4)总体上不同丛地震应力降水平存在差异.地震应力降空间分布上与库水深度有较好的一致性,即库水深的区域应力降水平高.5)与同震级的构造地震相比,水库诱发地震的应力降值比前者明显偏低,大约小10倍.这可能是由于水库蓄水造成地下介质孔隙压力增大或者水的润滑作用,从而导致在一个比较低的构造应力情况下发生水库诱发地震.     

Estimation of Potential Risk of Reservoir-Induced Earthquake for the Proposed Hydroelectric Project on the Yangtze Gorges

The proposed hydroelectric project on the Yangtze Gorges will be one of the largest power stations in the world.The problem of induced seismicity to the project has attracted much attention throughout China and the world.A research program has been carried out by the State Seismological Bureau of China.Based on the size of the reservoir and the lithology,geological structure,permeability,stress state,and previous seismicity in the region,the potential risk of reservoir-induced seismicity has been estimated.The results suggest that,after impoundment in the reservoir area,the possibility of induced seismicity cannot be completely ruled out.The areas with potential risk may be in some gorges composed of karstified carbonate and plutonic granite around the dam site.However,the magnitude is expected to be limited owing to the small dimension of the induced seismogenic faults.     

Fluid-induced seismicity: Pressure diffusion and hydraulic fracturing

Borehole fluid injections are common for the development of hydrocarbon and geothermic reservoirs. Often they induce numerous microearthquakes. Spatio-temporal dynamics of such induced microseismic clouds can be used to characterize reservoirs. However, a fluid-induced seismicity can be caused by a wide range of processes. Here we show that linear pore pressure relaxation and a hydraulic fracturing are two asymptotic end members of a set of non-linear diffusional phenomena responsible for seismicity triggering. To account for the whole range of processes we propose a rather general non-linear diffusional equation describing the pore pressure evolution. This equation takes into account a possibly strong enhancement of the medium permeability. Both linear pore pressure relaxation and hydraulic fracturing can be obtained as special limiting cases of this equation. From this equation we derive the triggering front of fluid induced seismicity, which is valid in the general case of non-linear pore pressure diffusion. We demonstrate corresponding seismicity signatures on different case studies.