裂隙概化模型的非饱和渗流试验研究

借鉴多孔介质非饱和渗流试验的研究成果,研制出一套可同时测定单裂隙毛细压力-饱和度以及非饱和渗透系数-毛细压力关系的试验装置.为检验试验装置的可信度和试验原理的正确性,并初步探讨单裂隙非饱和渗流的机理,特制作了一阶梯开度的裂隙概化模型(本文称之为“S-H”裂隙模型),并在上述试验装置上进行了“S-H”裂隙模型的非饱和渗流试验,初步阐明了单裂隙非饱和渗流的一些基本水力特性,同时试验结果也表明本文试验装置和试验原理合理可靠.     

岩体离散裂隙网络的非饱和渗流数值分析

针对裂隙岩体的非饱和渗流问题,基于离散裂隙网络模型并结合非饱和Darcy定律、Richards方程、非饱和本构模型以及Signorini型饱和-非饱和互补溢出边界,提出了离散裂隙网络非饱和渗流问题的数学模型。采用有限单元法建立了裂隙网络非饱和渗流模型的数值求解格式和对应的迭代算法。通过与矩形坝稳定渗流、一维竖直裂隙非饱和入渗以及室内二维瞬态排水渗流的试验、数值及理论结果对比分析,验证了文中算法的有效性;根据流量等效原则,指出了裂隙网络模型应用于求解连续介质非饱和渗流问题的有效性。验证了该算法对于求解裂隙边坡降雨入渗问题的可靠性,揭示了降雨入渗过程裂隙网络流量分布的非均匀性及裂隙产状对降雨入渗流动具有重要的控制作用。     

岩石裂隙的非饱和渗透特性及其演化规律研究

岩石裂隙的非饱和渗透特性是岩土、能源和环境等领域科学研究中的热点问题。采用三维激光扫描获取花岗岩裂隙的表面形貌特征,分析裂隙微观形貌特征对非饱和渗透特性的影响。研究在张拉、压缩、剪切等复杂荷载作用下裂隙开度分布的演化规律,建立复杂荷载作用下岩石裂隙非饱和毛细压力曲线演化模型。基于裂隙的微观形貌特征推导了岩石裂隙非饱和相对渗透系数模型,通过与试验数据对比,验证了模型的准确性和有效性,并在此基础上建立了复杂荷载作用下岩石裂隙非饱和相对渗透系数演化模型。研究成果对非饱和条件下裂隙岩体的水-力耦合机制研究具有一定指导意义。     

基于COMSOL Multiphysics的非饱和裂隙土降雨入渗特性研究

基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件对非饱和裂隙土降雨入渗特性进行数值模拟研究。通过将裂隙和基质分别离散成有限单元,建立了能充分模拟土中裂隙流、基质流以及裂隙-基质流量交换的离散裂隙-孔隙介质模型。结合"空气单元"的概念,对裂隙土的上边界进行模拟。该方法不仅能描述降雨初期雨水沿裂隙优先入渗的现象,还能描述当降雨量大于裂隙土入渗量时雨水沿地表流走的现象。通过对地表以下2 m深度内低渗含裂隙土体进行模拟,分析了裂隙的几何特征、基质的水力特性、前期水分条件以及降雨强度对非饱和裂隙土降雨入渗过程的影响。结果表明,在非饱和裂隙土中,存在两个主要的渗流过程:一是水沿裂隙优先流动;二是水不断从裂隙吸入基质中,基质吸收水的作用抑制了裂隙中优势流的发展。与裂隙的几何特征相比,基质的水力特性对非饱和裂隙土渗流的影响较大。增大基质的饱和渗透系数可能使由裂隙流主导的渗流过程转变为由基质流主导的渗流过程,而基质的非饱和特性与裂隙土的初始含水率改变了土体的储水能力,从而加速或延缓了降雨入渗至某一深度的时间。降雨强度对土体入渗速率和入渗量均有影响,当超过裂隙土的入渗能力时,多余积水沿地表流走,断面入渗率随...     

单裂隙岩体非饱和临界状态渗流特性初步研究

探讨了裂隙非饱和渗流机制,认为裂隙尺度上的非饱和渗流实际上是由许多局部开度尺度上的饱和渗流构成的。用重正化理论的方法,对裂隙发生逾渗相变时的临界特性进行了研究,指出裂隙非饱和渗流存在一临界饱和度值,当饱和度小于该值时,裂隙中无渗流存在。对裂隙非饱和水力传导度进行了讨论。     

非饱和带裂隙岩体渗流的特点和概念模型

非饱和带裂隙岩体中的渗流和饱和带相比有其不同的特点,包括毛细管流、薄膜流、优先流和裂隙-基质相互作用等。这些特点导致非饱和带裂隙岩体中的渗流具有相当的非均质性。笔者描述了裂隙岩体中非饱和渗流的这些特点,并简单讨论了目前所存在的模拟非饱和渗流的概念模型。     

岩体单裂隙非饱和渗流毛管压力-饱和度关系研究

在进行裂隙岩体非饱和渗流研究中,选用合理的裂隙岩体毛管压力-饱和度关系曲线非常关键。基于裂隙岩体非饱和渗流特点,简述当前国内外非饱和裂隙岩体毛管压力-饱和度关系曲线模型的研究状况。总结出非饱和裂隙渗透具有毛细管流、薄膜流、优先流、裂隙-基质相互作用和沟槽流特点;分析了建立单裂隙岩体非饱和渗流毛管压力-饱和度关系曲线模型的主要方法,包括物模试验法、数值计算法和数学推导法,并归纳这些方法的计算结果;最后,结合渗流特点,对各种曲线模型结果进行比较,进一步分析得出：(1) 目前的曲线关系均建立在毛管理论基础之上,几乎没有反映渗流其他特点的关系曲线;(2) 运用数值计算法和数学推导建立曲线模型较为简便;(2) 在排水曲线初始时段,Brooks-Corey(BC)模型模拟得到的结果比van Genuchten(VG)模型要好些,而在末尾时段VG模型要好些。     

裂隙岩体渗流特性物模试验研究进展

简要综述了国内外裂隙岩体单裂隙、水力耦合、非饱和及考虑填充物情况下的渗流特性物模试验研究成果,并做了相应的分析和讨论。分析表明：物模试验在研究裂隙岩体渗流特性方面具有不可替代的作用;需要进行更多的模拟实际岩体裂隙的试验;反映剪应力或三维应力影响的物模试验是一个需要加强的方向;真正意义上的非饱和渗流试验还很少;填充裂隙渗流的研究更具实际意义,也待于加强。分析结果为今后的裂隙岩体渗流特性物模试验研究提供了有益的方向     

含裂隙非饱和土体的变形与渗流耦合的二维解析分析

含裂隙土体在降雨条件下的渗流规律相对比较复杂,为进一步讨论含裂隙土体渗流机制,在一维解析解的基础上,建立二维饱和-非饱和含裂隙土渗流解析模型,并通过Fourier积分变化推导出二维渗流控制方程的显式解析解。此解析解考虑了多裂隙情况下的孔隙水压力分布和流量边界条件。二维解析解能够准确地获得渗流和变形耦合非饱和土中水的入渗影响规律,并进一步讨论了降雨条件下,不同裂隙模式(裂隙深度、裂隙发育位置及裂隙密集程度)对坡体渗流的影响规律,探讨了含裂隙区域的孔隙水压力分布规律。     

非饱和裂隙岩体渗流的统计模型研究方法

常规方法研究非饱和裂隙介质往往采用宏观连续体的概念,然而现场试验证明,非饱和裂隙岩体中的渗流具有相当的非均质性。天然裂隙岩体的非饱和渗流是发生在三维裂隙网络中的多场非等温流,要在不完整的信息基础上刻画和表现介质的不均匀性,通常借助随机模拟的手段。将三维裂隙系统近似为概化的二维非均匀多孔介质的二维平面裂隙。采用模拟退火法将取自各种来源的信息资料通过建立适当的目标函数汇集至模型之中,以此模拟裂隙的空间特征。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of groundwater head losses on and nearby short intersections between disc-shaped fractures

Discrete fracture models are used for investigating precise processes of groundwater flow in fractured rocks,while a disc-shaped parallel-plates model for a single fracture is more reasonable and efficient for computational treatments.The flow velocity has a large spatial differentiation which is more likely to produce non-linear flow and additional head losses on and nearby intersections in such shaped fractures,therefore it is necessary to understand and quantify them.In this study,both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations were performed to investigate the total head loss on and nearby the intersections as well as the local head loss exactly on the intersections,which were not usually paid sufficient attention or even ignored.The investigation results show that these two losses account for 29.17%-84.97%and 0-73.57%of the entire total head loss in a fracture,respectively.As a result,they should be necessarily considered for groundwater modeling in fractured rocks.Furthermore,both head losses become larger when aperture and flow rate increase and intersection length decreases.Particularly,the ratios of these two head losses to the entire total head loss in a fracture could be well statistically explained by power regression equations with variables of aperture,intersection length,and flow rates,both of which achieved high coefficients of determination.It could be feasible through this type of study to provide a way on how to adjust the groundwater head from those obtained by numerical simulations based on the traditional linear flow model.Finally,it is practicable and effective to implement the investigation approach combining laboratory experiments with numerical simulations for quantifying the head losses on and nearby the intersections between disc-shaped fractures.     

离散裂隙渗流方法与裂隙化渗透介质建模

流体渗流模拟的连续介质方法通常适用于多孔地质体，并不一定适用于裂隙岩体，由于裂隙分布及其特征与孔隙差异较大。若流体渗流主要受裂隙的控制，对于一定尺寸的裂隙岩体，多孔介质假设则较难刻划裂隙岩体的渗流特征。离散裂隙渗流方法不但可直接用于模拟裂隙岩体非均质性和各向异性等渗流特征，而且可用其确定所研究的裂隙岩体典型单元体及其水力传导（渗透）张量大小。主要讨论了以下问题：（1）饱和裂隙介质中一般的离散流体渗流模拟；（2）裂隙岩体中的REV（典型单元体）及其水力传导（渗透）张量的确定；（3）利用离散裂隙网络流体渗流模型研究裂隙方向几何参数对水力传导系数和REV的影响；（4）在二维和三维离散裂隙流体渗流模型中对区域大裂隙和局部小裂隙的处理方法。调查结果显示离散裂隙流体渗流数学模型可用来评价不同尺度上的裂隙岩体的水力特征，以及裂隙方向对裂隙化岩体的水力特征有着不可忽视的影响。同时，局部小裂隙、区域大裂隙应当区别对待，以便据其所起的作用及水力特征，建立裂隙化岩体相应的流体渗流模型。     

Review: The state-of-art of sparse channel models and their applicability to performance assessment of radioactive waste repositories in fractured crystalline formations

Laboratory and field experiments done on fractured rock show that flow and solute transport often occur along flow channels. ‘Sparse channels’ refers to the case where these channels are characterised by flow in long flow paths separated from each other by large spacings relative to the size of flow domain. A literature study is presented that brings together information useful to assess whether a sparse-channel network concept is an appropriate representation of the flow system in tight fractured rock of low transmissivity, such as that around a nuclear waste repository in deep crystalline rocks. A number of observations are made in this review. First, conventional fracture network models may lead to inaccurate results for flow and solute transport in tight fractured rocks. Secondly, a flow dimension of 1, as determined by the analysis of pressure data in well testing, may be indicative of channelised flow, but such interpretation is not unique or definitive. Thirdly, in sparse channels, the percolation may be more influenced by the fracture shape than the fracture size and orientation but further studies are needed. Fourthly, the migration of radionuclides from a waste canister in a repository to the biosphere may be strongly influenced by the type of model used (e.g. discrete fracture network, channel model). Fifthly, the determination of appropriateness of representing an in situ flow system by a sparse-channel network model needs parameters usually neglected in site characterisation, such as the density of channels or fracture intersections.     

Sensitivity analysis of hydrological parameters in modeling flow and transport in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA

The unsaturated fractured volcanic deposits at Yucca Mountain in Nevada, USA, have been intensively investigated as a possible repository site for storing high-level radioactive waste. Field studies at the site have revealed that there exist large variabilities in hydrological parameters over the spatial domain of the mountain. Systematic analyses of hydrological parameters using a site-scale three-dimensional unsaturated zone (UZ) flow model have been undertaken. The main objective of the sensitivity analyses was to evaluate the effects of uncertainties in hydrologic parameters on modeled UZ flow and contaminant transport results. Sensitivity analyses were carried out relative to fracture and matrix permeability and capillary strength (van Genuchten α) through variation of these parameter values by one standard deviation from the base-case values. The parameter variation resulted in eight parameter sets. Modeling results for the eight UZ flow sensitivity cases have been compared with field observed data and simulation results from the base-case model. The effects of parameter uncertainties on the flow fields were evaluated through comparison of results for flow and transport. In general, this study shows that uncertainties in matrix parameters cause larger uncertainty in simulated moisture flux than corresponding uncertainties in fracture properties for unsaturated flow through heterogeneous fractured rock.     

Thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of fracturing porous media with two-phase fluid flow using X-FEM technique

In this paper, a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model is presented for two-phase fluid flow and heat transfer in fractured/fracturing porous media using the extended finite element method. In the fractured porous medium, the traction, heat, and mass transfer between the fracture space and the surrounding media are coupled. The wetting and nonwetting fluid phases are water and gas, which are assumed to be immiscible, and no phase-change is considered. The system of coupled equations consists of the linear momentum balance of solid phase, wetting and nonwetting fluid continuities, and thermal energy conservation. The main variables used to solve the system of equations are solid phase displacement, wetting fluid pressure, capillary pressure, and temperature. The fracture is assumed to impose the strong discontinuity in the displacement field and weak discontinuities in the fluid pressure, capillary pressure, and temperature fields. The mode I fracture propagation is employed using a cohesive fracture model. Finally, several numerical examples are solved to illustrate the capability of the proposed computational algorithm. It is shown that the effect of thermal expansion on the effective stress can influence the rate of fracture propagation and the injection pressure in hydraulic fracturing process. Moreover, the effect of thermal loading is investigated properly on fracture opening and fluids flow in unsaturated porous media, and the convective heat transfer within the fracture is captured successfully. It is shown how the proposed computational model is capable of modeling the fully coupled thermal fracture propagation in unsaturated porous media.     

Application of Stochastic Fracture Network with Numerical Fluid Flow Simulations to Groundwater Flow Modeling in Fractured Rocks

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