武开河的边壁阻力判别准则

春季河道武开河可能导致冰坝形成, 但至今仍缺乏以力学机制为基础上的开河预测方法. 根据水动力学及固体力学基本理论, 提出了以河道纵向冰缝处冰层残余抗剪强度为基础的边壁阻力判别准则, 可用于武开河的开河预测. 应用黄河河曲段1987年和1988年冬季原型观测资料对纵向冰缝处的残余抗剪强度进行了分析研究, 并进而提出了其临界值. 观测资料包括开河日期, 河道宽度, 流量及冰盖厚度. 结果表明, 初始开河期冰缝处的剪切应力年际变化不大.     

开河期冰盖横向冰缝形成机理

春季随着流量或水位增加,冰盖底部受水流上举力作用发生弯曲,首先在岸壁附近形成纵向冰缝,破坏冰盖与岸壁的冻结,导致冰盖体中间部分与岸壁脱落分离。采用弹性基础梁的理论及计算方法,通过对冰盖体弯矩及弯曲应力分析,针对平面弯曲和垂直弯曲两种弯曲形式导致冰盖体横向冰缝形成机理进行了研究,并提出了横向冰缝间距的计算表达式。计算结果得到了实测资料的验证。研究结果表明,横向冰缝间距与开河初期冰盖宽度、厚度、冰的抗弯强度及地貌特征有关。     

水力与热力耦合的开河判别准则

寒带河流在春季往往会由于水力和热力因素的剧烈变化而引发冰盖溃决,国内俗称为"武开河"。这一现象会导致冰坝形成,造成巨大的自然灾害。通过冰盖断裂机理的力学分析,耦合热力对冰盖材料性质的影响,提出了一种开河判别方法。应用黄河河曲段实测原型资料进行验证分析,结果表明该准则判定结果与实际相符,是一种行之有效的判别准则。     

冰盖下水流垂线流速分布规律研究

河道中冰盖显著改变了水流流动结构.采用k-ε紊流模型建立了冰盖下水流流动垂向二维数值模型;根据量纲分析理论提出了流速分布规律的影响因素;针对各种因素的不同组合进行了数值计算,并对其流动特性如最大流速点位置、冰区及床面区平均流速等进行了分析研究;对冬季封冻河道的二点测流法精度进行了理论分析.研究结果表明,冰盖下水流的纵向流速在流动核心区并不遵循对数分布规律,同时揭示了冰盖底部与河床的相对粗糙比、河床相对粗糙度及雷诺数对流速分布规律的影响.     

冰盖下的输冰量计算分析

冰塞或冰盖下输冰受热力、水力以及边界条件等影响,计算河道在稳封期的冰流量对计算冰塞厚度及冰期水位具有重要的意义。根据对实验室试验数据的分析,提出平衡输冰形式的回归公式。同时对比了黄河河曲段稳封期的实测资料,结果显示这一计算输冰量公式的结构形式是合理的,可为天然河道稳封期输冰流量计算提供参考。     

海勃湾水库用于黄河内蒙古河段防凌作用的研究

黄河内蒙古河段冰期一般在冬季封河期和春季开河期０容易出现严重凌情,造成灾害。故良好的封河形势和开河形势是避免凌灾发生的重要条件,自１９６８年刘家峡水库运用以来,黄河内下河段凌情已大有缓解。但是,由于有峡水库距黄河内下河段较远。对河道凌情变化反应不够灵敏。因此,一些年份仍有较为严重的凌灾发生。在分析黄河内蒙古河段封、开河形势特点的基础上,深入研究了海勃湾水库用于该段春季防凌调度的作用和能力,为黄河内     

基于适体坐标变换的二维河冰模型

为精确模拟流动边界条件,克服边界形状复杂、长宽尺度相差悬殊及由于水位变化引起计算边界变化等困难,针对天然河道边界弯曲复杂等特点,应用水动力学和热力学等原理,建立了适体坐标下的二维河冰数值模型,模型主要包括流速场,水温沿河道变化,水内冰浓度分布,面冰输移,冰盖推进、稳定和消融,冰盖下冰的输移、堆积和冲蚀等,考虑了冰盖底部水中冰堆积和冰盖前沿形状对封冻过程的影响。采用MacCormack步进格式计算方法,并应用黄河河曲段实测资料对数值模拟结果进行了验证。验证结果表明,提出的数值模型能较好地体现河道的封冻过程。     

黑龙江呼玛段炸药破冰试验研究

黑龙江几乎每年开河期都有不同程度的冰坝发生, 由此引发的洪水泛滥给人们生命财产带来了巨大损失, 而防凌爆破是预防冰坝发生的主要手段之一。为了确保开河期间不发生因冰坝造成的凌汛灾害, 2018年开河前在黑龙江呼玛段实施防凌爆破。通过冰厚、 水深同步测量的冰水情数据分析, 找到河道狭窄、 流速缓慢的地方为冰坝潜在发生的位置, 采取针对性的爆破。分析了爆破坑实测直径与炸药用量、 冰厚、 水深间的关系, 并将爆破后呼玛段测量数据带入本项目组提出的爆破坑半径计算新公式中, 计算值和实测值较为接近, 可为北方高寒区河流冰下爆破提供参考。     

南水北调中线输水工程若干冰力学问题试验研究

通过在低温冰工程实验室进行的冰力学模型试验,研究了南水北调中线工程冰期输水中的若干冰力学问题,主要包括:冰的膨胀力、冰盖稳定性和浮冰对闸墩的撞击力.试验结果给出了冰的膨胀力变化典型时程曲线、不同厚度冰盖的膨胀力极值变化;不同厚度的冰盖随水位下降的最大塌落值;以及冰排对闸墩的撞击力的冰力时程曲线、冰力极值随冰速的变化曲线.这些试验成果可为南水北调中线工程冰期输水安全运行提供参考.     

新疆额尔齐斯河南湾水文站开河规律探讨及武开河成因分析

1997年3月29日额尔齐斯河南湾水文站发生了有记录资料（1985年12月至今）以来唯一一次特殊“武开河”解冻冰情现象,冰情极其特殊且影响后果严重,有必要全面分析其特殊冰情现象、特征及其影响因素。利用“1997·3·29”推冰前后的实测冰情、气温、水位等资料,对特殊“武开河”推冰现象、特征及其主要影响因素进行分析,结果显示：相较于其他年份解冻期气温缓慢稳定上升,这次“武开河”推冰现象发生前气温偏低;受气温转正时间短,气温偏低和冰厚较厚因素制约,“武开河”冰情发生前整个河流断面无推冰迹象,岸边无融冰,只有冰上流水现象;上游开河略早,来水量增加迅猛。“武开河”发生与最大冰厚间无必然因果关系,但上游来水量的急剧增加,水位快速上涨对于“武开河”解冻冰情现象的发生起了决定性作用。新疆阿勒泰地区发生冰凌溃坝型洪水的风险较低,对冰凌灾害的研究与预防方面应主要加强对推冰现象及过程的研究与预警方面。     

Chromatographic study of formation conditions of rhombododecahedral diamond crystals

The results of chromatographic study of the formation of rhombododecahedral diamonds synthesized in the Fe-Ni-(Ti)-C system at 5.5–6.0 GPa and 1350–1450°C are presented, including crystals with rounded surfaces of the rhombododecahedron with parallel striation, which are morphological analogues of natural diamonds abundant at various kimberlite, lamproite, and placer deposits. Chromatography was performed at 150°C with mechanical breakup of diamonds. The stable release of methane when diamonds of habit {110} are crushed is established. It is concluded that the appearance of the habit rhombododecahedron may be related not only to the effect of temperature and pressure on crystal growth but also to reductive conditions of crystallization. At the same time, the appearance of significant amounts of hydrocarbons in the system probably results in stopping of the growth of faces {110} and {100} and, instead, formation of specific surfaces that are composed of microscopic accessories faced by planes {111}.     

Triassic breakup of Pangea in southern Mexico: Thermochronological evidence from the Tianguistengo formation

Southern Mexico is a key area for unraveling the tectonic evolution of North America because it contains the stratigraphic and structural record of the major tectonic events that shaped this continental mass, such as the breakup of Pangea and the growth of the North America Cordilleran Orogeny. However, multiple reactivations of faults and erosion of the stratigraphic record do not permit to adequately assess the timing of these tectonic events. Although most authors suggested that lithospheric extension and exhumation of continental blocks during Pangea breakup started in Mexico by Early Jurassic time, works published in the last decade provide an increasing number of thermo-tectonic evidence of an earlier phase of continental thinning. In this work, we present detrital apatite thermochronological and geochemical data (trace elements including rare earth elements) from fluvial deposits of the Tianguistengo formation, which is the oldest stratigraphic unit of the Otlaltepec Basin, a major basin in southern Mexico that has been linked to Pangea breakup. Our data show that at least a part of the Tianguistengo formation was derived from the adjacent Pennsylvanian–Cisuralian Totoltepec pluton. Apatite fission-track-based time–temperature modelling for unreset apatite populations suggests that the main exhumation of the Totoltepec pluton, which prompted the deposition of a part of the Tianguistengo formation, took place during Late Triassic time. Thus, our results suggest that Pangea breakup in southern Mexico started at least by Middle–Late Triassic time (240–230 Ma), as it is recorded in the Otlaltepec Basin.     

Salinity and Temperature Regimes in Eastern Alaskan Beaufort Sea Lagoons in Relation to Source Water Contributions

Shallow estuarine lagoons characterize >70 % of the eastern Alaskan Beaufort Sea coastline and, like temperate and tropical lagoons, support diverse and productive biological communities. These lagoons experience large variations in temperature (?2 to 14 °C) and salinity (0 to >45) throughout the year. Unlike lower latitude coastal systems, transitions between seasons are physically extreme and event-driven. On Arctic coastlines, a brief summer open-water period is followed by a 9-month ice-covered period that concludes with a late-spring sea ice breakup and intense freshwater run-off. From 2011 to 2014, we examined interannual variations in water column physical structure (temperature, salinity, and δ¹⁸O) in five lagoons that differ with respect to their degree of exchange with adjacent marine waters and magnitude of freshwater inputs. Temperature, salinity, and source water composition (calculated using a salinity and δ¹⁸O mixing model) were variable in space and time. During sea ice breakup in June, water column δ¹⁸O and salinity measurements showed that low salinity waters originated from meteoric inputs (50–80 %; which include river inputs and direct precipitation) and sea ice melt (18–51 %). Following breakup, polar marine waters became prevalent within a mixed water column over the summer open-water period within all five lagoons (26–63 %). At the peak of ice-cover extent and thickness in April, marine water sources dominated (75–87 %) and hypersaline conditions developed in some lagoons. Seasonal runoff dynamics and differences in lagoon geomorphology (i.e., connectivity to the Beaufort Sea) are considered key potential drivers of observed salinity and source water variations.     

华南陆块北缘大陆裂断带高温低压变质作用

高温低压变质岩的形成要求高的热梯度（>30℃/km）,所对应的构造环境一直受到地质学界的关注.本文总结了我们对华南陆块北缘新元古代Rodinia超大陆裂解（breakup）时期形成的变质花岗岩和变质玄武岩所进行的岩石学和地球化学研究成果,强调大陆裂断（rift）带是形成高温低压变质岩最可能的构造环境.高温低压变质作用主要记录在含铝硅酸盐矿物的变质花岗岩中,其中所含的红柱石和夕线石为变质成因,由白云母脱水反应产生.根据含铝硅酸盐矿物的峰期矿物组合和视剖面计算,得到变质温压条件为560~660℃/1.0~3.5 kbar.变质红柱石具有非常负的δ18O值,并且与岩浆锆石处于氧同位素不平衡状态,进一步证明它是岩浆结晶后变质作用的产物.变质榍石U-Pb定年得到高温低压变质作用的年龄为751±11 Ma,与Rodinia超大陆裂解峰期年龄一致.变质玄武岩显示岛弧型微量元素分布特征,指示其源区为受俯冲大洋地壳来源流体交代的地幔楔,因此地幔源区形成于格林威尔期Rodinia超大陆聚合过程中.由此可见,导致超大陆裂解的大陆裂断是在古俯冲带基础上发育的.通过对比形成变质峰期矿物组合所需的热流值和变质花岗岩中产热元素提供的热流值,得知大陆裂断带确实存在来自软流圈地幔的异常高热流,这使得超大陆裂解过程可以发育高温低压变质作用.      

河床粗化过程中推移质输移特征试验研究

为了研究河床粗化破坏与形成过程中推移质的输移特征,基于一套新型的接沙系统,在上游无来沙条件下,进行了3组不同床沙级配的水槽试验,研究了递增梯级流量作用下河床粗化破坏与形成的过程,采集到一套高精度（0.1 g）、高频率（1 Hz）的实时推移质输沙率及分时段输沙级配数据,分析了累积输沙量、输沙率及输沙级配的变化特征。结果表明,粗化过程中累积输沙量随时间基本呈幂函数规律增长,且"粗化破坏再形成"的累积输沙量曲线出现明显转折点;推移质输沙率表现出明显的非恒定性,其粗化形成阶段的耗时要远大于粗化破坏阶段的时间,两者之比范围为3.5~20.5;推移质输沙级配中粗颗粒比例随时间变化趋势与输沙率相似,在输沙率达到峰值附近时,输沙级配与原始床沙级配相同。     

Structure and evolution of an obliquely sheared continental margin: Rio Muni, West Africa

Oblique-shear margins are divergent continental terrains whose breakup and early drift evolution are characterized by significant obliquity in the plate divergence vector relative to the strike of the margin. We focus on the Rio Muni margin, equatorial West Africa, where the ca. 70-km-wide Ascension Fracture Zone (AFZ) exhibits oblique–slip faulting and synrift half-graben formation that accommodated oblique extension during the period leading up to and immediately following whole lithosphere failure and continental breakup (ca. 117 Ma). Oblique extension is recorded also by strike–slip and oblique–slip fault geometry within the AFZ, and buckling of Aptian synrift rocks in response to block rotation and local transpression. Rio Muni shares basic characteristics of both rifted and transform margins, the end members of a spectrum of continental margin kinematics. At transform margins, continental breakup and the onset of oceanic spreading (drifting) are separate episodes recorded by discrete breakup and drift unconformities. Oceanic opening will proceed immediately following breakup on a rifted margin, whereas transform and oblique-shear margins may experience several tens of millennia between breakup and drift. Noncoeval breakup and drift have important consequences for the fit of the equatorial South American and African margins because, in reconstructing the configuration of conjugate continental margins at the time of their breakup, it cannot be assumed that highly segmented margins like the South Atlantic will match each other at their ocean–continent boundaries (OCBs). Well known ‘misfits’ in reconstructions of South Atlantic continental margins may be accounted for by differential timing of breakup and drifting between oblique-shear margins and their adjacent rifted segments.     

Development of continental margins of the Atlantic Ocean and successive breakup of the Pangaea-3 supercontinent

Comparative tectonic analysis of passive margins of the Atlantic Ocean has been performed. Tectonotypes of both volcanic and nonvolcanic margins are described, and their comparison with other passive Atlantic margins is given. The structural features of margins, peculiarities of magmatism, its sources and reasons for geochemical enrichment of melts are discussed. The important role of melting of the continental lithosphere in the development of magmatism is demonstrated. Enriched EM I and EM II sources are determined for the lower parts of the volcanic section, and a depleted or poorly enriched source is determined for the upper parts of the volcanic section based on isotope data. The conclusions of the paper relate to tectonic settings of the initial occurrence of magmatism and rifting and breakup during the period of opening of the Mesozoic Ocean. It was found out that breakup and magmatism at proximal margins led only to insignificant structural transformations and reduction of the thickness of the ancient continental crust, while very important magmatic events happened later in the distal zone. New growth of magmatic crust at the stage of continental breakup is determined as a typical feature of distal zones of the margins under study. The relationship of development of margins with the impact of deep plumes as the source of magmatic material or a heat source only is discussed. Progradation of the zone of extension and breakup into the areas of cold lithosphere of the Atlantic and the formation of a single tectonomagmatic system of the ocean are under consideration.     

龙胜地区镁铁质侵入体:年龄及其地质意义

对镁铁质侵入体进行了单颗粒锆石U-Pb年代学和Sm-Nd同位素示踪研究。结果表明:镁铁质侵入体是起源于长期亏损地幔源区的岩浆在760Ma侵位结晶的产物,其侵位过程中遭受地壳物质的混染。该年龄结果限定了丹洲群地层的沉积上限年龄,并为龙胜地区不存在蛇绿岩套的认识提供重要的年代学制约。镁铁质岩浆的形成、侵位可能与Rodinia超大陆～825Ma裂解之后的另一次裂解事件相联系。