长链烯酮及U_(37)~k值在北极海洋古温度的应用研究

在北极楚科奇海和白令海表层沉积物中检出长链烯酮化合物 ,研究结果表明楚科奇海和白令海沉积物中长链烯酮以C37∶3甲基酮占优势 ,C37～C39不饱和烯酮丰度变化顺序为C37>C38>C39.根据∑C37/∑C38比值 ,所检出的长链烯酮母质生物主要是颗石藻 (Emilianiahuxleyi) .应用Uk37和Uk′37标准校正关系式估算了表层海水古温度 ,其中Uk′37估算值为 4.1 47～ 5.70 6℃ (平均为 5.0 92℃ ) .     

固相萃取——气相色谱联用测定海洋沉积物中的长链烯酮

建立了测定痕量长链烯酮的分析方法,获得了优化的前处理条件、气相色谱检测条件.对定性定量方法及实验条件必须满足的要求进行了评价.通过过程质量控制(Quality Control,QC)对整个方法进行了验证.结果显示,本研究所建立的分析方法能够满足沉积物样品长链烯酮测定的要求:仪器的检测限分别为25.75 ng/g和28.54 ng/g;方法的检测限分别为86 ng/g和95 ng/g;平均回收率介于67％～89％,回收率相对标准偏差分别为9.33％和9.39％;精密度RSD(C37∶3)=14.07％,RSD(C37∶2)=13.17％.利用此方法对部分样品进行了分析,测得的结果与布莱梅大学实验室所测的一致.     

长链烯酮及Uk37值在北极海洋古温度的应用研究

在北极楚科奇海和白令海表层沉积物中检出长链烯酮化合物,研究结果表明楚科奇海和白令海沉积物中长链烯酮以G37:3甲基酮占优势,C37～C39不饱和烯酮丰度变化顺序为C37＞C38＞C39.根据∑C37/∑C38比值,所检出的长链烯酮母质生物主要是颗石藻(Emiliania huxleyi).应用Uk37和Uk37标准校正关系式估算了表层海水古温度,其中Uk37估算值为4.147～5.706℃(平均为5.092℃).     

长链烯酮及U37k值在北极海洋古温度的应用研究

在北极楚科奇海和白令海表层沉积物中检出长链烯酮化合物,研究结果表明楚科奇海和白令海沉积物中长链烯酮以C_37:3甲基酮占优势,C₃₇～C₃₉不饱和烯酮丰度变化顺序为C₃₇>C₃₈>C₃₉.根据∑C₃₇/∑C₃₈比值,所检出的长链烯酮母质生物主要是颗石藻(Emiliania huxleyi).应用U₃₇k和U₃₇k'标准校正关系式估算了表层海水古温度,其中U₃₇k'估算值为4.147～5.706℃(平均为5.092℃).     

澳大利亚陆缘富硫化氢水合物和盐水流体

澳大利亚南部陆缘为离散、被动陆缘 ,是在白垩纪导致澳大利亚与南极分离的拉伸和断裂时期形成的。现代陆架为无沉积物补偿陆架 ,这是因为虽然相邻的陆缘有很高的沉积速率 ,但是陆架区几乎没有沉积物堆积且晚第三纪晚期的岩石在地表出露。陆架的浅深度说明更新世时期陆架曾多次露出水面。大洋钻探计划（ＯＤＰ）１８２航次期间在２００～３９００ｍ水深处打了９个钻孔。所有钻位的样品长度为５～１０ｃｍ ,取样间隔约９．５ｃｍ。从这些样品中挤压出孔隙流体 ,利用ＯＤＰ标准程序进行盐度、Ｃｌ- 、Ｎａ+ 、Ｍｇ２ + 、Ｃａ２ + 、Ｓｒ２ + …     

长链烯酮的组合特征及其对盐度和母源种属指示意义的研究进展

长链烯酮是一类组成丰富且受到广泛研究的生物标志物,已成功应用于古海洋环境重建工作。近来海洋和湖泊的沉积物、颗粒物以及相应的母源藻类培养实验的研究结果都显示,除U■和U■指示温度外,长链烯酮化合物还可用于指示其他生态环境因子的变化。长链烯酮类化合物已经从最初的C_(37)-C_(39)组分扩展至近年来发现的C_(35)-C_(42)的甲基烯酮或乙基烯酮。在此总结了除温度指标外,近年来在海洋和湖泊中发现的长链烯酮的几种组合特征,及其可能发展出的指示环境盐度(%C_(37:4),C_(36:2)乙基烯酮)、母源种属(C_(37)/C_(38)烯酮比值,C_(38)甲基烯酮)变化以及定量区分不同类型定鞭藻合成的长链烯酮(RIK_(37)、RIK_(38Et))的潜在指标。长链烯酮的组合特征和潜在指标研究可为重建长时间尺度海洋和湖泊环境演变提供新的手段,也有助于揭示生态环境变化的机制。     

鄂霍次克海天然气水合物成藏条件分析

2006年5月由俄、韩、日、中四国共同组织的“海底冷泉与生命过程”联合调查航次,在鄂霍次克海域成功采获天然气水合物样品。从水合物发育的气源条件、温度压力条件、构造控制条件等方面,分析了该地区天然气水合物发育所具备的基本成藏条件。指出鄂霍次克海周边的高大山系为其提供了丰富的沉积物来源,并在鄂霍次克海中形成了宽广而深厚的陆架体系。陆架区沉积地层厚度一般超过10 km,且以新生代沉积为主。根据对重力柱状样品的观察和分析,并参照沉积物捕获器样品的测量结果,认为本区域沉积物总有机碳含量普遍较高。根据地震剖面解释和重力柱状样品的14C测年结果得出,本区沉积速率较高,并与目前已知水合物区的沉积速率相当。鄂霍次克海地处高纬度地区,冬季海面大部分被海冰覆盖。海面以下50~120 m之间常年存在一个低温盖层。这个低温盖层使得海底温度一直保持在2℃左右。在这样的温度条件下,鄂霍次克海350 m以深的区域都满足水合物赋存的压力条件。海底以下满足水合物温度、压力条件的沉积地层厚度为450~800 m。鄂霍次克板块位于四大板块之间,并受到四大板块的挤压。由于挤压作用,在萨哈林岛东侧陆坡地区形成一系列的海底泥火山构造,从而使该区域成为天然气水合物调查研究的主要目标区。鄂霍次克海域的沉积物源、沉积厚度、沉积速率、有机碳含量等构成该区域水合物发育良好的气源条件,而温度、压力和构造控制条件等也都非常有利于天然气水合物在该地区的发育。     

长链烯酮在西北大西洋重建全新世气候变化的研究进展

大量研究表明,长链烯酮不饱和度(UK37?指数)可用于重建过去的海面温度(sea surface tempera-ture,SST),然而是否存在其他因素导致实际温度与重建的SST之间存在差异,以及重建的温度是代表年均SST还是季节性温度都仍有争议.除了反映温度,在受季节性海冰影响或SST较低的区域,长链烯酮C37:4...     

南海沉积记录中Uk37指数与颗石藻生长季节对应性的探讨

根据表层沉积物长链不饱和烯酮的不饱和度(Uk37指数)以及现代海洋0～30 m层平均温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST),探讨在低温和高温海区利用Uk37指数重建上层古温度的合理性.同时,结合文献报道的南海上层水体中颗石藻(E.huxleyi,G.oceanica和G.ericsonii)细胞丰度的季节特征,探讨了沉积记录中Uk37指数与季节的对应性.结果表明:(1)在极端低温和高温海区(-0.6℃和28℃)Uk37指数仍是重建上层水体古温度的良好替代指标;(2)由于南海长链烯酮源生物——颗石藻的主要生长季节为冬季,因此,尽管南海表层沉积物中的Uk37指数与4个季节的SST均显著相关,但沉积记录中的Uk37指数反演的SST可能仅代表冬季上层水体的温度.     

海南岛近海海域7个沉积岩芯的现代沉积速率及其分布特征

利用多道α能谱仪,对2005年8～9月在海南岛近海采集的7个沉积岩芯进行了210Pb的沉积速率测定,探讨了海南岛近海陆架上现代沉积速率的区域性分布特征,结果表明:位于港湾内的B1168站位由于沉积物供应充足,有最高的沉积速率,达2.9 cm/a;位于河口海湾附近且受沿岸流影响的B289站位,有很高的沉积速率,可达1.6 cm/a,沉积环境较稳定;位于西南海底沙脊区北缘且靠近昌化江河口的B97、B135、B10站位也有较高沉积速率,分别达到1.0、0.89和0.47 cm/a,在表层都出现了210Pb放射性活度倒置的现象,表明所处区域有较强混合作用;处于西南外陆架的C4站位受北部湾环流影响,沉积速率为0.6 cm/a;位于东部外陆架的B377站位处于上升流区,沉积速率较低,为0.21 cm/a.可见,海南岛近海陆架上的现代沉积速率存在着明显的区域分布:在物质来源丰富的沿岸流作用区和河口区附近,现代沉积速率很高;在陆架环流沉积作用区,现代沉积速率也较高;在水深较大的外陆架上,由于沉积物供应相对匮乏,沉积速率一般较低;在近岸潮流沙脊区,由于水动力很强,无法形成现代细粒沉积.同时,在陆架上,沉积速率有随着水深的增加而降低的趋势.由此可见,海南岛近海海域的沉积速率与该区的物质供应、水动力条件和海底地形等因素有密切关系.     

冲绳海槽二万年以来沉积物中烯酮化合物与古温度的研究

应用烯酮化合物的不饱和比值U₃₇k计算得出冲绳海槽海水古温度波动幅度在15.9～26.2℃之间,平均为22.9℃,和冬季实测表层水温22.0℃相接近,探讨了U₃₇k值在冲绳海槽指示的古海水温度和季节有关,主要反映在冬季。     

Time-series sediment trap record of alkenones from the western Sea of Okhotsk

C₃₇–C₃₉ alkenones were measured in time-series sediment trap samples collected from August 1998 to June 2000 at two depths in the seasonal sea ice region of the western Sea of Okhotsk, off Sakhalin, in order to investigate alkenone production and water-column processes in the region. Measurable export fluxes of alkenones are ranged from < 0.1 to 5.8 μg/m²/day and clearly showed that the alkenone production was restricted to autumn. In 1998, maximum export flux of alkenones occurred in September when surface water column was well stratified with low nutrients in the surface mixing layer. In the next year, the maximum flux is observed in October. Comparison between alkenone temperature and satellite based sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the estimated alkenone temperatures in August 1998 were found to be  10 °C lower than the temporal satellite SST, suggesting that alkenones are produced in surface to subsurface thermocline layers during the period. Annual mean flux of alkenones is lower in the lower traps than that of the upper traps, suggesting rapid degradation of alkenones in water column, but the U^K₃₇′ value is not significantly altered. This study indicates that U^K₃₇′ values preserved in the surface sediments off Sakhalin reflect the seasonal temperature signal of near surface water, rather than annual mean surface temperature.     

Determination of benzene at low parts per trillion levels in seawater

This paper reports a sampling and analysis method, incorporating the technique of dynamic headspace sampling, which has been optimized for the rapid and precise determination of low ppt levels of benzene in seawater. One-liter, standard-taper glass reagent bottles are used as the combined sampling container and purge device reservoir. For sampling, the bottle is equipped with a teflon stopcock gas adapter, evacuated, connected via teflon tubing to a piece of glass tubing sealed on one end, and placed in a bucket attached to the ship's hydrowire. Filling is initiated at the desired depth by breaking the sealed glass tube with a messenger. For purging, the gas adapter is replaced with a gas-dispersion tube, a Tenax trap is attached, and the stirred, heated sample is purged with helium. The Tenax traps are designed to fit into the unmodified injection port of the gas chromatograph for thermal desorption. They consist of 6-mm o.d. by 4-mm i.d. glass tubes packed with a 5-cm length of Tenax GC. Sample temperature, purge rate, and purge time are all optimized for maximum benzene recovery, which averages 95%. The chromatographic column used is 0.3% Carbowax 20M on Carbopack C, 3.2 mm × 1.3 m stainless steel, programmed from 0°C to 180°C. Overall recovery precision is 14% RSD at a level of 15 ppt.     

长链烯酮化合物与生物化石

本文研究了南海北部３１孔岩芯样的长链烯酮化合物的分布与微体古生物（钙质超微化石和浮游有孔虫）的关系。烯酮化合物主要来自定鞭金藻的赫胥黎艾氏石Ｅｍｉｌｉａｎｉｓａｈｕｘｌｅｙｉ，其中Ｃ３７∶２Ｍｅ含量在３１％～７０％。应用Ｃ３７的不饱和比值（Ｕ３７ｋ）计算了南海３１孔柱状样的海水古温度，波动幅度在２３．２～２８．３℃之间，平均为２５．３℃，低于该海域海水实测年平均温度（２８．１℃）。Ｕ３７ｋ值的变化与浮游有孔虫壳体的氧同位素值分期有着对应的关系，亦可相应分成５期。     

Anomalously low alkenone temperatures caused by lateral particle and sediment transport in the Malvinas Current region, western Argentine Basin

We analysed the alkenone unsaturation ratio (U^K′₃₇) in 87 surface sediment samples from the western South Atlantic (5°N–50°S) in order to evaluate its applicability as a paleotemperature tool for this part of the ocean. The measured U^K′₃₇ ratios were converted into temperature using the global core-top calibration of Müller et al. (1998) and compared with annual mean atlas sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) of overlying surface waters. The results reveal a close correspondence (<1.5°C) between atlas and alkenone temperatures for the Western Tropical Atlantic and the Brazil Current region north of 32°S, but deviating low alkenone temperatures by −2° to −6°C are found in the regions of the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence (35–39°S) and the Malvinas Current (41–48°S). From the oceanographic evidence these low U^K′₃₇ values cannot be explained by preferential alkenone production below the mixed layer or during the cold season. Higher nutrient availability and algal growth rates are also unlikely causes. Instead, our results imply that lateral displacement of suspended particles and sediments, caused by strong surface and bottom currents, benthic storms, and downslope processes is responsible for the deviating U^K′₃₇ temperatures. In this way, particles and sediments carrying a cold water U^K′₃₇ signal of coastal or southern origin are transported northward and offshore into areas with warmer surface waters. In the northern Argentine Basin the depth between displaced and unaffected sediments appears to coincide with the boundary between the northward flowing Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) and the southward flowing North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) at about 4000 m.     

Production and transport of long-chain alkenones and alkyl alkenoates in a sea water column in the northwestern Pacific off central Japan

Sinking particles collected from year-long time-series sediment traps at 1674, 4180, 5687 and 8688 m depths, the underlying bottom sediment at 9200 m depth, and suspended particles from surface and subsurface waters in the northwestern North Pacific off Japan were analyzed for long-chain alkenones and alkyl alkenoates (A&A) which are derived mainly from Gephyrocapsacean algae, especially Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica. Alkenone temperature records in sediment trap samples at 1674 m were almost similar to observed sea surface temperatures (SST) with a time delay of one half to one full month. However, alkenone temperatures in trap samples were about slightly lower than measured SST in late spring to early fall. The lowering might be caused by formation of the seasonal thermocline. Nevertheless, these temperature drops observed in trap samples were smaller than those actually observed in a subsurface layer off central Japan. Vertical profiles of A&A concentrations and alkenone temperatures in suspended particles collected from the subsurface waters in early fall indicated that these compounds were produced mostly in a surface mixed layer above the depth of the chlorophyll maximum even in warm seasons. These results suggested that alkenone temperatures strongly reflected SST rather than the temperatures of thermocline waters in these study areas even in such a warm season. Pronounced maxima in A&A fluxes found in sediment trap samples at 1674 m in late spring to summer showed that A&A productions were highest during the periods of spring bloom, according to a time delay between alkenone temperatures and observed SST. Seasonal patterns of alkenone records in trap samples at 4180 and 5687 m could also preserve SST signals well, suggesting that A&A in deep sea waters were mainly derived from primary products in the surface layer. A&A fluxes tended to decrease with water depth, and the ratios of A&A to particulate organic carbon (POC) rapidly decreased in underlying bottom sediment. This clearly indicates that A&A were decomposed and diluted by other refractory organic materials in either the water column or the sediment–water interface. However, A&A compositions were consistently uniform between the trap samples and the underlying bottom sediments, so that A&A could not qualitatively alter during early diagenetic processes.     

南海北部盛冰期以来古海洋环境变化的沉积记录

利用气候替代指标U₃₇k-SST,浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides ruber的δ18O,δ13C,微体古生物种群变化、陆源和生源组分以及沉积物粒径等,对南海北部69孔沉积物进行综合研究.结果表明U₃₇k-SST在冰后期为23.3～26.9℃,在末次盛冰期时为22.2～23.8℃.用浮游有孔虫转换函数法对季节温差进行估算,在冰后期为4.5～7.0℃,在末次冰期为7.0～9.0℃,两种估温法均反映了古气候变化相应的海水表层温度.69柱沉积物地层记录在末次盛冰期浮游有孔虫温带优势种Neogloboguadrina pachyderma和营养种Neogloboguadrina dutertrei丰度一致增加;热带优势种Pulleniatina obliqueloculata和Globigerinoide sacculifer以及超微化石丰度则相应减少,而冰后期则相反.浮游有孔虫、钙质超微化石组成和数量的改变也为古海洋温度升、降提供了直接的证据.研究还表明南海北部冰后期以河流搬运为主,末次盛冰期时以风力搬运占优势,这反映了冬季风强化.     

南海海底沉积物声学物理参数测定的温度和时间优化研究

海洋沉积物含水率、密度和孔隙度等物理参数是沉积物声学特性研究中的重要指标。由于南海沉积物类型多样、成分复杂, 特别是深海沉积物样品珍贵, 需精确测定沉积物声学及物理参数并无损害地保持沉积物化学性质。文章以黏土、粉砂和砂三种典型海底沉积物为研究对象, 使用环刀法和烘干法, 在不同温度条件下(60℃、80℃、100℃和120℃)测定和分析了这三种沉积物的含水率、密度、孔隙度随烘干时间的变化趋势及特征, 并进行了回归分析和综合研究。结果表明: 1) 对同类型沉积物, 温度越高, 完全失去孔隙水的时间越短, 且失水过程具有阶段性;2) 同一温度下, 三种典型沉积物完全失去孔隙水的时间为t_砂<t_粉砂<t_黏土, 且不同时间段, 失去孔隙水的速率差异较大, 这主要与沉积物的颗粒大小、颗粒间的间隙大小以及烘干后期沉积物中所含的水分均已大部分流失有关;3) 建议声学沉积物样品的烘干温度以80℃左右为宜, 并给出三种沉积物完全烘干的参考时长和临界时间;4) 在温度为80℃时, 将临界时间处的物理参数带入经验方程进行声速预报是可行的。     

Metal binding by humic acids in recent sediments from the SW Iberian coastal area

The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, As, Mn and Co were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry both in recent sediments from different locations of the Huelva littoral (SW Iberian Peninsula) and in their humic acid (HA) fractions in order to evaluate distribution and binding capacity of those trace elements to HAs. In addition, elemental composition (C, N, S) and δ¹³C values were determined to appraise the sources of organic matter in the area. This study involved the comparison of selected samples taken from different environments including the estuary of the Guadiana River, the main fluvial system of the region, the Tinto and Odiel estuary system and the proximal shelf. Significant positive correlations were found among Cu, Zn, As and Pb in bulk sediments, suggesting a common origin of all of those elements: the mining activities and pyrite deposits located hinterland. On the other hand, results for Cr, Co and Ni pointed to the basic rocks from the low basin of the Guadiana River as their main source. Elemental (C, N) and isotopic (δ¹³C) composition of sediments indicated a significant contribution of autochthonous plankton in coastal shelf sediments, whereas estuarine and riverine sediments showed a major contribution of terrestrial biomass. Geochemical values for their corresponding HAs suggested a greater terrestrial contribution in the sedimentary OM of the coastal shelf sediments than in bulk sediments, which evidenced the influence of coastal currents and sediment fluxes. Humic acids sequester considerable amounts of Cu and Zn contributing to reduce the bioavailability of these contaminants.     

白令海颗粒有机物碳、氮同位素组成及其生物地球化学意义

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of particulate organic matter(POM) were measured for samples collected from the Bering Sea in 2010 summer. Particulate organic carbon(POC) and particulate nitrogen(PN) showed high concentrations in the shelf and slope regions and decreased with depth in the slope and basin, indicating that biological processes play an important role on POM distribution. The low C/N ratio and heavy isotopic composition of POM, compared to those from the Alaska River, suggested a predominant contribution of marine biogenic organic matter in the Bering Sea. The fact that δ13C and δ15N generally increased with depth in the Bering Sea basin demonstrated that organic components with light carbon or nitrogen were decomposed preferentially during their transport to deep water. However, the high δ13C and δ15N observed in shelf bottom water were mostly resulted from sediment resuspension.