尾矿坝筑坝模袋力学性能试验研究

模袋法是解决上游法细粒尾矿堆坝难的一种新方法。为研究模袋法尾矿坝筑坝模袋的基本力学性能,采用与云南省某尾矿坝施工现场一样的土工布和尾砂,通过斜坡滑移、直剪、无侧限压缩试验,对固结不同时间的小尺寸尾矿坝筑坝模袋进行了摩擦和受压性能的试验研究。斜坡滑移试验表明,若含水率相对较低,则模袋间的摩擦系数较大;直剪试验测得固结8 d的模袋间内摩擦角约为28º,黏聚力约为40 kPa;在无侧限压缩条件下,固结1 d和3 d的模袋在受压过程中,其弹性模量都表现为“大-小-大”的变化形式。由于土工布和尾砂的共同作用,模袋的极限抗压强度远大于单纯尾砂堆积体的极限抗压强度。当压应力达到模袋所能承受的极限荷载时,通常会在模袋底部靠近模袋边缘处发生土工布的撕裂破坏,采用主动土压力理论分析了发生破坏的原因。本试验研究可以为模袋法尾矿坝的实践提供理论指导。     

基于高分子复合材料改良砂土三轴剪切试验研究

为研究剑麻纤维和高分子固化剂复合改良对砂土工程特性影响,通过一系列三轴剪切试验,对不同掺量和长度的剑麻纤维与高分子固化剂改良砂土的剪切强度特性进行了研究,从峰值偏应力、应力应变曲线特征和抗剪强度参数等方面分别对改良机理进行了研究。研究结果表明,纯高分子固化剂改良砂土的峰值偏应力和黏聚力明显提升,由于固化剂粘结砂土颗粒,限制了变形过程中颗粒的相对滑动,内摩擦角略微降低。随纤维掺量的增加,不同围压下固化剂改良土体的峰值偏应力明显增加,应力硬化特征愈加明显,土体的黏聚力和内摩擦角随纤维掺量的增加保持单调递增趋势。在单纯添加固化剂的情况下,土体强度与固化剂浓度呈正相关的关系;在给定0.4%的纤维含量下,随着纤维长度的加长,纤维和高分子固化剂复合改良砂土的剪切强度先增强后降低;在纤维长度为18 mm时,土体的剪切强度达到最大,黏聚力达到最大207.57 kPa;纤维长度的改变对试样破坏时的轴向应变和土体的内摩擦角基本没有影响。     

减围压平面应变压缩试验条件下丰浦砂中剪切带特性研究

不同于常规土体单元试验中恒定围压的应力路径,进行了减围压（卸载）应力路径下丰浦砂的平面应变压缩试验,研究了初始围压和初始相对密度对砂土的剪切强度和剪切带特性的影响。结合二维数字图像（DIC）相关方法,分析剪切带的形成过程,对剪切带的厚度和倾角及其影响因素进行定量地分析。研究结果表明,剪切带形成于峰值剪切强度之前;对于密实丰浦砂试样,随着围压的增加,其剪切强度(最大有效主应力比)减小且峰值强度出现越晚,剪切带厚度减小而剪切带倾角变化不大;丰浦砂试样的相对密度越高,剪切强度越大且峰值强度出现越早,剪切带厚度越小而剪切带倾角越高。此外,基于峰值内摩擦角的Coulomb公式可以较好地预测平面应变试验条件下丰浦砂的最大剪切带倾角。     

含水率影响下尾矿砂内摩擦角随标贯击数变化研究

尾矿砂样品在运输和存放过程中均存在易扰动的特点,但考虑到工程造价以及人力资源等因素,目前在大部分上游式尾矿坝的工程地质勘察中难以建立现场试验室,所得抗剪强度指标与实际情况存在一定误差。针对这种现状,结合某铅锌矿尾矿坝现场试验结果,从现场简易试验获得的含水率和标准贯入击数进行分析,并对基于含水率影响下尾矿砂内摩擦角随标准贯入击数变化规律进行了研究,提出了考虑上覆压力作用下标准贯入击数的修正公式,并推出了用标准贯入击数估算尾矿砂内摩擦角的方法。通过几个实例验证：除当修正后的标准贯入击数N1>8（5%< <20%）情况下以外,该方法均能够有效地估算尾矿砂内摩擦角。研究结果表明,该方法在以后的上游式尾矿堆积坝的工程地质勘察工作中具有较强的应用价值。     

某尾矿坝毛细水带内的坝体材料物理力学特性研究

毛细水的存在将使尾矿坝坝体材料的物理力学特性发生较大变化,这种变化对尾矿坝的安全稳定势必产生影响,而国内外在此方面的研究工作却鲜有报道。为此,开展了某尾矿坝坝体材料现场取样、室内土工试验工作,并采用自制的毛细水带分层取样试验装置开展了长达6个月的毛细水上升测试工作,通过分层取样及土工试验,得到了毛细水带内尾矿砂的物理力学特性,进而系统地研究了毛细水带尾矿砂的含水率、重度、黏聚力、内摩擦角等物理力学指标随毛细水高度的变化特征。研究发现,毛细水带内尾矿砂的含水率和重度均随毛细高度而减小;黏聚力和内摩擦角的变化均随毛细高度和含水率呈先增大后减小的变化规律,其中内摩擦角的变化规律与以往相关研究所得结论并不完全相符,分析指出,这是由于毛细水和尾矿砂颗粒的表面特性所导致的;简要分析了抗剪强度随毛细高度的变化规律,发现其受毛细作用影响较大,呈先增大后减小的变化趋势。研究结果为坝体、边坡等工程的稳定性研究工作提供了一种新思路,为今后建立考虑毛细水作用下尾矿坝稳定性分析方法和理论奠定了基础。     

尾矿充填模袋界面摩擦性能试验研究

模袋法这一新型的筑坝工艺是用来解决传统上游法细粒尾矿堆坝难的问题。但目前对其力学性能的理论与试验研究还有待进一步完善,本文采用与某矿山工程施工现场一样的土工布和尾砂,通过对固结一定天数的模袋体及一定压实度的尾砂与土工布进行界面摩擦直剪试验研究。摩擦性能试验表明:对于不同压实度的尾砂与土工布界面摩擦试验和不同充填度的模袋体界面摩擦试验,压实度和填充度越大,其界面摩擦角越大;由于土工布和尾砂的共同作用,模袋的抗剪强度远大于单纯的尾砂抗剪强度,为研究尾矿充填模袋筑坝抗剪强度稳定性提供指导。     

基于3D打印技术的岩体结构面各向异性剪切力学行为

结构面形貌特征是影响结构面剪切行为的重要因素,而且结构面形貌特征的各向异性与其剪切力学行为的各向异性之间存在一定的联系。利用三维激光扫描和3D打印技术模拟了天然结构面,并以水泥砂浆为材料浇筑了尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×150 mm的含结构面试样,开展了不同法向应力下沿不同方向的剪切试验。结果表明,结构面的剪切行为具有明显的各向异性,这种特性可以体现在峰值剪切强度及相应的剪切位移和抗剪强度参数上;在低法向应力条件下,峰值剪切强度各向异性的强弱程度与法向应力之间并非呈现简单的单调变化关系;抗剪强度参数c（黏聚力）、f（内摩擦角）值沿不同剪切方向的变化趋势总体上较相似;通过分析不同剪切方向上c、f值相对于0°方向的差异程度,可以发现剪切方向对c值的影响更为强烈。移动阅读      

各向异性对软土力学特性影响的离散元模拟

软土预压工程中,初始和诱发各向异性对软土力学性质的影响十分显著,而现有研究缺乏对初始和诱发各向异性的统一研究方法。采用离散单元法,以颗粒长宽比作为定量评价指标,构建真实形态的颗粒模型,生成5组不同沉积角的初始各向异性试样,并进行竖直和水平两方向加载的双轴模拟实验,研究了初始各向异性和诱发各向异性对软土力学特性影响;在细观层面,以颗粒为对象研究了颗粒接触形式和转动角度的变化规律,以接触为对象研究了配位数和接触法向各向异性的发展趋势,在此基础上探究抗剪强度指标与各向异性关系。结果表明:初始和诱发各向异性共同影响试样力学性质,当加载方向和软土沉积方向垂直时,土体有最大的峰值强度。颗粒接触形式中面面接触的比例随加载的进行逐渐增大,并影响着试样初始模量和抗剪强度,配位数和接触法向各向异性受颗粒接触形式的影响有不同的演化规律,并在加载后期趋于稳定;同时,初始各向异性试样相较各向同性试样有更大的黏聚力,诱发各向异性主要影响试样内摩擦角,进而影响试样抗剪强度。     

Influence of size of granulated rubber and tyre chips on the shear strength characteristics of sand–rubber mix

Use of scrap tyres in isolation systems for seismic damping, requires a knowledge of the engineering properties of sand–rubber mixtures (SRM). The primary objective of this study is to assess the influence of granulated rubber and tyre chips size and the gradation of sand on the strength behaviour of SRM by carrying out large-scale direct shear tests. A large direct shear test has been carried out on SRM considering different granulated rubber and tyre chip sizes and compositions. The following properties were investigated to know the effect of granulated rubber on dry sand; peak shear stress, cohesion, friction angle, secant modulus and volumetric strain. From the experiments, it was determined that the major factors influencing the above-mentioned properties were granulated rubber and tyre chip sizes, percentage of rubber in SRM and the normal stress applied. It was observed that the peak strength was significantly increased with increasing granulated rubber size up to rubber size VI (passing 12.5 mm and retained on 9.5 mm), and by adding granulated rubber up to 30%. This study shows that granulated rubber size VI gives maximum shear strength values at 30% rubber content. It was also found that more uniformly graded sand gives an improved value of shear strength with the inclusion of granulated rubber when compared to poorly graded sand.     

The use of shredded waste tires to improve the geotechnical engineering properties of sands

A new geo-environmental approach was proposed to use waste tires in certain engineering applications and thereby reduce the potential impact on the environment. This paper presents a laboratory study on the effect of shredded tires on the physical properties of some sands. Shredded tires were passed through US sieve size 4 and mixed with three different types of sands with varying gradations. Each type of sand was mixed with four different percentages of shredded tires: 10, 20, 30 and 40% by dry weight. Direct shear tests were conducted to study the effect of the shredded tires on the shear strength properties of sands, such as angle of internal friction and shear strength. The addition of shredded waste tires increased both the angle of internal friction and the shear strength of the sands. Additionally, a prediction model was developed to calculate the shear strength of sand due to increasing shredded tire content. The shredded tires improved some engineering properties of sand.     

Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Sands Reinforced with Discrete Randomly Distributed Fiber

The addition of cementitious admixtures and/or inclusion of fibers are frequently used in practice to stabilize soils and to improve their mechanical properties. In this study, ring shear tests were conducted to investigate mechanical properties such as shear strength, angle of friction and cohesion values of randomly distributed discrete fiber-reinforced sand mixtures. The length and aspect ratio of the fibers used in the current study were 12 mm and 120, respectively. Specimens were prepared at four different fiber ratios (0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 % by weight of sand). A series of ring shear tests were carried out on sand alone and fiber-reinforced sand mixtures at different normal stresses. The test results indicated that the addition of fiber had a significant effect on the shear strength of the sand. Shear stress of the unreinforced sand increases 1.29–2.32, 1.16–1.39, and 1.07–1.5 times at a normal stress of 50, 150, and 250 kPa, respectively with fiber inclusion. Fiber content had positive effects on improving the shear strength parameters (angle of internal friction and cohesion) of the mixtures. The cohesion and angle of internal friction of fiber-reinforced sand prepared at different ratios of fiber increased by 5.3–27.4 kPa and 2.0°–7.3° respectively. The inclusion of fibers improves the ductility of the soil by preventing the loss of post-peak strength.     

安哥拉Quelo砂抗剪强度特性试验研究

基于安哥拉Quelo（Muceque）砂原状土和重塑土的直剪试验,探讨了结构性、含水率、干密度对Quelo砂抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明,结构性对Quelo砂的抗剪强度影响较为复杂,原状土与重塑土的抗剪力学指标具有明显差异;Quelo砂遇水软化特性显著,原状土和重塑土的黏聚力和内摩擦角随含水率的增大近似呈对数衰减;Quelo砂级配良好,压实后抗剪强度高,适宜用作回填材料,重塑土的黏聚力随干密度的增大近似呈线性增大,内摩擦角随干密度的增大分为稳定段和增大段,呈分段函数的特征。     

剪切速率和材料特性对筋-土界面抗剪强度的影响

土工合成材料与填料之间的界面强度参数是加筋-土工程设计的关键技术指标,筋-土界面的直剪试验和拉拔试验在界面剪切特性试验研究中应用最为广泛。利用土工格栅、土工织物与砂土的直剪试验和拉拔试验,研究了剪切速率和筋材性质对筋-土界面强度的影响。研究结果表明,当剪切速率不超过一定界限（如7.0 mm/min）时,其对直剪试验结果的影响可以忽略;筋-土界面强度受加筋材料及砂土特性的影响,双向聚丙烯土工格栅和土工织物与砂土之间的内摩擦角与纯砂接近,界面强度较高,而玻纤格栅因其延伸率低和网格尺寸较小,与砂土的界面强度比较低。     

岩石裂纹损伤及围压对剪切破坏影响研究

岩石内部细观裂纹的存在,对压缩作用下岩石剪切断裂的宏观现象有着重要的影响。然而,能够通过解析解阐释细观裂纹几何特性、围压等影响因素对压缩作用下剪切断裂面角度变化趋势的研究很少。基于Ashby模型中提出的裂纹尖端应力强度因子,提出了一种改进的考虑裂纹角度影响的应力强度因子表达式。利用该改进的应力强度因子表达式,推出了一个可以预测岩石峰值强度的裂纹扩展、应变与应力之间的本构关系。结合本构关系的峰值强度与摩尔-库仑失效准则,得到了岩石损伤与内摩擦角、黏聚力、剪切强度及失效断裂面角度之间的理论关系;讨论了围压、裂纹尺寸、角度及摩擦系数对岩石宏观剪切断裂面角度的影响,通过试验结果验证了模型合理性。结果表明：随着损伤增大,内摩擦角、黏聚力及剪切强度不断减小;随着围压增大、摩擦系数增大和初始裂纹尺寸减小,剪切断裂面角度不断增大;随着裂纹角度增大,剪切断裂纹面角度先减小后增大。     

颗粒破碎对钙质砂的应力-应变及强度影响研究

压力作用下颗粒发生破碎是引起砂土力学特性变化的重要因素之一, 对于钙质砂这种易破碎的材料更是如此。为进一步弄清颗粒破碎对钙质砂的应力-应变强度影响, 本文对钙质砂进行三轴固结排水剪切试验得到应力-应变曲线, 并筛分得到三轴试验前后钙质砂颗分曲线。通过引入Hardin定义的颗粒相对破碎率Br, 分析了相对密度、围压与颗粒破碎的关系及颗粒破碎对钙质砂应力-应变和抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:随围压的增大颗粒破碎增量逐渐减小, 直到破碎达到一个上限值, 此时围压和相对密度对颗粒破碎影响很小; 颗粒间的滑动标志着应力达到极限状态, 而颗粒破碎会阻碍应力达到极限状态, 在本实验中, 低围压时颗粒破碎少, 颗粒相对运动形式为滑移, 使应力-应变曲线为软化型, 高围压下颗粒破碎严重, 颗粒破碎在剪切过程中始终发生, 使应力-应变曲线呈应变硬化型; 颗粒破碎使体变从剪胀逐渐发展到剪缩, 且破碎越严重剪缩越严重; 在低围压下钙质砂强度主要由剪胀和咬合提供, 高围压下颗粒破碎严重, 剪胀消失, 咬合减小, 使峰值摩擦角减小, 抗剪强度降低。     

铜尾砂和钨尾砂的抗剪强度及宏细观分析

铜矿和钨矿在经过开采和选矿过程后产生大量的尾砂,尾砂的抗剪强度直接影响到尾砂筑坝的稳定安全性和材料的创新利用。尾矿库现场取回尾砂的级配曲线不同于选矿产生的全尾砂,选用合适的尾砂抗剪强度参数以及对不同尾砂抗剪强度的比较和分析有助于评估尾矿库的溃坝安全性。为了深入研究铜、钨两种尾砂的抗剪强度及异同点,针对不同粒径范围的铜、钨尾砂进行了直剪试验、X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜分析。直剪试验结果表明,干燥尾砂表现出无黏性土的强度性质,相同粒组尺寸的铜尾砂抗剪强度要高于钨尾砂的抗剪强度;铜尾砂和钨尾砂在含水率为15%情况下的抗剪强度表现出一定的黏聚力,使其抗剪强度相对于干燥状态下提高了16.7%~83.8%;随着含水率从10%增加到20%,细粒钨尾砂的内摩擦角变化不大,含水量的增加使得钨尾砂的黏聚力较明显地减小并使得抗剪强度降低。X射线衍射分析结果显示铜尾砂和钨尾砂都以石英为主晶相,其余矿物成分大都是以硅酸盐为主的次生矿物;5000倍扫描电镜照片显示细粒尾砂颗粒的表面附着一定量的黏土矿物,黏土矿物的存在导致了尾砂抗剪强度随含水率增加而发生变化。     

砂与黏土混合物强度特性环剪试验研究

为分析砂和黏土混合物的强度特性,将石英砂和高岭土按不同质量比配制试验土样,开展了一系列固结排水条件下的环剪试验。通过设置轴压为75 kPa、150 kPa、300 kPa和600 kPa状态下开展试验,得到土样剪切角与剪切应力的关系曲线。根据试验曲线的峰值剪应力,通过莫尔-库仑准则得到土样的黏聚力和摩擦角。结果表明,砂和黏土混合物的黏聚力在5~18 kPa范围内波动,当高岭土含量为50%时黏聚力值达到最小值。当高岭土含量小于50%时,摩擦角随高岭土含量增加略有减小;当高岭土含量超过50%时,摩擦角随高岭土含量增加而减小的趋势更明显。     

Strength criterion for cross-anisotropic sand under general stress conditions

By incorporating the fabric effect and Lode’s angle dependence into the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion, a strength criterion for cross-anisotropic sand under general stress conditions was proposed. The obtained criterion has only three material parameters which can be specified by conventional triaxial tests. The formula to calculate the friction angle under any loading direction and intermediate principal stress ratio condition was deduced, and the influence of the degree of the cross-anisotropy was quantified. The friction angles of sand in triaxial, true triaxial, and hollow cylinder torsional shear tests were obtained, and a parametric analysis was used to detect the varying characteristics. The friction angle becomes smaller when the major principal stress changes from perpendicular to parallel to the bedding plane. The loading direction and intermediate principal stress ratio are unrelated in true triaxial tests, and their influences on the friction angle can be well captured by the proposed criterion. In hollow cylinder torsional shear tests with the same internal and external pressures, the loading direction and intermediate principal stress ratio are related. This property results in a lower friction angle in the hollow cylinder torsional shear test than that in the true triaxial test under the same intermediate principal stress ratio condition. By comparing the calculated friction angle with the experimental results under various loading conditions (e.g., triaxial, true triaxial, and hollow cylinder torsional shear test), the proposed criterion was verified to be able to characterize the shear strength of cross-anisotropic sand under general stress conditions.     

岛礁吹填珊瑚砂力学行为与颗粒破碎特性试验研究

珊瑚砂是岛礁陆域吹填唯一的材料,因其特殊的海洋生物成因和孔隙结构特征,珊瑚砂颗粒在常规工程应力水平下就会发生破碎。通过对取自南海某吹填岛礁的珊瑚砂开展室内三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究珊瑚砂强度、变形参数和颗粒破碎程度随相对密实度、围压的演变规律,并与其他研究成果中的南海珊瑚砂强度参数进行对比分析。研究结果表明：珊瑚砂应变软化及剪胀特征随有效围压的增大、密实度的减小而逐渐减弱;在常规应力范围内,得到珊瑚砂峰值摩擦角和临界状态摩擦角的取值范围分别为33o～58o和28o～47o,且均随有效围压的增大而减小;建立了珊瑚砂割线模量E50与相对密实度、有效围压间的关系式;珊瑚砂峰值摩擦角与修正相对破碎指数Br*间的关系可用指数为负数的幂函数关系式拟合,且当颗粒破碎程度较高时,峰值摩擦角随修正相对破碎指数的增大而减小的趋势变缓;珊瑚砂修正相对破碎指数随塑性功的增大近似以双曲线的形式增长,密实度对两者间的关系影响不大。该研究成果可为南海岛礁基础设施的安全设计提供参考。     

Effects of Cyclic Loading on the Shear Behaviour of Infilled Rock Joints Under Constant Normal Stiffness Conditions

The variation of the shear strength of infilled rock joints under cyclic loading and constant normal stiffness conditions is studied. To simulate the joints, triangular asperities inclined at angles of 9.5° and 18.5° to the shear movement were cast using high-strength gypsum plaster and infilled with clayey sand. These joints were sheared cyclically under constant normal stiffness conditions. It was found that, for a particular normal stiffness, the shear strength is a function of the initial normal stress, initial asperity angle, joint surface friction angle, infill thickness, infill friction angle, loading direction and number of loading cycles. Based on the experimental results, a mathematical model is proposed to evaluate the shear strength of infilled rock joints in cyclic loading conditions. The proposed model takes into consideration different initial asperity angles, initial normal stresses and ratios of infill thickness to asperity height.