俄罗斯极地乌拉尔Сыум-Кеу超基性岩体中的硬玉岩

俄罗斯极地乌拉尔Сыум-Кеу超基性岩体中的硬玉岩呈脉状在以叶蛇纹石为主的蛇纹岩中产出,硬玉岩由硬玉和绿辉石组成,根据硬玉岩的颜色、结构和构造可划分出三个世代,可能对应存在三期硬玉化过程。第一世代硬玉为主体,灰白色,粗粒结构,致密块状,硬玉分子(Jd)含量54%～88%;第二世代硬玉发育在灰白色硬玉中,呈浅绿色,细粒-隐晶结构,细脉状-囊状,硬玉分子(Jd)含量74%～86%;第三世代硬玉呈绿色-深绿色,半透明-透明,中-细粒结构,瘤状。第二、三世代硬玉达到珠宝首饰级,具有较高的商业价值。根据硬玉岩的产状和晶体具有韵律生长环带及流体包裹体发育等特征,认为硬玉岩是在高压低温环境中由富含Na、Al、Si的流体直接结晶形成的。     

危地马拉硬玉岩与硬玉化绿辉石岩的岩石学特征及其地质意义

位于北美-加勒比板块俯冲带内的危地马拉硬玉岩区产有硬玉岩、榴辉岩、钠长岩等岩石类型,但绿辉石岩还没有详细报导过。研究样品为该区的硬玉岩和绿辉石岩,前者主要由Jd端元含量较高的硬玉组成,具有粒、柱状镶嵌结构。硬玉晶体具有显著的成分振荡环带,其核部及其背散射电子图像的浅色区Jd端元含量为94.81%～95.48%;暗色区Jd含量大于97.92%。后者绿辉石岩具有交代结构,主要由绿辉石和硬玉组成。其中绿辉石的CaO(9.01%～10.80%)和MgO(6.09%～7.94%)含量较高,FeO(2.84%～4.89%)含量较低;硬玉的CaO、MgO和FeO含量变化范围较大,分别为0.59%～4.30%,0.26%～3.05%,0.76%～2.87%。硬玉岩中流体包裹体的存在,以及绿辉石岩中显著的硬玉交代绿辉石现象说明其成因与缅甸硬玉一样,是硬玉质流体通过结晶-交代作用形成。硬玉岩中硬玉振荡的环带结构反映形成时温度-压力-组分体系存在振荡变化,平直连续的环带边界反映结晶时P-T条件位于硬玉稳定的低温高压区域。该区绿辉石岩的硬玉化作用清楚,能够观察到三期硬玉岩化作用现象,说明绿辉石岩可能是在硬玉岩的形成过程中,硬玉质流体与原岩辉石岩作用的结果,这进一步阐明了俯冲带内硬玉岩区硬玉质流体的广泛透入性与结晶交代作用的多样性。     

缅甸硬玉岩中后成合晶冠状体的含水性研究

基于多期次流体活动在硬玉岩及后成合晶冠状体的交互作用过程中发挥了至关重要的作用,采用电子探针、显微红外光谱等测试方法,从微尺度角度重点对缅甸角闪石质硬玉岩中角闪石+铬硬玉+硬玉后成合晶冠状体的成分和结构羟基赋存状态进行了研究。结果显示,参与后成合晶冠状体形成的流体组分较为复杂且形成过程是多阶段的;后成合晶冠状体的共生矿物组合不同,角闪石质硬玉岩中普遍发育角闪石+铬硬玉+硬玉化学成分环带;后成合晶冠状体中核部角闪石结构羟基含量较为均一,铬硬玉边缘至硬玉、硬玉晶粒中的结构羟基含量呈较为规律的递增趋势。核部角闪石中结构羟基均一且外层硬玉中结构羟基含量的变化规律表明缅甸硬玉岩中后成合晶冠状体的形成环境相对稳定,主要以多期次流体交代为主,未出现较大规模的动力变质作用。缅甸硬玉岩中后成合晶冠状体成分及水含量的变化规律有助于解析该地区俯冲带流体参与硬玉岩交互作用的轨迹,从而为缅甸硬玉岩的成岩机制提供一定的佐证。     

缅甸硬玉岩中的流体包裹体

缅甸硬玉岩是世界上最大和最重要的玉石矿床之一,位于印度板块和欧亚板块之间的新特提斯洋缝合带中。研究表明,缅甸硬玉岩是新特提斯洋壳俯冲过程中橄榄岩经高压变质、交代作用形成的。对不同变质程度缅甸硬玉岩样品中的流体包裹体的研究表明,缅甸硬玉岩中含有4种类型的流体包裹体:1不含或含少量甲烷的低盐度水溶液包裹体(Ⅰ型),呈孤立状或小群(簇状)产于硬玉晶体核部,或沿着硬玉晶体的生长环带分布,具有原生生长结构;2含石盐子晶的H2O+Na Cl±CH4三相包裹体(Ⅱ型);3纯甲烷(CH4)包裹体(Ⅲ型),可以细分为高密度(Ⅲa)和低密度(Ⅲb)两种;4气相或空包裹体(Ⅳ型)。研究表明,缅甸硬玉岩及其相关岩石在形成和演化过程中发生了多期次流体交代事件。硬玉形成过程中,交代橄榄岩的流体相可能来自海水。首次在缅甸硬玉岩中识别出高盐度的含水包裹体和高密度的含CH4包裹体。高盐度的含水包裹体可能与硬玉岩重结晶过程相关,而高密度的CH4流体可能为俯冲板片的上地幔楔中超基性岩蛇纹石化过程的副产物。计算的流体包裹体等容线表明,硬玉岩演化过程中这些流体包裹体发生了不同程度的再平衡。     

某石英阶梯脉地质与金矿化

一产出的地质环境该区位于向西突出的弧形构造分布区的一个弧形断裂的顶部.区内地层有泥盆系呼兰群小三个顶子组大理岩及第四系.小三个顶子组大理岩为白色及灰白色,风化表面呈灰黑色,中粒至细粒,花岗变晶结构,厚层状,碳酸盐矿物为方解石,含量95%以上,夹硅质条带,成层断续排列,最长10～20厘米.第四系为坡积层,层内含金最高达12克/米~3,厚度1～6米.冲积层为砂砾及泥土,下部砂土层含金,厚1～3米.出露的岩浆岩主要为闪长岩侵入体,呈岩株,岩脉状.岩石深灰色、灰绿色,中细粒或斑状结构,块状、斑杂状构造.矿物成分有斜长石、角闪石,呈等粒状.有时含屑石、磷灰石、石英等.斑状结构者,基质呈半自形粒状结构,斑晶为粗粒的斜长石及角闪石.     

含霞石翡翠的成因研究

本文针对鲜有报道的含霞石翡翠,选择了若干具有代表性的样品进行了详细的岩相学、矿物化学、拉曼光谱和X射线粉晶衍射等方面的研究,并对其成因进行了深入探讨。本研究中的样品属于翡翠中的“飘蓝花”品种,为柱粒状结构,主要由硬玉、霞石、角闪石和少量的钡铝硅酸盐等组成。硬玉可分为两个世代,早期硬玉呈自形,发育规则的环带结构,反映了成岩流体的反复补给过程。早期自形的硬玉颗粒部分被后期细粒化的硬玉±角闪石取代,反映了后期流体事件的改造作用。根据产出和成分特征可将霞石分为两种：贫钾霞石和富钾霞石,其中贫钾霞石多沿自形的硬玉颗粒边界分布,而富钾霞石充填在自形的硬玉颗粒之间。根据结构特征可以推测,含霞石翡翠主要是从成岩流体中直接结晶形成的。矿物组成及其成分特征表明该成岩流体主要富集Na、Al、Si、K、Ba以及少量的Ca、Fe、Mg等元素,微量元素则相对富集LREE、HFSE和Sr等元素。结合样品中的矿物相关系和前人的研究结果,含霞石翡翠中硬玉的结晶压力和温度范围分别被限制在0.6～1.4GPa和300～450℃之间,其中霞石代表着母岩减压后流体活动的产物。     

玉：产状及交代作用成因

真正的玉是指二种可以作为雕刻工艺品和宝石饰品的极其坚韧的单矿物岩石.其中软玉是指具叶片状的微晶习性的透闪石-阳起石岩,硬玉(华人称之为翡翠)指的是具微晶-粗晶结构的单矿物硬玉岩.软玉更普遍一些,在加拿大的British Columbia、中国的昆仑山(新疆和田玉)、俄罗斯的东Sayan山、南澳洲的Cowell和新西兰南部岛中产有重要的矿床.软玉矿体形成于岩浆流体交代白云岩或蛇绿岩流体交代硅质岩的接触带.形成条件为经白云岩质而成的高绿片岩-角闪岩相(<550°C)至中-低压(＜2kbar?)下蛇绿岩内的中-低温(400°C ～100°C).硬玉岩较软玉稀少,重要矿床产于缅甸北部、危地马拉的Motagua 山谷、俄罗斯的极地乌拉尔山和Borus山、哈萨克斯坦的Itmurundy等,仅产于沿深大断裂带内的与俯冲有关的蛇纹岩体中.硬玉岩中具韵律环带的硬玉显示了含水流体的结晶作用,并且毫无疑问呈脉状产于主岩蛇纹岩中.硬玉指示高压力,但是共生矿物中无石英,硬玉岩可在低温(200～400°C)、压力大于5～6kbar的条件下形成.形成硬玉需要去气作用,主要表现为在俯冲板片至蓝闪石片岩相-榴辉岩相过渡带的沉积物去水作用及在地幔楔通过断裂的蛇纹岩底辟的流体管涌.因此,绝大多数玉石矿床记录了蛇纹岩化橄榄岩内或其周围的有流体作用参与的、在汇聚板块边缘的事件.     

江西永平铜矿下盘网脉状矿化的流体包裹体研究

永平块状硫化物矿床下盘脉状矿化的流体包裹体的温度介于220～400℃,原始流体盐度5.1～9.3wt.%NaCl。第一阶段脉状矿化形成于较低的温度范围(集中于220～320℃),此后流体温度逐渐升高,形成了第二阶段脉状矿化(240～400℃),最后流体温度稍微降低形成了第三阶段脉状矿化(290～370℃)。在演化过程中流体盐度也发生变化。形成第一脉状矿化时流体盐度较高(为6～9wt.%NaCl)。第二阶段脉状矿化时流体盐度变化不大(5.1～9.1wt%NaCl),但该阶段流体明显发生过沸晦作用,造成了端员组分的流体盐度分别为1.2～3.3 wt%NaCl 和41.2～45.5wt%NaCl。第三阶段矿化脉的形成时,流体的盐度有所降低(3.5～7.9wt%NaCl),也可见到局部的沸腾作用。三阶段脉状矿化脉石英流体包裹体的 Cl~-和SO~2的含量从第一阶段到第二阶段明显增高,到第三阶段降低;Na~ 、K~ 从第一阶段到第二阶段明显增高,到第三阶段有所降低。三阶段脉状矿化中的流体包裹体中均含有微量的二氧化碳(CO_2)、硫化氢(H_2S)和氮气(N_2)等挥发组分,其中第二阶段脉状矿化中的挥发份相对其它两阶段脉较为富集。     

硬玉岩在NCFMASH体系中的相平衡关系

根据缅甸硬玉岩的化学成分,利用相平衡热力学模拟硬玉岩的成因理论,采用对称溶体的模型表达式:RTlnγi=-∑∑(X0K-Xk)(X0j-Xj)Wkj,根据Holland等的热力学数据库,计算得出硬玉岩中4种端元矿物硬玉(Jd)、普通辉石(Acm)、透辉石(Di)与钙铁辉石(Hed)的Wkj值.     

内蒙古迪彦钦阿木斑岩钼矿床成矿流体的出溶、演化及对成矿的制约

迪彦钦阿木钼矿床位于内蒙古东乌旗地区,矿区侵入岩不发育,主要为细粒正长岩和基性岩脉,矿体主要发育在侏罗纪火山岩中,少量发育在细粒正长岩中,主要矿化类型为细网脉状、脉状、浸染状,具有斑岩型矿化特征。矿区的细粒正长岩中可见含矿石英-钾长石囊团或由之构成中心相的热液脉体,是岩浆-流体转化过程的直接证据。本文在详细岩相学观察的基础上,对石英-钾长石囊团中主要组成矿物开展了阴极发光图像分析,对石英、萤石中流体包裹体开展了显微测温实验,并借助SEM/EDS、显微激光拉曼探针、LA-ICP-MS等手段对包裹体成分进行了系统分析,基于以上实验结果对岩浆流体的出溶过程、出溶流体特征及矿质沉淀机制进行了探讨。研究结果表明,矿区钼成矿与细粒正长岩岩浆出溶流体有关;富F和挥发分造成成矿岩浆具有低的固相线温度和较低的黏度,因此成矿岩浆可以沿断裂快速上侵到地壳浅部;岩浆上侵过程中的减压沸腾可能是流体出溶的主要机制;早期出溶流体为富F和富CO₂的中高温(227~457℃)、中低盐度[w(NaCl_eq)=0.3%～8.6%]流体,由于快速减压造成流体沸腾形成低盐度富CO₂的气相和高盐度液相,沸腾引起的CO₂逃逸可能是矿质沉淀的主要原因。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.