Local economic development: Theory, evidence, and implications for policy in Brazil

Local economic development policies have surged in Brazil over the past decade—a major shift in this regionally diverse country of 27 states, over 5000 municipalities, and the largest economy in Latin America. We review the stylized facts, expected patterns and policy recommendations from the foundational studies in regional and urban economics. We then provide a summary of a more recent stream of scholarship focused on local economic development (LED) studies in developed and developing countries that have surged in the last 20 years. Based on this review, we then systemize the findings emerging from studies focused on analyzing local economic development policies in Brazil recognizing the distinctive contributions emerging from both the empirical and the case studies literatures. We identify key lessons for (and from) the Brazilian experience and conclude that Brazil and Latin American countries need a new generation of studies that undertake more rigorous evaluations of these policy experiments. Finally, we recommend steps to advance such research.     

The spatial organization of services in new land settlement: experiences and trends

Conclusion Despite its uniqueness, the vitality inherent in the rural structure of Israel is of particular interest to other developing regions with a predominant rural-agricultural population. Latin American countries, for example, are investing considerable resources in the development of new lands through construction of penetration roads and other infrastructure. Several countries have created regional development authorities; some have policies designed to attract private investments into virgin areas.¹³⁾ The general emphasis tends increasingly toward state-initiated and planned settlement, often in conjuction with agrarian reform programs — an approach dictated both by economic efficiency and welfare criteria.Past experience has shown that the rural population has to be organized in viable communities in order to become amenable to economic and cultural integration. Communities must likewise be spatially organized in an optimal way that will make it possible to provide them with amenities and so direct their production for the purpose of achieving economic status. At the same time, maximum flexibility must be preserved to fit varying developmental stages, since physical plans once carried into effect are extremely difficult to modify.In order to reduce the social and economic pull of existing urban centers it may be advisable to develop new settlement areas as self-sufficient enclaves, independent to some extent from the facilities existing in the region. The settlements would share the national infrastructure of communications and public services, but would gear their production to regional as well as extra-regional demand, bypassing the traditional local market place. Then, as the new communities consolidate as social and economic entities, the options for collaboration or competition with existing central places can be laid open on a more equitable basis.Admittedly such sheltered development may affect the role of the local intermediary and lessen the commercial activities of the urban sector, but it would also stimulate the development of an independent framework of handling, marketing, and an increasing degree of processing the settlements' produce. These complementary activities would help to retain part of the added value of the production and generate new sources of employment for successive village generations. The delay in the growth for the region's total output may well be worthwhile for achieving that social and economic transformation which in turn may lead to a more balance and sustained development of the entire region.¹⁴⁾     

非洲矿业发展概况

矿业是非洲多数国家的支柱性产业之一,在其国民经济发展中起着关键性作用.本文综合中国地质调查局天津地质调查中心(南部非洲)和中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心(北部非洲)取得的阶段性研究成果对非洲矿业发展情况进行了简要总结.39个非洲主要国家中,最新年度矿业产值超过150亿美元的国家有7个,矿业产值占其GDP的比例超过6％的国家有24个,近10年矿业产值占其GDP的平均比例超过6％的国家有22个.非洲大陆以冈瓦纳构造域为主体,其下伏基底主要为太古宙至古元古代变质沉积岩、变质岩浆岩和岩浆岩,内部的太古宙克拉通常被一系列新元古代造山带所包围,部分基底被泛非期岩浆岩侵入.非洲大陆构造演化主要包括古老克拉通陆核的形成阶段(>35亿年)、克拉通演化阶段(35～16.5亿年)、地台发育和陆内裂解阶段(16.5～6亿年)、地台盖层和大断裂发育阶段(6亿年以来)等四个阶段,以新元古代泛非事件为标志可以将非洲大陆进一步划分为5个Ⅱ级构造单元.非洲地区优势矿产主要包括石油、天然气、金、铁、钴、铜、铅锌、铝土矿、铀、钾盐等近30种,本文详细介绍了镍、钴、铬、铜、铁等11个矿种的矿业项目、储量和资源量以及矿床地质特征等相关信息,可为中资企业在非洲开展矿业投资等提供权威可靠的地质资料和理论认识.     

Natural resource exploitation in Latin America espoiliation or tool for development?

The exploitation of natural resources in Latin American countries has become one of the most controversial issues of contemporary development. Three positions arise: 1) a position that opens the development of natural resources to foreign priorities and capitals; 2) a position that opposes any kind of development if it is not conducted by the state, even if the state lacks the financial resources to do so; and 3) a position that sees advantages in negotiating the development of resources with external partnership but reserves for the state the determination of priorities and the leading role in the exploitation. The third position assumes the existence of a responsible government commited to safeguarding national interests. Unfortunately, this last assumption is not very operative with Latin American governments which seldom have standing policies concerning natural resources, which leaves them open to assaults from private national and international interests.Contrary to opposite views, it has been demonstrated that the development of natural resources brings about stimulation of regional economies and relocation of populations toward resource frontiers. Opposing the development of such areas of resources is to negate the concept of progress and to deepen chronic poverty.     

Local empowerment through economic restructuring in Brazil: the case of the greater ABC region

Regional and local capacity building in Brazil, as in other Latin American countries, has traditionally been linked with democracy. Whereas periods of dictatorship usually saw the establishment of a tight grip by the centre over state and local governments, democracy has been linked to greater autonomy at the regional and local levels. The revival of regional and local governments in Brazil over the last decade and a half seems to fall into this latter category. In this paper we will argue that the advent of democracy is however not the only factor behind the recent dynamism at the sub-national level, but that economic restructuring is becoming a major force behind the adoption of more pro-active attitudes and policies by local and regional governments. We will illustrate this theory with the example of the greater ABC region, in the São Paulo metropolitan area, where economic crisis and restructuring has led to inter-municipal co-operation and the creation of a local economic development council.     

博茨瓦纳重要矿产资源潜力与投资前景分析

博茨瓦纳矿产资源丰富,金刚石和镍矿储量大,是南部非洲重要的资源国家。本文通过对博茨瓦纳金刚石、金、铜、镍矿等四大优势矿种的分布特征、产量和品位、主要矿业开发公司及投资环境等分析,认为金刚石、金矿、铜镍矿等矿产资源品位高且开发潜力巨大,与我国新发展阶段矿产资源需求形成很强的互补性。博茨瓦纳基础设施发展总体较为落后但正在逐步完善,经济发展形势向好,矿业相关法律制度较为完善,对外资企业也有较多的优惠政策,国内安全状况较为稳定,因而吸引了许多外资企业进行矿业投资。针对重要的金刚石、金矿和镍矿本文提出了相关开发建议,同时以“一带一路”为契机,加强人文领域交流,投资完善基础设施建设,带动中资企业在博茨瓦纳开展矿业合作。     

The non spaces of critical geography in Mexico

The paper examines the limited presence of critical geography in Mexico and analyses why the lack of theoretical discussion means there is a need for theory from abroad. Different stages in the development of our critical practice, our links with planning programmes, and a lack of relations with other Latin American countries are all salient features.     

全球镍矿贸易网络的供应风险传播研究

镍是全球能源低碳转型所需的关键金属之一。近年来受资源保护、地缘政治冲突、突发事件等的影响, 镍供应风险随时可能发生。因此, 了解不同国家供应危机的传播过程和影响强度, 对于贸易国来说非常重要。为了探讨这一问题, 我们使用2020年的数据构建了全球镍矿贸易网络, 并在此基础上建立了级联失效模型。因此, 本文不仅模拟了供应风险在贸易网络中的传播过程, 而且导出了一个雪崩网络用来分析危机传播动力学的结构特征。结果表明: (1)影响供应危机传播过程动力学的一个决定性参数r=7时, 不同国家镍矿供应风险雪崩规模之间的差异性能够良好体现。(2)不同国家发生供应风险时, 出口量最大的国家不一定影响最多的国家。(3)只有菲律宾的供应短缺能引发中国的镍矿供应危机。(4)在级联过程中, 间接链路在风险的传播中起着关键作用。     

Development of a drought vulnerability index using MCDM and GIS: study case in São Paulo and Ceará, Brazil

Natural Hazards - Although climate change vulnerability research in general has increased over the last decade, Latin American countries have more directed more limited efforts toward vulnerability...     

Population growth and urbanization in Latin America

The population of Latin America will be increasing by 130 % between 1970 and the year 2000. Due to excessive rural exodus the urban population grows almost twice as fast as the rural does. The urbanization of the subcontinent must be regarded as being the dominant spatial process in Latin America. It results in fundamental changes of the structure and the way of life of the population as well as in the size and character of the settlements. Three case studies (Popayán/Colombia, Sucre/Bolivia and Santiago/Chile) show that a process of westernization can be observed within the analogous to their size, in the course of which the compact structure of the colonial town pattern is succeeded by a sectorially or cellularly arranged cityorganism. From today's point of view a definite judgement on urbanization as a relevant phenomenon of development cannot yet be made. It can be stated, however, that the southern countries of Latin America which have been urbanized the most show distinct signs of a social and economic “take off”.     

新亚欧大陆桥中国段矿业发展战略构想与对策

我国大陆桥沿线矿产资源丰富，有６４种矿产的保有储量在全国名列第一，其中煤，钠盐，石膏，镍，铝土矿，钼，耐火粘土和玻璃硅质原料等主要矿产在全国具有举足轻重的地位，发展潜力大，开发前景好。新亚欧大陆桥的贯通，给我国沿桥地区矿产资源开发和经济发展提供了契机。应把握机遇，尽快将矿产资源优势转化为经济优势，实现经济增长方式由粗放型向集约型转变。根据沿桥矿业现状，市场需求和资源保证程度，应重点发展能源等矿业。     

拉丁美洲铝土矿地质特征及资源潜力

介绍拉丁美洲铝土矿资源概况、地质特征及成因类型。拉丁美洲铝土矿资源主要分在巴西、苏里南、牙买加、圭亚那、委内瑞拉等国家,储量为60.3×10~8t,占世界铝土矿总储量的21.54%。巴西为拉丁美洲最大的铝土矿生产国和出口国。拉丁美洲铝土矿成因类型主要为红土型和岩溶型2种,主要的铝土矿矿山有45座。牙买加岛弧、圭亚那地盾、中巴西地盾、圣弗朗西斯科地盾为4个铝土矿勘查开发潜力区。     

世界红土型镍矿的资源分布及勘查、开发利用现状

目前世界上最具开发利用价值的镍矿床类型为岩浆硫化镍矿床和红土型镍矿床。本文在全面收集、整理和综合世界红土型镍矿相关资料的基础上, 对世界红土型镍矿的资源概况、地理分布、地质特征以及勘查和开发利用现状进行了系统的分析与阐述, 文章对我国地勘单位和矿业企业走出去勘查和开发利用国外红土型镍矿资源具有现实的借鉴和指导意义。     

Mineral Potential of Myanmar

Abstract: Myanmar is rich in mineral resources, and of potential importance are the deposits of antimony, chromium, nickel, PGM, copper, gold, lead, zinc, silver, tin and tungsten, which form district metallogenic provinces within the six geomor–phic–tectonic units. In terms of past production and potential mineral wealth Myanmar ranks high among Asian countries. The last few decades witnessed a dramatic fall in mineral production, but undoubtedly, the high level of mineral potential remains unrealized. This paper reveals mineral belts with a high level of economic potential which form attractive targets for mineral exploration and some individual mineral deposits of significant magnitude and grade, creating opportunities for development and mining investment.     

Looking for the critical geographer, or why bodies and geographies matter to the emergence of critical geographies of Latin America

This paper argues that critical geographies of Latin America begin with an analysis of how and why the bodies and geographies of geographers themselves matter. To focus on the geographer as a producer of knowledge is not to advocate the kind of navel gazing so abhorrent to many scholars. Rather, it is an effort to call attention to and critically assess how the geographer's embodied social position and geographic location inform the production of knowledge about and representations of Latin American people and nature. To illustrate how and why bodies and geographies matter, I draw from feminist and post-colonial theory and include examples from my own experiences and those of other researchers doing fieldwork in Latin American countries. I conclude by exploring the notion of situated knowledge as a tactic that writes bodies and geographies into academic texts. Ultimately, situating knowledge represents a political intervention and contribution to the broader goals of emancipatory politics shared by critical human geographers.     

Population growth and urbanization in Latin America

The population of Latin America will be increasing by 130 % between 1970 and the year 2000. Due to excessive rural exodus the urban population grows almost twice as fast as the rural does. The urbanization of the subcontinent must be regarded as being the dominant spatial process in Latin America. It results in fundamental changes of the structure and the way of life of the population as well as in the size and character of the settlements.Three case studies (Popayán/Colombia, Sucre/Bolivia and Santiago/Chile) show that a process of westernization can be observed within the analogous to their size, in the course of which the compact structure of the colonial town pattern is succeeded by a sectorially or cellularly arranged cityorganism.From today's point of view a definite judgement on urbanization as a relevant phenomenon of development cannot yet be made. It can be stated, however, that the southern countries of Latin America which have been urbanized the most show distinct signs of a social and economic take off.     

当代世界的矿产资源

论述了最近５０年来世界矿产资源供求关系的变化和现状,着重讨论了独联体国家、北美地区西欧国家、中欧和东欧国家、日本、澳大利亚和南非共和国、欧佩克国家的矿产资源情况。俄罗斯仍是矿产资源大国,但矿山开采工业每况愈下,许多矿种没有清楚的探明储量。独联体一些国家某些矿种储量大,但没有维持经济正常发展的其它矿种。美国的某些矿种储量大,但其它矿种不足,例如石油、天然气、煤、铝、铜、铅、锌、锡、镍、钴、钨等需求量     

中资企业拓展澳大利亚矿业市场的思考

澳大利亚是全球矿业市场最发达的国家之一,被称为"坐在矿车上的国家",是中资企业从2000年左右以来海外矿业投资的主要国家之一。投资过程中有很多成功经验,也有不少失败教训。受经济全球化进程的不断加快、环境保护越来越严格、资源供需矛盾加剧等多种因素影响,澳大利亚矿业市场不断变化,澳大利亚国家和当地政策、矿政管理政策日趋严格,对中资企业运行项目及进一步拓宽澳大利亚矿业市场形成了较大的压力。通过总结多年从事国际矿业市场经营管理的经验,搜集大量相关资料,以问题为导向,深入分析了澳大利亚矿业市场概况,探讨了中资企业在澳大利亚投资状况及存在的问题,对于中资企业拓展澳大利亚市场提出了思考与建议,供国家相关矿业管理部门和相关中资企业决策参考。     

Limits to “counter-neoliberal” reform: Mining expansion and the marginalisation of post-extractivist forces in Evo Morales’s Bolivia

The expansion of resource extractivism in Latin America in the last decade has been related to previous neoliberalisation processes, which opened-up mineral exploitation to transnational firms and granted investors favourable conditions. Extractivism, however, expanded equally (or more) in countries which have undertaken “counter-neoliberal” reform—as it is most clearly the case for Evo Morales’s Bolivia. Building on regulationist approaches and strategic-relational state theory, this paper analyses recent changes in the governance of Bolivian mining. It contributes to understanding how and why the Morales governments’ objectives to initiate a transition towards a more plural and diversified economy—informed by social movements—have not been achieved to date. We make three interrelated claims. First, the expansion of mining has been enabled by the maintaining of institutional arrangements for mineral exploitation established during neoliberalism, favouring transnational firms and self-employed (“cooperative”) miners over state-owned and community-managed operations. Second, despite the new government’s improved legal framework for the promotion of environmental and indigenous rights, the mining sector has continued to benefit from de facto lax environmental regulation, which constitutes an indirect incentive to expansion at the expense of ecologies and indigenous–peasant livelihoods. Third, the state has played a central role in weakening social resistance to mining expansion, by demobilising those social forces—particularly peasant–indigenous organisations—whose proposals and demands conflicted most clearly with extractivist development. We suggest, therefore, that analysing changing state–society relations is central to understanding the counter-neoliberalisation of resource governance and its limits.     

淄博市淄川区地质灾害防治及建议

淄川区位于淄博市中部,属于经济发达区,除采矿业、陶瓷业的繁荣外,其他工业、交通及公共设施建设也在迅速发展,随着经济发展,地质灾害的危险因素也日益增加,滑坡、崩塌、采空塌陷随时可能发生。该文根据多年地质灾害防治工作情况,综合分析淄川区地质灾害现状和特点,对地质灾害防治提出建议。