南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽冰芯层位和密度变化的一般特征

柯林斯冰帽两支冰芯层位记录证实了该冰帽主冰穹顶部（海拔约７００ｍ）属暖渗浸带，小冰穹顶部（海拔约２５０ｍ）属渗浸带。雪、冰的层位分布和密度变化包含了一定的测年信息。主冰穹顶冰芯密度－深度曲线在表层呈现韵律性变化，与层位记录中的融化冻结现象相对应，据此粗略划分年层，断定当地年积累雪层厚度为３－３．５ｍ，折合水当量１６５０－１９２５ｋｇ／ｍ２ａ，年平均积累速率约为２．０ｍ／ａ（冰当量）。主冰穹顶成冰深度为３８－３９ｍ，此深度以上密度自上而下缓慢增加，但以下由于含水层的出现，密度迅速升高，在５－６ｍ区间达到９００ｋｇ／ｍ３。小冰穹冰芯除表层外，密度基本在８００－９００ｋｇ／ｍ３之间，冰芯中雪冰互层，存在污化面，４０ｍ以下发现很厚的火山灰沉积物。小冰穹平均年积累率约为０．７ｍ／ａ（冰当量），成冰深度７－８ｍ，成冰年限为１０年左右     

南极乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽小冰穹物质平衡特征的初步分析

柯林斯冰帽小冰穹属于冷季补给型冰川。该冰穹高差不大，但末端比顶部的消融期长两个月；暖季消融随高度上升迅速递减。冷季积累随高度的变化显著。ＳＤＳ断面１９９１／１９９２年度物质平衡差额为１６３ｍｍ，零平衡线海拔高度为１４０ｍ，比动力平衡线低２０ｍ。其物质平衡特征表现为物质平衡梯度较大，而物质平衡水平较低，稳定性系数较小，反映了亚极地海洋性气候下冰川物质平衡的特有性质     

南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽小冰穹顶冰芯数学模式初步断代

冰芯钻取后，样品截取原则和环境记录的初步解释要求对年代－深度剖面有一初步了解，即要求建立冰体随深度变化的时间尺度。根据柯林斯冰帽一年多野外实测资料所揭示的小冰穹运动状况、温度分布、物质平衡和动力学特征，本文采用Ｄａｎｓｇａｒｒｄ－Ｊｏｈｎｓｅｎ模型和等温冰体流动模型（ｎ＝３），分别对一支８０．２ｍ冰芯的时间尺度进行初步估算。结果表明两种模型断代结果非常接近，在距冰床１０ｍ深度处，两模型分别给出１８９７年和１８５４年的冰龄。对比指出两种模型计算出的冰帽各深度冰龄最大误差不大于２％。与冰芯中上部含深褐色火山灰冰层的历史记录年代相比误差小于３％。     

柯林斯冰帽小冰穹物质平衡多年变化的推算

本文以１９９１－１９９２年物质平衡观测结果及附近的马尔什基地弗雷气象中心的夏季平均气温和年降水量的多年观测资料为基础，应用有关物质平衡线处的当量物质平衡等概念推算出柯林斯冰帽小冰穹１９７１－１９９２年物质平衡的多年变化。结果表明，８０年代中期以前，冰川以负平衡为主；８０年代中期以后，主要由于降水增加有利于冰川的发育，以正平衡为主。２０余年来冰川处于稳定状态。     

南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽的温度分布

钻孔内温度实测表明，柯林斯冰帽积累区大部分呈温性，消融区可能呈冷性。冰帽活动层温度明显受气温季节变化的影响，降水暖渗浸对冰的增温作用显著，雪盖对温度分布也显示了一定的影响。测量显示，冰帽纵深层的温度大都接近融点，而小冰穹顶附近十数米范围内温度变化较大。小冰穹顶附近，钻进时３０ｍ以下孔中出水现象显著，可能是冰内径流、差异运动和较高盐度等因素共同作用的结果。     

南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽的温度分布

钻孔内温度实测表明，柯林斯冰帽积累区大部分呈温性，消融区可能呈冷性，冰帽活动层温度明显受气温季节变化的影响，降水暖渗浸对冰的增温作用显著，雪盖对温度分布也显示了一定的影响。测量显示，冰帽纵深层的温度大都接近融点，而小冰穹顶附近十数米范围内温度变化较大。     

南极洲纳尔逊冰帽浅层粒雪／冰的晶体组构特征

对纳尔逊冰帽３个地点浅层粒雪／冰芯的晶体组构测量表明，冰晶ｃ轴在冰帽表面具有优势方位，２０ｍ深度内普遍出现双扇形组构，在２０－３０ｍ深度具有向单极大型变化的趋势。这与所报道的中低纬度山地温冰川上的晶体组构特征有明显不同。估计大量融水渗浸和再冻结作用对冰晶组构有重要影响，但详细机制尚不清楚     

南极乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽小冰穹冰芯中火山喷出物的首次鉴定

对采自南极乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽小冰穹顶冰芯40～50m深度处黑色沉积物样品进行了内部结构和外部形态的观察和分析。偏光显微镜下光性鉴定表明该样品具有显著的火山喷出物指征性结构。经EPM—810Q型电子探针分析发现了样品较强的火山喷出物形貌方面的指征,全元素定性分析验征了偏光显微镜下观察到的几种特定矿物组成。这是首次在柯林斯冰帽冰芯中发现并得到鉴定的火山喷出物。     

Dome A冰川学研究进展及深冰芯计划展望

目前,位于东南极冰盖分冰岭中心的冰穹-Dome A已成为深入理解南极冰盖演化、稳定性和找寻地球气候久远记录的研究热点。通过整理总结在Dome A获得的冰川学研究进展,结合国际冰芯科学研究计划(International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences,简称IPICS)有关寻找最古老冰芯的相关资料,对Dome A的气象要素、地貌、冰厚、冰下地形、冰体流速、冰盖内部结构等环境特征进行归纳分析,讨论Dome A冰川学的最新发展及其对深冰芯钻探计划的影响,并分析概述Dome A深冰芯钻探需考虑的问题和未来发展动向。     

西南极洲纳尔逊冰帽的表面运动

本文通过对纳尔逊冰帽冰面速度和应变率的分析,得出冰帽边缘的最大夏季表面速度为2058m/a,最大年平均表面速度为15.5m/a,探求了冰面运动速度的空间分布和季节性变化,冰帽顶部的表面应变率为+0.0079/a和+0.0034/a。还讨论了冰面应变率从冰帽顶点到边缘的变化特点及其与冰面裂隙的关系。并将这些特征同我国大陆型冰帽进行了对比,从冰川动力学的角度阐明了纳尔逊冰帽的某些特征。     

天山1号冰川厚度和冰下地形探测与冰储量分析

通过对天山乌鲁木齐河源 1号冰川的雷达回波探测 ,清晰地揭示出冰川底部冰 /岩界面的位置及其起伏变化特征 ,显示出雷达波对山地冰川良好的穿透能力和对冰下地形的高分辨能力 ,冰川雷达测厚的误差小于 1 .2 %。研究结果显示 ,1号冰川东支冰川平均厚度为 5 8.77m ,西支冰川平均厚度为 44.84m ,冰体厚度最大值发育于冰川中部趋于主流线位置。冰川冰储量计算表明 ,东支冰储量为 0 .0 5 1 868km3,西支冰储量为 0 .0 2 0 2 1 0km3。表面和底部地形有明显差异 ,主要因冰川动力过程对基岩强烈的地貌作用所致 ,意味着冰床的起伏地形对冰川浅层冰体的运动过程影响不显著。     

The first geodetic investigation at the summit of Dome A,Antarctica

Dome A is the highest ice feature in the Antarctica,up to now,little is known about surface topography at Dome A.The first Chinese ITASE expedition was carried out from Zhongshan station to Dome A during the 1996/1997 austral summer. During the 2004/2005 austral summer,the traverse was extended to the summit of Dome A which is 1228 km from Zhongshan Station by 21st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE).The real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS survey was carried out in the summit of Dome A during 2004/05 austral summer.The surface to- pography of Dome A was drawn up using the kinematic double-frequency GPS data covering an area of about 70 km~2.The accuracy of the kinematic survey is in the range of 0.20 m.Precise surface topography,bedrock morphology and internal laye- ring geometry are important for the future selection of the best site for deep drilling at Dome A.     

Determination of ice thickness, subice topography and ice vol-ume at Glacier No. 1 in Tien Shan, China by ground penetrating radar

We describe a radio-echo sounding (RES) survey for the determination of ice thickness, subglacial topography and ice volume of Glacier No. 1 , in Tien Shan, China, using ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Radar data were collected with 100-MHz antennas that were spaced at 4 m with a step size of 8 m. The images produced from radar survey clearly show the continuity of bedrock echoes and the undulation features of the bedrock surface. Radar results show that the maximum ice thickness of Glacier No. 1 is 133 m, the thickness of the east branch of Glacier No. 1 averages at 58. 77 m while that of the west branch of Glacier No. 1 averages at 44. 84 m. Calculation on ice volume indicates that the ice volume of the east branch of Glacier No. 1 is 51. 87 × 106 m3 and that of the west branch of Glacier No. 1 is 20. 21 × 106 m3. The amplitude of the undulation of the bedrock surface topography revealed by radar profiles is larger than that of the glacier surface topography, indicating that the surface relief does     

冰雷达探测数据处理方法研究——以南极冰盖Dome A地区的数据处理为例

提出了冰雷达数据处理的流程,详细论述了冰雷达数据处理中常规修正的关键技术：静态校正、增益控制、带通滤波以及偏移处理等。以中国第24次南极科学考察（CHINARE 24）所获取的Dome A 地区30 km×30 km范围冰雷达原始数据处理作为实例,提取得到了该区域冰盖内部等时层埋深以及冰盖的冰厚数据。通过插值展现了冰盖等时层以及冰岩界面的三维空间形态。结合该区域ICESat冰盖表面高程数据,构建出了Dome A地区涵盖冰盖表面、冰盖等时层以及冰岩界面形态特征的三维模型。     

The thermal structure of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in southern Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Ice temperature measurements were taken from three shallow and five deep (to bedrock) boreholes on Hansbreen, Svalbard, in selected years between 1988 and 1994. In general, results show a subpolar, polythermal structure. The glacier accumulation zone is of warm ice within the entire vertical profile except the uppermost layer of seasonal temperature fluctuations where there is an upper cold ice layer in the ablation zone which varies in thickness and may even be absent in the western lateral part. The upper layer of cold ice thins along the glacier centre-line from the equilibrium line altitude down to the glacier front. The depth of the pressure melting, indicating the base of the cold ice layer, was defined at the borehole measurement sites but was not manifested as an internal reflection horizon using multi-frequency radar methods. The isotherm lies about 20 m above a radar internal reflecting horizon near the equilibrium line altitude and about 40 m above it in the frontal part of the glacier. The internal reflection horizon almost certainly reflects the high water content within temperate ice and not the cold/temperate ice interface. At 10 m depth, the temperatures are 2–3°C higher than the calculated mean annual air temperatures, demonstrating the importance of meltwater refreezing on the release of latent heat.     

STUDIES ON THE BHQ ICE CORE FROM THE LAW DOME, ANTARCTICA

The structure of the ice core varies with depth, Its surface layer is firn, followed by an ice layer with random fabric pattern (beginning at 28m depth), then transformed to a small circle girdle pattern (beginning at 147 m depth) through a transition layer, finally to a single-maximum pattern (beginning at 191 m depth). The stratigraphic profile of the ice core is similar to those of other cores on the Law Dome, For BHQ located in the middle of a flow line from the summit to the coast, the initial depth of every specific layer is less than that in the upstream and larger than that in the downstream. The ice was analyzed for trace elememts using instrumental neutron activation technique. No tendency towards a systematic increase or decrease in the element concentrations in the past 4000 years has been found. The mean concentrations of Na and Al over the past 4000 years are higher than those in the Vostok ice core by factors of 9 and 4, respectively.     

Long-term landscape development of the Coloradofjella plateau, central Spitsbergen, Svalbard

The development and age of the present geomorphology and superficial material of the Coloradofjella plateau, Spitsbergen, have been investigated through field surveying and laboratory sediment analyses. The focus was specifically on the role of glacial erosion and periglacial processes. The summit plain is deeply incised with large V-shaped valleys. Extensive networks of ice wedge polygons indicate that the fine-grained regolith is at least a few metres thick. An abundance of coarse-grained gabbroid erratics, clearly derived from sources further to the east, are distributed over parts of the summit plain. A vertical-walled dolerite dyke protruding up to 4 m above the adjacent surface shows no sign of glacial erosion. Our findings confirm that the present bedrock geomorphology and regolith in the summit plain survived at least the Late Weichselian glaciation. This is best explained by the ice sheet having been cold-based throughout its existence on the summit plain. Cold-based conditions imply that permafrost survived the last glacial cover. Based on the geomorphic evidence and estimates of Late Cenozoic erosion, we suggest that the present summit plains roughly represent the remains of a preglacial surface.     

2007/2008年度中国南极冰穹A考察新进展

冰穹A(DomeA)是南极冰盖最高区域,其独特的地理位置和蕴藏的科学资源受到国际科学界的普遍关注,近年来成为国际南极科学考察研究的重要前沿区域。中国第24次南极考察(CHINARE24,2007/2008年度)继续开展DomeA地区考察活动,具体执行内陆建站选址任务和国际极地年中国行动计划--PANDA计划。本次内陆冰盖队在到达DomeA后,在DomeA核心区域以及中山站-DomeA断面上开展了多学科系统性的科考工作,取得了以"南极DomeA科学考察"、"内陆建站选址"和"中国南极内陆考察支撑能力建设"为代表的新进展,提升了我国南极内陆考察的支撑保障能力和科学认知水平。