江苏栖霞山铅锌多金属矿床成因探讨:流体包裹体及氢-氧-硫-铅同位素证据

江苏栖霞山铅锌多金属矿床位于长江中下游成矿带宁镇地区,是华东地区最大的铅锌矿之一,近年来在其深部取得重大找矿突破,但该矿床的成因仍存在争议。本文在详细的野外调查基础上,重点对深部样品进行了系统的观察和采集。通过对其各成矿阶段流体包裹体及H、O、S、Pb同位素系统测定及分析,并结合地质事实,最终确定其矿床成因,为该矿床及区域下一步找矿提供方向。流体包裹体研究表明,栖霞山矿床流体包裹体类型以纯液相包裹体(L)和气液两相包裹体(V+L)为主。显微测温结果显示:主成矿期(热液成矿期)第一阶段磁铁矿-石英阶段(Ⅰ)的包裹体均一温度集中变化于280~380℃,盐度变化于4.24%~9.86%Na Cleqv;第二阶段石英-硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)的包裹体均一温度集中变化于180~320℃,盐度变化于1.74%~8.00%Na Cleqv;第三阶段石英-碳酸盐岩阶段(Ⅲ)的包裹体均一温度变化于80~160℃,盐度变化于0.53%~6.74%Na Cleqv。从第一阶段到第三阶段,均一温度和盐度均有降低的趋势,显示流体混合的特征,可能是其矿质沉淀的重要机制。H-O同位素分析(δ~(18)OH2O值为-1.9‰~5.5‰,δD值为-80.3‰~-69.9‰)显示成矿流体主要为岩浆流体,后期有大气降水的加入。硫化物S同位素研究显示,δ~(34)S值总体变化范围-4.6‰~3.8‰,呈塔式分布,位于零值附近,暗示着栖霞山矿床硫化物的S主要来源于岩浆,且可能有部分赋矿地层S的混入。矿石硫化物的(206)~Pb/(204)~Pb为17.616~17.817,207Pb/(204)~Pb为15.513~15.718,(208)~Pb/(204)~Pb为37.907~38.585,说明Pb主要来源于岩浆,可能有部分震旦系基底地层Pb的加入。综合矿床地质、流体包裹体及H、O、S、Pb同位素特征可知,栖霞山矿床属于主要受石炭系黄龙组灰岩与高丽山组砂岩之间"硅钙面"控制的岩浆热液矿床,与本区早白垩世晚期岩浆活动密切相关。     

Cassiterite U-Pb age,fluid inclusion and H-O-S-Pb isotope geochemistry of the Xiaogushan Sn-Zn deposit in the southern Great Xing'an Range,NE ChinaSCIEI北大核心CSCD

毛登-小孤山地区是大兴安岭南段锡多金属成矿带代表性矿区,由小孤山锡锌矿床和毛登锡钼铋多金属矿床组成。小孤山矿床锡石U-Pb Tera-Wasserburg谐和年龄为134.8±1.9Ma,表明其形成于早白垩世。该矿床成矿过程可划分为4个阶段:锡石-黄铁矿-石英-电气石阶段(Ⅰ阶段)、锡石-黄铜矿-闪锌矿-石英-萤石阶段(Ⅱ阶段)、闪锌矿-方铅矿-石英-萤石阶段(Ⅲ阶段)、黄铁矿-石英-方解石阶段(Ⅳ阶段)。小孤山矿床主要发育富液两相包裹体(WL型)、富气两相包裹体(WG型)及含子矿物包裹体(S型)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ阶段均发育WL、WG和S型包裹体,Ⅳ阶段仅出现WL型包裹体。从Ⅰ至Ⅳ阶段流体包裹体均一温度/盐度分别为420-443℃/8.3%-52.0%NaCleqv、286-379℃/4.0%-40.2%NaCleqv、214-299℃/3.8%-36.1%NaCleqv、178-195℃/2.1%-3.3%NaCleqv,表明从早阶段到晚阶段成矿流体由高温高盐度向低温低盐度转化,且前三个阶段流体盐度波动大,暗示成矿流体发生了多次沸腾。矿床的δ18O水介于-2.6‰-11.0‰,δD介于-107‰--91‰,Ⅰ和Ⅱ阶段的成矿流体以岩浆水为主,Ⅲ阶段开始有大气降水的加入。硫化物的δ34SCDT值介于-3.3‰--0.6‰,206Pb/204Pb介于17.772-18.427,207Pb/204Pb介于15.482-15.679,208Pb/204Pb介于37.668-38.622,表明成矿物质来源于早白垩世花岗质岩浆。流体沸腾和降温是矿质沉淀的两种主要机制。     

西藏冈底斯罗布真铅锌矿床成矿流体特征

西藏罗布真铅锌矿床位于冈底斯西缘,其矿体主要产于古新世林子宗群英安岩及斑状二长花岗岩中,并受断裂控制。成矿过程可分为石英-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)和石英-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)。Ⅰ阶段石英中分布三种类型的包裹体,即:纯气相包裹体(成分为CO2或CH4)、水溶液包裹体(液相组分主要为H2O,含微量CO2,气相组分主要为H2O和CO2)和含子矿物多相包裹体。Ⅱ阶段石英中的包裹体类型及对应的成分与Ⅰ阶段石英大体相似,但部分水溶液包裹体气液相成分均为H2O;Ⅱ阶段闪锌矿中分布水溶液包裹体和含子矿物多相包裹体,二者液相组分和气相组分主要为H2O,子矿物为方解石。Ⅰ阶段包裹体均一温度集中在200~320℃,盐度集中在8%~16%Na Cleqv,Ⅱ阶段包裹体均一温度集中在180~240℃和280~320℃两个区间,盐度集中在6%~12%Na Cleqv。成矿流体为中温、中低盐度的H2O-Na Cl±CO2体系。成矿流体的δDH2O值为-91‰~-125‰,δ18OH2O值为3.9‰~6.6‰,表明其来源主要为岩浆水。以气液相分离为标志的流体不混溶是矿区硫化物沉淀的重要机制。     

广西大厂矿田高峰锡多金属矿床流体包裹体研究

广西大厂锡多金属矿田是世界著名的锡矿产地之一。矿田内绝大部分锡锌资源量分布在西成矿带的高峰和长坡-铜坑两个矿床之中,其中赋存在中泥盆统生物礁灰岩中的高峰100号体以其品位高(Sn 1. 79%、Zn 10. 1%、Pb 5. 21%、Sb4. 8%、Ag 235g/t)、规模大(矿石量超过1300万吨)而在整个大厂矿田中占据非常重要的地位。本文在扫描电镜-阴极发光(SEM-CL)图像分析的基础上,对高峰锡多金属矿床成矿早期锡石-毒砂-磁黄铁矿阶段和成矿晚期硫化物-硫盐-碳酸盐阶段的流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温学及其气相成分的激光Raman光谱进行了系统研究。结果表明,成矿早期锡石-毒砂-磁黄铁矿阶段石英和锡石中主要发育富含CO2和CH4气相流体包裹体,其均一温度和盐度分别为360～410℃和3%～6%Na Cleqv;成矿晚期硫化物-硫盐-碳酸盐阶段石英中则仅发育气-液两相盐水流体包裹体,具有相对低的均一温度(270～310℃)和盐度(3%～6%Na Cleqv)。石英和锡石的H-O同位素组成指示成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液。对比矿田内其他矿床,进一步发现高峰矿床富CO2气相流体的盐度(3%～6%Na Cleqv)与拉么矽卡岩型Zn-Cu矿床富CO2气相流体的盐度(7%～9%Na Cleqv)相近,认为高峰矿床与拉么矿床可能具有相同的成矿流体来源,两者均来源于深部岩浆房中分异出的超临界流体。高峰矿床成矿流体可能主要来源于深部矽卡岩阶段富CO2气相流体的压缩和冷却(vapor contraction and cooling)。流体冷却过程可能是锡石-硫化物成矿的主要控制因素。高峰矿床-200m中段以上矿体,锡石和石英中的流体包裹体以富CO2和CH4气相流体包裹体为主,而缺失多子晶流体包裹体组合,推测高峰矿床-200m中段以下可能存在富含成矿金属的高密度卤水,从而形成高品位的锡多金属脉状矿体或矽卡岩型Zn-Cu矿体。     

内蒙古白音诺尔铅锌矿床成矿流体特征

内蒙古白音诺尔铅锌矿床为一大型矽卡岩型矿床。成矿作用分为两期5个阶段,包裹体显微测温研究表明:Ⅰ-1阶段主要发育气液两相包裹体(VL型)、富气相包裹体(LV型)及含Na Cl子矿物三相包裹体(SL型)。VL型包裹体均一温度变化范围为375.4℃~479.8℃,盐度为10.73%~13.73%Na Cleqv;LV型包裹体均一温度变化范围为415.2℃~458.4℃,盐度为5.32%~7.67%Na Cleqv;SL型包裹体均一温度变化范围为434.6℃~497.5℃,盐度为42.15%~45.25%Na Cleqv。Ⅰ-1阶段流体属中-高温、高盐度的不混溶Na Cl--H2O体系热液。Ⅰ--2阶段发育VL型和LV型两类包裹体,VL型包裹体均一温度的变化范围为202.3℃~345.7℃,盐度为5.17%~11.22%Na Cleqv;LV型包裹体均一温度为265.7℃~381.9℃,盐度1.98%~5.01%Na Cleqv。Ⅰ--2阶段流体性质为中温、中等盐度的不均匀Na Cl--H2O体系热液。Ⅱ--2阶段(主成矿阶段)主要发育VL型包裹体,均一温度分布于165.9℃~258.7℃,盐度为0.83%~5.62%Na Cleqv,说明流体性质为中--低温、低盐度的均一Na Cl--H2O体系热液。在流体由中--高温、高盐度不均匀Na Cl--H2O体系向中--低温、低盐度的均一Na Cl--H2O体系热液演化的过程中,金属元素逐渐富集并最终形成矿床。包裹体中碳氢氧同位素的研究证明早期流体来源以岩浆水为主,并有少量大气降水的参与;而晚期流体来源主要为大气降水。     

青海祁漫塔格虎头崖铅锌矿床流体包裹体、 同位素地球化学及矿床成因

青海虎头崖铅锌矿床位于东昆仑祁漫塔格地区西段,铅锌矿体受蓟县纪狼牙山组控制,矿体多呈层状、似层状产出,部分为透镜状、脉状,成矿分为2个阶段。金属硫化物电子探针分析表明,闪锌矿中Fe含量为2.255%~5.579%,贫Ga、Ge,Zn/Cd值为146~198,方铅矿中Ag含量为0.015%~0.038%,具有岩浆热液有关金属硫化物的特征。方解石内流体包裹体δD值为-92.7‰~-76‰,δ18OH2O值为-11.58‰~-2.27‰,多数位于大气降水范围,但部分位于大气降水和岩浆水之间,且早阶段成矿流体含有CO2、CH4、N2、H2等地幔流体或岩浆流体成分,表明早期成矿流体为岩浆热液,后期不断加入大气降水。早阶段成矿流体具中低温、高盐度、中等密度的特征,晚阶段随着大气降水的不断混入,盐度和密度显著降低。金属硫化物的δ34SV-CDT值为1.6‰~9.9‰,具有岩浆硫与围岩硫混合来源特征;金属硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值为18.533~18.580,207Pb/204Pb值 为15.606~15.669,208Pb/204Pb 值为38.344~38.522,主要来源于区内深源岩浆活动,有部分地壳铅的混染。综合分析认为,虎头崖铅锌矿床为与印支期岩浆作用有关的层控夕卡岩型铅锌矿床。     

大兴安岭北段得耳布尔铅锌银矿床成矿流体特征与意义

得耳布尔矿床是产于大兴安岭北段额尔古纳地块内的大型铅锌银矿床,本文通过对闪锌矿、石英进行流体包裹体均一温度、盐度、激光拉曼和氢氧同位素测试以研究其成矿流体特征与来源。结果显示主成矿期闪锌矿及团块状石英中流体包裹体均一温度范围为213~260℃,盐度为3.05%~9.6%NaCleq;成矿晚期脉状石英中流体包裹体均一温度介于175~210℃之间,盐度3.53%~7.15%NaCl_(eq)。红外激光拉曼结果显示包裹体气相成分主要为H_2O及CO_2,含极少量CH_4。石英氢、氧同位素测试结果显示主成矿期δD_水值为-153.8‰~-149‰,δ~(18)O_水值为-0.77‰~2.38‰;成矿晚期δD_水值为-154‰~-141.4‰,δ~(18)O_水值为-2.27‰~-0.47‰。矿床成矿流体为岩浆水与演化大气降水的混合。额尔古纳地块内铅锌银多金属矿床成矿流体特征较为接近,主要为中低温低盐度NaCl-H_2O-CO_2±CH_4成矿流体;流体来源一致,推测为演化的大气降水与岩浆水的混合。     

安徽宣城矿集区长山铅锌多金属矿床成矿流体特征及成因

长山铅锌多金属矿床位于长江中下游成矿带宣城矿集区东北部,文章在对该矿床开展详细的地质调查和岩相学研究基础上,对代表性矿化蚀变矿物(石英、方解石)开展了流体包裹体测温、激光拉曼光谱和氢、氧、碳稳定同位素分析。长山铅锌多金属矿床矿化蚀变组合从早到晚可以分为矽卡岩-氧化物阶段、早硫化物阶段和晚硫化物阶段。矿物流体包裹体温度和盐度测算显示,长山矿床的成矿流体温度和盐度从矽卡岩-氧化物阶段(315～382℃,w(NaCl)_eq为14.04%～16.24%)→早硫化物阶段(220～347℃,w(NaCl)_eq为4.49%～15.86%)→晚硫化物阶段(163～306℃,w(NaCl)_eq为1.40%～11.10%)逐渐降低。石英和闪锌矿中包裹体的δD和δ¹⁸O值分别为-89.5‰～-67.8‰和-3.2‰～7.62‰,方解石中δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O值分别是-6.8‰～-1‰和10.6‰～17.1‰,同位素特征指示长山矿床的成矿流体为岩浆水与海相碳酸盐中富含有机质流体混合,...     

青海铜峪沟铜矿床成矿流体特征及矿床类型探讨

青海省铜峪沟铜矿床位于东昆仑东西向构造岩浆带与鄂拉山北西向构造岩浆带的复合部位。依据矿物共生组合、交代与穿插关系可将铜峪沟铜矿成矿过程分为3个阶段:矽卡岩阶段、石英—多金属硫化物阶段及石英—方解石阶段。对不同阶段包裹体进行了包裹体岩相学、显微测温学和包裹体成分分析。研究结果表明,流体包裹体主要为液相包裹体(L型)、气相包裹体(G型)及含子矿物包裹体(S型)。其中矽卡岩阶段以含子矿物包裹体(均一温度为322℃~600℃,盐度为32.92%~73.97%Na Cleqv)和液相包裹体(均一温度为231℃~600℃,盐度为10.74%~21.68%Na Cleqv)为主。石英—多金属硫化物阶段以液相包裹体(均一温度为176℃~381℃,盐度为2.74%~21.96%Na Cleqv)和气相包裹体(均一温度为127℃~419℃,盐度为4.49%~8.81%Na Cleqv)为主。石英—方解石阶段仅发育液相包裹体(均一温度为143℃~201℃,盐度为5.25%~9.21%Na Cleqv)。计算得到流体压力、密度变化范围分别为0.37~132.2 MPa、0.53~1.17 g/cm3。成矿流体具有从高温高盐度向低温低盐度的演化特征。矽卡岩阶段发生了流体的混合作用,石英—多金属硫化物阶段发生了流体的减压沸腾作用导致了大量金属硫化物沉淀,成矿晚阶段流体可能来源于大气降水。分析认为,铜峪沟铜矿为岩浆热液层矽卡岩矿床。     

豫西老里湾银铅锌矿床流体包裹体和同位素特征及其地质意义

河南省老里湾银铅锌矿床位于华北克拉通南缘华熊地块崤山断隆区,是近年来在崤山东部浅覆盖区新发现的一处大型矿床。老里湾矿床的矿体受断裂构造控制,主要呈浸染状、细脉浸染状和脉状赋存于早白垩世花岗斑岩体内的NW向和NNW向断裂破碎带中,亦有少量的矿体产于中元古界熊耳群火山岩内的断裂中。根据矿物共生组合、矿石组构及脉体穿插关系,将老里湾银铅锌矿床的成矿过程划分为3个成矿阶段,即:(1)绢云母+闪锌矿+方铅矿+黄铁矿阶段(早阶段);(2)重晶石+闪锌矿+方铅矿+银矿物±碳酸盐±石英阶段(中阶段);(3)闪锌矿+方铅矿+银矿物阶段(晚阶段)。文章对花岗斑岩的石英斑晶和热液阶段重晶石流体包裹体的研究表明,石英斑晶中主要发育含子矿物多相包裹体(S型)、富液两相水溶液包裹体(WL型)及少量的富气两相水溶液包裹体(WG型);重晶石中主要发育WL型包裹体。花岗斑岩的石英斑晶中包裹体完全均一温度介于338~586℃,平均494℃;盐度w(Na Cleq)介于11.0%~70.2%,密度为0.87~1.27 g/cm~3,属于高温、高盐度的H_2O-Na Cl体系。成矿中阶段的重晶石中包裹体均一温度为128~401℃,平均254℃;盐度w(Na Cleq)为1.6%~8.1%,密度0.59~0.95g/cm~3,属于中温、低盐度的H_2O-Na Cl体系。成矿中阶段重晶石中流体的δ~(18)O水值介于5.9‰~8.4‰,δDV-SMOW值介于-89.7‰~-65.5‰,表明成矿流体为岩浆水。重晶石的δ~(13)CPDB变化于-22.9‰~-12.5‰,具有花岗质岩浆演化形成的流体特征。矿石金属硫化物的δ~(34)S值介于1.9‰~5.9‰,平均3.5‰,具有深源硫的特征;成矿阶段重晶石的δ~(34)S值介于9.2‰~11.1‰,平均10.2‰。重晶石的δ34S值大于硫化物的δ~(34)S值,是同位素分馏造成的。矿床金属硫化物的Pb同位素组成较为集中,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb介于17.262~17.430;~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb介于15.444~15.501;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb介于37.774~38.050。S-Pb同位素组成表明老里湾矿床的成矿物质主要来自矿区内的早白垩世花岗质岩浆。崤山东部发育斑岩型钼铅锌银成矿系统,老里湾银铅锌矿床属于该成矿系统的浅部脉状矿化端员。初始中低盐度流体的降温是老里湾银铅锌矿床矿质沉淀的主要机制。     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义

在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Geology, mineralogy, and PGE mineralization of the copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, Sredinny Range, Kamchatka

The geology and mineralogy of host metamorphic rocks, the mineralogy of sulfide ores, and the distribution of PGE mineralization were studied in detail for the Kvinum-1 and Kvinum-2 copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, which are the most promising targets for the copper-nickel-PGE mineralization of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka. It was established that stringer-disseminated and massive copper-nickel ores are localized in amphibole peridotites, cortlandites, and form ore bodies varying from tens of centimeters to 5–20 m thick among the layered cortlandite-gabbroid massifs. The massive sulfide ores were found only at the bottom of cortlandite bodies and upsection grade into stringer-disseminated and disseminated ores. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite are the major ore minerals with a sharply subordinate amount of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, and löllingite. Besides pentlandite, the Ni-bearing minerals include sulforasenides (gersdorffite), arsenides (nickeline), and tellurides (melonite) of nickel. It was found that PGE mineralization represented by antimonides (sudburyite) and tellurobismuthides (michenerite) of Pd with sharply subordinate platinum arsenide (sperrylite) is confined to the apical parts of massive sulfide zones and the transition zone to the stringer-disseminated ores. Ore intervals enriched in arsenides and tellurides of Ni, Pd, and Bi contain high-purity gold. In the central parts of the orebodies, the contents of PGE and native gold are insignificant. It is suggested that the contents of major sulfide minerals and the productivity of PGE mineralization in the cortlandites are defined by combined differentiation and sulfurization of ultramafic derivatives under the effect of fluids, which are accumulated at the crystallization front and cause layering of parental magmas with different sulfur contents. The fluid-assisted layering of mafic-ultramafic massifs resulted in the contrasting distribution of PGM in response to uneven distribution of sulfur (as well as As, Te, and Bi) during liquid immiscibility. The productivity of PGE mineralization significantly increases with increasing contents of S, As, Te, and Bi (elements to which Pt and, especially, Pd have high affinity) in fluids.     

Depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer, based on geophysical exploration, southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA

 A geophysical survey was conducted to determine the depth of the base of the water-table aquifer in the southern part of Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. Audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) measurements at 77 sites in the study area yielded electrical-resistivity logs of the subsurface, and these were used to infer lithologic changes with depth. A 100–600 ohm-m geoelectric layer, designated the Jackson aquifer, was used to represent surficial saturated, unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. The median depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is estimated to be 200 ft (61 m), based on 62 sites that had sufficient resistivity data. AMT-measured values were kriged to predict the depth to the base of the aquifer throughout the southern part of Jackson Hole. Contour maps of the kriging predictions indicate that the depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is shallow in the central part of the study area near the East and West Gros Ventre Buttes, deeper in the west near the Teton fault system, and shallow at the southern edge of Jackson Hole. Predicted, contoured depths range from 100 ft (30 m) in the south, near the confluences of Spring Creek and Flat Creek with the Snake River, to 700 ft (210 m) in the west, near the town of Wilson, Wyoming. Received, May 1997 · Revised, February 1998 · Accepted, April 1998     

西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体岩石成因

以出露在西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体为研究对象,从野外地质调查、岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、元素和Lu-Hf同位素地球化学等方面对其进行了分析研究。结果显示：秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体类似于A型花岗岩,形成于古近纪(E1),其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(62.0±0.5)~(63.0±0.5) Ma;岩体形成的温度较高(锆石饱和温度为745~805 ℃,平均766 ℃);岩石富SiO2(72.6%~75.0%)、Na2O(2.86%~3.59%)和K2O(4.12%~5.25%),贫CaO(0.72%~1.39%)和MgO(0.26%~0.36%),高FeOT/MgO值(7.26~10.3),属高钾钙碱性系列,弱过铝质;岩石具明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.40~0.70),普遍表现出Ba、Sr、P、Ti元素的亏损和Rb、Th、K、Zr、Hf元素的富集。εHf(t)值为-4.7~-1.8,其两阶段地壳Hf模式年龄tDM2为(1.1~1.3) Ga。秦马弄A型花岗岩体是冈底斯基底地壳物质部分熔融的岩浆产物,形成于古近纪印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲碰撞引起的总体为岛弧背景下的局部拉张构造环境。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.