道观河水库大银鱼移植生物学效应─Ⅰ.生长

本文根据大银鱼在道观河水库移植后的生长资料,计算出其生长指标,相对生长率和平均丰满度,对大银鱼在道观河水库的生长规律进行了分析,得出其体长体重关系为W＝1．2120×10-6L3．1820和VonBertalanffy生长方程的各项参数值：L∞＝193．03mm,W∞＝22．72g,K＝0．3328,由此得出大银鱼在该地区水域能移植驯化的科学依据．并据此为道现河水库大银鱼的最佳捕捞时间提出了初步的意见。     

凤鲚繁殖群体的生物学特性及因数关系的研究

本文对繁殖季节的209尾凤鲚标本进行了生物学分析。在采获的标本中,最大体长182mm,体重23.4g;最小体长94mm,体重3.5g。肥满度（k）平均为3.15×10^-4。其体长与体重的回归关系式为W=1.174×10^-5L^2.773。雌鱼的绝对繁殖力平均为7403.48粒,成熟系数为18.92%。雄鱼成熟系数8.02%。绝对繁殖力与体长呈曲线回归关系,F=1.906×10^-2L^2.54,与体重呈直线回归关系,F=688.13W—2119.68。     

凤鲚繁殖群体的生物学特性及因数关系的研究

本文对繁殖季节的209尾凤鲚标本进行了生物学分析。在采获的标本中,最大体长182mm,体重23.4g;最小体长94mm,体重3.5g。肥满度(k)平均为3.15×10~(-4)。其体长与体重的回归关系式为W=1.174×10~(-5)L~(2.773)。雌鱼的绝对繁殖力平均为7403.48粒,成熟系数为18.92％。雄鱼成熟系数8.02％。绝对繁殖力与体长呈曲线回归关系,F=1.906×10~(-2)L~(2.54),与体重呈直线回归关系,F=688.13W—2119.68。     

网湖似剌鳊鮈年龄与生长的研究

对湖北省阳新县网湖所采得的862尾似刺鳊鮈的年龄与生长的研究表明,其年轮特征主要为切割型和碎裂型。其体长与鳞径呈直线相关:L=5.6784+4.3056R;体长与体重呈幂函数的增长关系:W=2.8026×10~(-2)L~(2.8754)。应用Van Bertalanffy生长方程拟合该鱼的一般生长规律,其生长参数为:L_∞=25.0143cm,W_∞=277.8876g,K=0.4668,t_0=-1.3886,拐点年龄t_i=1龄,拐点体长L_i=16.42cm,拐点体重W_i=82.82g。     

太湖大银鱼生长特性的研究

本文根据太湖大银鱼(Protosalanx hyalocranius Abbott)周年生物学实测资料,并应用Von Bertalanffy生长方程进行计算,对大银鱼在太湖的生长规律及特点进行分析探讨,结果表明:1.体全长与体重呈幂函数关系:W=3.981×10~(-6)L~(2.9359);2.Von Bertalanffy生长方程的各项参数值为:L_∞=219.86(mm),W_∞=28.56(g),K=0.1469,t_0=0.33;3。生长拐点年龄为7、8月龄。     

鲢鳙对浮游动物群落结构的影响

1990年4—7月,在武汉东湖运用围圈的方法,研究了鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitriac)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)对浮游动物群落结构的影响。观察表明:在鲢鳙混养的围圈中,原生动物和小型轮虫的数量较多,而甲壳动物和大型轮虫较少。在无鱼的围圈中,结果正好相反。就浮游动物平均生物量而论,无鱼的两个围圈(55.035mg/L和38.374mg/L)比鲢鳙混养的两个围圈(3.028mg/L和3.490mg/L)高得多。甲壳动物(无节幼体除外)的体长频度分布表明:在无鱼的围圈中,大型甲壳动物的频度比有鱼的围圈高得多。围圈实验表明:鲢鳙的摄食促进了浮游动物向小型化方向发展。     

西江广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)繁殖生物学及繁殖策略

探究鱼类繁殖策略是了解鱼类种群动态的关键.通过对珠江西江流域重要的经济鱼类广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)生殖周期、产卵时间、成熟期长度、生殖力类型和生殖力等方面进行研究,阐明在人类活动日益加强下,西江广东鲂的繁殖策略适应性变化情况.研究表明,广东鲂个体平均体长245 mm,优势体长集中在260~280 mm,平均体重347 g,优势体重集中在320~480 g.用L 50逻辑斯谛回归方法推算广东鲂雌鱼和雄鱼初次性成熟体长分别为244.5和232.2 mm.雌雄性比例为1.105∶1,且随着体长增加,雌雄性比呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势.广东鲂繁殖群体在产卵季节为48月,产卵高峰为6月初持续到7月上旬,产卵季节内广东鲂鱼苗的密度与径流量显著相关.广东鲂绝对繁殖力平均为73069粒,相对繁殖力平均为118.7粒/g,绝对繁殖力与体长和体重均呈正相关.广东鲂繁殖群体性腺成熟系数与性腺重、肥满度以及体重密切相关.广东鲂种群繁殖策略在人类活动加剧影响下呈现出适应性变化:初次性成熟体长变小,绝对繁殖力下降.     

白龟山水库银鱼移植试验

1987年一次性向白龟山水库投放太湖新银鱼有效受精卵21×10~4粒,后形成强大种群生产力,1991～1993年累计生产银鱼190t,创经济效益500余万人民币。太湖新银鱼具有生命周期不长、食物链较短、适应环境能力较强、容易捕捞等优点,是“填补”移植驯化的理想对象。白龟山水库生态系中鱼类区系组成不够饱和,存有空闲小生境,饵料竞争比较缓和,敌害压力较小,是移植驯化银鱼的适宜水体。白龟山水库银鱼食性组成中以桡足类和枝角类为主;分布遍及全库,尤以上、中游水草区为最多。1991年全库银鱼相对资源蕴藏量为108920kg,即1.56×10~(?)尾。1991年约有29.5％的浮游动物被银鱼利用转化成为银鱼产品,生物学效益较高。综合考虑银鱼的繁殖和生长,在现有捕捞强度下,捕捞生产宜安排在11月～翌年2月为宜。     

湖北武湖日本沼虾的生长特性

从1998年9月至1999年9月对人工养殖湖泊——武湖日本沼虾生长特性作了研究. 以月龄来研究日本沼虾的生长,研究结果表明日本沼虾在7-1月份(1-7月龄)呈等速生长,在2-6月份(8-12月龄)呈异速生长.日本沼虾体重(W)与体长(L)呈幂函数相关,但在7-1月份时其b值接近于3,而在2-6月份时其b值明显小于3,其关系式如下: 1-7月龄:W♂=0. 0148L3. 2419(r=0. 9978,n=390),W♀=0. 0206L3. 0117(r=0. 9968,n=372); 8-12月龄:W♂=0. 0857L2. 1788(r=0.9854,n=188),W♀=0. 1450L1. 8165(r=0. 9974,n=278). 1-7月龄雄虾的生长规律符合Von Bertalanffy方程,雌虾的生长规律符合Logistic方程;8-12月龄雌雄虾的生长规律都符合Logistic方程.     

后生浮游动物摄食对太湖夏季微囊藻水华形成的作用

为了了解后生浮游动物的摄食作用在太湖夏季微囊藻水华形成中的作用,2009年7月15日至8月14日取太湖梅梁湾湖水开展了后生浮游动物对微囊藻水华形成作用的野外模拟实验.实验期间,未过滤掉后生浮游动物的对照组出现了漂浮在水面、肉眼可见的微囊藻水华,而过滤掉后生浮游动物的实验组没有出现微囊藻水华.结果显示,对照组整个实验期间都有后生浮游动物存在,共发现了9种后生浮游动物;而实验组在实验第6 d发现有后生浮游动物出现,整个实验期间共发现了3种后生浮游动物.浮游动物生物多样性分析显示对照组显著高于实验组.实验后期(21～30 d),对照组微囊藻平均密度显著高于实验组.整个实验期间,惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)和水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)密度均显著高于实验组,且惠氏微囊藻密度占对照组微囊藻总密度的60.79%.研究结果表明,太湖夏季后生浮游动物摄食并不能控制太湖蓝藻水华,相反,后生浮游动物特别是大型浮游动物能促进蓝藻水华的形成.同时表明,后生浮游动物群落结构可能是影响微囊藻水华形成的重要因素.     

湖北道观河水库细鳞鲴的个体生殖力

研究了道观河水库细鳞鲴的个体生殖力。细鳞鲴样本由2~ -5~ 龄鱼组成,其个体绝对生殖力与体长、体重和年龄分别呈直线、对数函数和幂函数相关,体长相对生殖力与体长、体重和年龄分别呈双曲线、对数函数和幂函数相关,体重相对生殖力与它们相关不显著。多元逐步回归分析其绝对生殖力和体长相对生殖力均与体重和成熟系数密切相关,而体重相对生殖力仅与成熟系数相关。     

鄱阳湖鲌属(Culter)和原鲌属(Culterichthys)鱼类体重与体维关系

实测和回归分析鄱阳湖鲌属(Culter)的翘嘴鲌(C.alburnus)、蒙古鲌(C. mongolicus)、达氏鲌(C.dabryi)和原鲌属(Culterichthys)的红鳍原鲌(C. erythropterus)体重与体维关系.结果表明,多元回归方程能全面地反映不同体维对鱼类体重的影响,体重与体侧面积体厚的回归方程较适宜.其体重(W)与体侧面积(A)及体厚(T)的幂函数关系式分别是,翘嘴鲌:W=4.05051×10-3A0.66260T1.41994;蒙古鲌:W=3.18603×10-3A0.66845 T1.44376;达氏鲌:W=1.99310×10-3A0.70982T1.47305;红鳍原鲌:W=3.58823×10-3A0.63253T1.49465.     

网湖鲫鱼的生长与资源评估

根据1984—1986年在湖北省网湖进行渔业资源调查的资料,应用Von Bertalanffy生长方程描述该湖鲫鱼的生长模式,同时按照Joneo体长股分析模型和Thompson-Bell体长预测模型分别推算鲫鱼资源量和不同捕捞强度下资源量和渔获量的理论值,并求得最大持续渔获量。据此,对该湖鲫鱼资源的合理开发和利用进行了分析和讨论,并提出渔业对策。     

太湖贡湖湾鲚(Coilia ectenes taihuensis Yen et Lin)食物组成的季节变化

鲚(Coilia ectenes taihuensis Yen et Lin)是太湖主要的鱼类之一,其产量随水体富营养化程度的加重呈上升趋势.本研究于2009年4-12月用刺网(a=10 mm)在太湖贡湖湾采集了鲚,分析了其胃含物中食物组成的季节变化以及鲚对食物种类的选择性.结果表明,鲚在各月中主要以浮游动物为食,同时也摄食幼鱼、幼虾和水生昆虫等.鲚的食物组成具有明显季节变化,4月份以桡足类为食,其中桡足幼体、汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii Brehm)和剑水蚤(Cyclops spp.)所占的平均个数百分比相当;6、8和10月份主要以枝角类为食,其中6月以裸腹溞(Moina spp.)为主,而8和10月以象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.)为主.食物选择性方面,鲚对大型浮游动物表现出主动选择;当环境中出现溞(Daphnia spp.)和透明薄皮溞(Leptodora kindti Focke)时,鲚对它们表现出很强的选择性摄食,但透明薄皮溞只出现在6月鱼类食物中;个体较小的裸腹溞也是鲚主动选择的重要食物,在整个调查期间鲚对裸腹溞都表现出较高的主动选择性;象鼻溞虽然在各月份食物中的出现率最高,但除10月份鲚对其表现出主动选择外,其它月份表现为主动回避或随机选择.本研究结果有助于我们了解鲚对浮游动物群落影响的季节变化,为制定合理的湖泊与渔业管理方案提供依据.     

Seasonal dynamics of zooplankton in Lake Huetzalin, Xochimilco (Mexico City, Mexico)

We quantified the seasonal changes in the zooplankton abundances collected from the Huetzalin Lake (Mexico City, Mexico) for two years (February 2003–January 2004 and then March 2005–February 2006). Selected physicochemical variables (Secchi depth, temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon and chlorophyll a concentration) were also measured at the time of zooplankton collection. The data on zooplankton abundances and the physicochemical variables were subjected to multiple correlation analysis and we also derived Shannon–Wiener species diversity index. Secchi depth ranged from 9 to 65 cm. Generally the lake was alkaline (pH 7–12). The conductivity ranged from 500–1000 mS cm⁻¹, while the mean water temperature was 20.5 °C. Dissolved oxygen levels were generally >3 mg L⁻¹ and were higher in the winter than warmer months. Nitrates (90–95 μg L⁻¹) and phosphates (.2–.5 mg L⁻¹) indicated that the water was eutrophic. Chlorophyll a levels ranged from 143 to 696 μg L⁻¹ during the study period. The zooplankton community was dominated by rotifers (46 species), followed by cladocerans (9 species) and there were only two copepod species. The dominant rotifer species were Brachionus angularis, Brachionus calyciflorus, Brachionus havanaensis, Brachionus quadridentatus, Lecane bulla and Polyarthra vulgaris. Rare rotifer species in Lake Huetzalin were Lecane ohioensis, Dicranophorus forcipatus, Lecane pyriformis, Lindia torulosa, Pleurotrocha petromyzon and Brachionus durgae. Highest densities (occasional peaks of 400 ind L⁻¹) of B. quadridentatus occurred between April and December, while B. havanaensis reached peak densities, during June to October. B. calyciflorus reached densities higher than 1240 ind L⁻¹ during May–September. Cladoceran and copepod densities in Lake Huetzalin were much lower than that of the rotifers. This study confirmed the earlier findings that Xochimilco system of canals is dominated by rotifers and the crustacean zooplankton have much lower abundances possibly due to predation from fish.     

Feeding activity of adult roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)), perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus (L.)) in eutrophic Lake Aydat (France)

The feeding activity of adult roach (Rutilus rutilus), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) was studied over a one year cycle to show trophic relations between fish and the prey communities in eutrophic Lake Aydat.Daily consumption rates were referred to the stock of the different age classes of fish. Seven food compartments (phytoplankton, macrophytes, Cladocera, Copepoda, macroinvertebrates, fish and sediment) were used by the fish. The main prey compartment ofR. rutilus were macroinvertebrates (39.7%), sediment (29.0%), macrophytes (15.4%) and phytoplankton (14.9%). Little zooplankton was consumed (2.4%).P. fluviatilis fed mainly on macroinvertebrates and fish fry (both 41.8%) and some zooplankton (15.0%). ForG. cernuus, macroinvertebrates dominated in the diet (97.4%). During spring, Bacillariophyceae and macroinvertebrates represented the principal preys. During summer, insect larvae, phytoplankton and macrophytes were the principal components of the diet. At the end of summer, macrofauna was scare and fish tended to move to the pelagic zone feeding on plankton. In autumn, the prey spectrum was large. During winter, sediment was the most important item consumed, together with some macroinvertebrates. The impact of this fish community through consumption is highest on macroinvertebrates (40.7%), flora (27.7%) and sediment (28.4%). The predation of these three fish on zooplankton was low (1% per day of the zooplankton biomass) and restricted to periods when the other items were scarce. Interspecific competition is not excluded for macroinvertebrates.     

Effects of fish manipulation on the plankton community in small hypertrophic lakes from the Pampa Plain (Argentina)

Trophic cascade hypotheses predict that fish will affect the structure and biomass of pelagic plankton communities. In order to investigate trophic cascade effects from fish down to phytoplankton, whole-lake studies were performed in five hypertrophic (mean total phosphorus (TP) concentrations higher than 1000 mg m⁻³) shallow lakes located in the Pampa Plain. The main climatic characteristic of this region is the alternation between periods of drought and flood, with corresponding changes of lake depth and conductivity of lake water. All lakes were studied from April to December 2000. Samples were taken of their physical and chemical characteristics and biotic communities, focusing on the zooplankton community. Fish were manipulated in four lakes (Capurro, Longinotti, Vedia 1, Vedia 2), while the fifth (Lake Vedia 3) was left undisturbed as a reference system. High abundance of planktivorous minnows (Jenynsia multidentata and Cheirodon interruptus) dominated the fish community in the reference lake. In the manipulated lakes, fish stocks were largely reduced in late autumn (May). During winter, Capurro, Longinotti and Vedia 1 were stocked with a visual planktivore, the pampean silverside (Odontesthes bonariensis, Atherinidae). Fish stocking was 24, 33 and 19 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. In contrast, no fish were stocked in Lake Vedia 2. Following fish removal, large Daphnia appeared in these lakes and grazed intensively on the phytoplankton. In contrast, no Daphnia were found in the reference lake (Vedia 3). The stocking of O. bonariensis in lakes Capurro, Longinotti and Vedia 1 led to a decrease in the percentage of large cladocerans and a rise in the phytoplankton biomass:TP ratio. Moreover, the lakes mentioned were stocked with different quantities of silversides over different periods of time. These differences were reflected temporarily in the plankton dynamics, affecting mainly larger sized zooplankton. Nevertheless, the presence of Daphnia was short lived in the lake where fish had been removed and no O. bonariensis were stocked. Competition for resources and recruitment of remaining fish probably caused a collapse in the zooplankton biomass. Our results support the idea that fish predation on zooplankton and its effect on phytoplankton is very intense in small pampean lakes. Fish removal was short lived, however. This could be because in small pampean lakes fish recolonization is favored, and minnows are highly prolific. Moreover, if manipulation of the trophic structure of lakes is undertaken in the pampean region, high nutrient loading from the watershed, climate and hydrology should also be taken into account.