液化地基的评价及处理的体会

合理评价液化地基及采用科学的处理方案对工程建设有重要意义，总结了影响地基液化的主要因素及液化判定的一般方法，提出了一种新的液化判定方法——归一法。结合实例就液化地基的设计与处理谈了一些体会。     

碎石桩处理液化地基效果评价

本文在考虑碎石桩排水和应力集中作用的基础上分析了碎石桩处理液化地基后复合地基的抗液化能力,并与自由场液化地基的抗液化能力进行了对比,提出了一种适用于碎石桩复合地基修正“Seed简化法”,可应用标准贯入试验对液化地基的处理效果进行评价。     

CFG桩-网复合地基在软土层路基加固中的应用

针对某海滨城市市政道路软基处理的难题,综合分析了多种地基处理方法,在场地条件复杂、工期紧、要求高的情况下,采用CFG桩-网复合地基对深厚软土路基进行加固处理。解决了深厚软土沉降和砂土液化等问题,详细论述了CFG桩-网复合地基的设计计算方法、施工工艺、成桩试验和检测结果。     

水泥土桩复合地基动力效应研究进展

全面总结了水泥土桩复合地基动力特性的研究成果,包括:水泥土及其水泥土复合体的动力特性;水泥土桩复合地基与结构动力相互作用的地震效应;水泥土桩处理液化地基的作用机理、设计原则、设计方法及其处治效果检测方法。最后,提出了几点建议。     

加固地基增强地基的抗震性能

加固地基是增强地基抗震性能的一种行之有效的方法。加固地基可提高地基抗液化能力，改善地基土的动力特性，减轻砂土地基的液化势；通过对地基土产生预震效应，提高了加固地基整体的强度、刚度和稳定性。对震害严重的厚冲积层或厚软土层，用高压喷射注浆法进行加固处理有其独特的优越性。     

砂土液化危害及地基处理方法探讨

通过对相关砂土液化破坏的调查资料的分析。阐述了砂土液化造成的危害。认为京沪高速铁路沿线存在的液化砂土对未来的高速铁路路基具有一定的潜在危险。应当进行相应处理，并对此提出了相应的地基处理方法。     

兰州某黄土场地液化势评价及地基处理措施

尝试应用了室内研究——反应分析的液化可能性估计方法与地震剪应力时程相结合的综合评价方法对处于黄河Ⅳ级阶地的兰州东岗某工程场地的饱和黄土液化势进行了评价。研究结果表明,该场地饱和黄土在超越概率为50年63%、10%和5%地震作用下均会产生完全液化;同时,根据对夯实后重塑黄土的液化势评价结果,我们提出可用夯实法对地基进行抗液化处理;强夯至干密度dρ≥1.6g/cm时,上述地震作用下该场地饱和黄土仅产生轻微或中等液化,地基抗液化处理效果明显。     

碎石桩加固饱和粉土地基的抗液化特性

除饱和砂土液化外,饱和粉土地震液化问题也是岩土地震工程中一个重要的研究课题。饱和粉土地基的地震液化及变形可以采用多种地基加固方法防治,碎石桩技术是常用方法之一。碎石桩复合地基的抗液化效应,主要是增加桩周土体的密度、利于桩体的排水以及由桩体分担地震水平剪应力（桩体减震作用）。但由于粉土的土质特性,粉土-碎石桩复合地基的抗液化特性与砂土有着明显的差异。本文结合目前国内外碎石桩复合地基抗液化研究的最新进展,对粉土-碎石桩的密实、排水减压和减震作用做了较详细的评述,最后提出了关于碎石柱复合地基抗液化特性需要进一步研究的问题。     

南京地区液化地基加固效应分析

南京长江大桥江南铁路引桥附近的可液化地基采用挤密砂桩法进行了加固。加固结束后检测了加固区的土层剪切波速、地面卓越周期；测定了砂土动力特性和抗液化能力，在此基础上对地基加固效应进行了系统分析和综合评价。文章所提方法与结论不仅可以用来评价本项工程的加固效果，同时在对液化地基加固效应的评价方法方面也有一定的参考作用。     

振冲挤密加固深厚吹填珊瑚礁砂地基试验研究

针对沙特吉赞新建的围海造陆货物堆场的地基处理,基于珊瑚礁砂的疏浚工程特性,开展了用两种振冲挤密法加固该处不良级配疏松礁砂地基的有效性及确定其相应工艺参数的现场试验。先完成选定小区试验,后由SPT检验其效果,再分析确定最优振冲工艺并指导了大面积工程施工。通过比对场区地基加固前、后的CPT检测结果,用Iwasaki液化指数法对振后地基做进一步液化判断,同时采用极限法(基于CPT)和施莫法(基于SPT)对加固地基进行了沉降分析并对比两种计算结果,验证本试验研究所确定的加填料振冲方案与施工工艺合理性,加固后地基的承载及抗液化能力得到有效提高且完全能满足工后沉降控制要求。研究成果可供珊瑚礁海域的类似工程参考或借鉴。     

Erosional unloading,hillslope geometry,and the height of the Cascade Range,Washington State,USA

Peaks in the Cascade Range in northern Washington State are on average ～800 m higher than in southern Washington. The influences of differential valley excavation and variations in hillslope length and average slope on these altitudinal trends were tested using a 3‐dimensional model for isostatic rock uplift and calculations of hillslope length and slope respectively. The magnitude of isostatic peak uplift calculated by the model is highly dependent on the flexural rigidity (D) and the related effective elastic thickness (T_e) of the crust of this region. Crustal rigidity was constrained using published estimates and by estimating the depth of the seismogenic zone in the area (D > 1 × 10²³ Nm and T_e > 24 km). With these constraints, isostatic compensation due to differential erosion added < 700 m and 300 m, or < 25% overall, of height to peaks in the northern and southern Cascades, respectively. Deeper valley incision in the northern Cascades accounts for < 300 m of the 800 m difference in peak altitudes between north and south. Similarly, variation in valley spacing and slope account for < 350 m of the difference in mean altitude between northern and southern regions. Hence, at least several hundred m difference in altitude between the northern and southern regions of the Cascades in Washington must be due to tectonic, geologic, or geophysical factors rather than surficial and geomorphic effects like isostatic response to valley incision and hillslope geometry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Volcanoes, the stratosphere, and climate

A list of volcanic eruption plumes observed to ascend into or near the stratosphere since 1883 shows that the volcanoes divide readily into two groups, one at low and one at higher latitudes. A model for the rise of a buoyant volcanic plume rise as applied to volcanic eruptions is corrected for realistic temperature profiles and for the finite vertical extent of the resultant debris clouds. The utility of the model can be questioned, however, owing to the highly uncertain and variable nature of the efficiency of use of heat energy of buoyant rise. The observed correlation of stratospheric plumes with climatic effects indicates that those plumes nearer the equator have the largest impact on surface temperatures. Analysis of the observations also suggests that injection of debris into the stratosphere is more important in determining the effect on climate than either the total volcanic explosivity of the eruption or the actual height reached within the stratosphere.     

On the theory of the axially-symmetric,time-average,state of the atmosphere

Summary A possible formal approach to a closed steady-state theory of the mean axially-symmetric variables is outlined. The approach involves alternating iterative solutions of the energy and momentum equations. In these equations the effects of transient eddy phenomena of all frequencies are assumed to be parameterized in terms of the mean symmetric variables.     

Subducted lithosphere,hotspots, and the geoid

The earth's largest positive geoid height anomalies are associated with subduction zones and hotspots. Although the correlation with subduction has been noted for many years, the correlation with hotspots is fully evident only when the subduction-related geoid highs are removed from the observed field. Using the assumption that subducted lithospheric slabs are uncompensated and are thermally re-equilibrated with the asthenosphere at the maximum depth of earthquakes, the expected geoid anomaly over subduction zones is calculated. This field provides a satis-factory fit to the observed circum-Pacific high. Subtraction of this predicted anomaly leaves a residual field which is correlated, at greater than the 99% confidence level, with the distribution of hotspots. Broad residual geoid highs occur over the central Pacific and the Africa/eastern Atlantic regions, the same areas where the hotspots are concentrated. The mass anomalies associated with hotspots and subducted slabs apparently control the location of the earth's spin axis.     

Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in the water column and sediments of the Ob-Irtysh Rivers, Russia

Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb were determined in filtered water, suspended particulate matter, and bottom sediments from a 2000 km section of the Ob and Irtysh Rivers. Dissolved Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni concentrations are similar to, or higher than, results from other Russian Arctic and large world river-estuaries. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in suspended particulate matter are generally comparable to results from other Russian Arctic and large world rivers and estuaries. Comparison of trace metal ratios in crustal material and suspended particulate matter and bottom sediment suggests that the source of Cr, Cu and Ni is continental weathering. Particulate Cd and Pb are elevated relative to their crustal abundance, suggesting a source of these metals to the Ob-Irtysh in addition to continental weathering.     

Pore water testing and analysis: the good,the bad,and the ugly

The increasingly common practice of collecting and assessing sediment pore water as a primary measure of sediment quality is reviewed. Good features of this practice include: pore water is a key exposure route for some organisms associated with sediments; pore water testing eliminates particle size effects; pore water analyses and tests can provide useful information regarding contamination and pollution. Bad features include: pore water is not the only exposure route; pore water tests lack chemical or biological realism: their "sensitivity" relative to other tests may be meaningless due to manipulation and laboratory artifacts; many sediment and surface dwelling organisms are not directly influenced by pore water. Bad features can become ugly if: other exposure pathways are not considered (for toxicity or bioaccumulation); manipulation techniques are not appropriate; pore water tests are inappropriately linked to population-level effects. Pore water testing and analyses can be effective tools provided their limitations are well understood by researchers and managers.     

Hydrocarbons in the water, particulate matter, seston, and bottom sediments of the White Sea in the late summer

Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were studied in water, filtration and separation particulate matter, seston, and bottom sediments with the aim to determine their concentrations and origin and compare them with the concentrations of lipids and C_org (August 2006). The effect of anthropogenic hydrocarbons was identified mostly in the Northern Dvina mouth area and in the apex of Dvina Bay. In other parts of the sea, natural compounds dominate in all examined objects, since anthropogenic hydrocarbon cannot pass through the Northern Dvina-the White Sea geochemical barrier. The low temperatures in the high-latitude water areas are shown not to reduce the rate of diagenetic processes in the sedimentary strata.