缅甸翡翠矿床成因及在我国寻找翡翠矿床的可能性

缅甸是世界上优质翡翠矿床产区。缅甸邻接我国,深入研究缅甸翡翠矿床的成因,对指导我国寻找翡翠矿床具有重要的意义。通过资料收集和研究,缅甸翡翠矿床属于区域变质－岩浆热液交代多成因复成矿床。成矿具多阶段、多物源及多成因类型“三多”特点。矿床是在板块持续俯冲,漫长时间压扭应力场作用条件下,通过多期次多阶段的地质构造、区域变质、动力变质、岩浆及热液活动等多种地质作用叠加、改造形成的。通过对缅甸翡翠矿床成因的     

硫化铜镍矿石成因类型

硫化铜镍矿床的成因可概括为岩浆论和热液论两大派别。岩浆成因论者以高温下硫化物与硅酸盐的熔离实验为依据,热液成因论者则以硫化物在中高温热液作用温度范围内结晶,硫化物交代早期硅酸盐以及广泛的近矿围岩蚀变等为依据,两大成因学派一直并存。近年来的研究表明,硫化铜镍矿床的形成可能经历了由岩浆作用到热液作用的复杂成矿过程。本文     

人工合成宝石级翡翠的研究

人工合成宝石级翡翠的研究金志升朱成明蔡恩照（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词翡翠人工合成天然硬玉本文以实用为原则，模拟天然硬玉成矿的物理化学条件，以化学试剂为主要原料，利用高压固相转变的原理对人工合成宝石级翡翠的机理及工艺条件进行了...     

福建东山坑北复式岩体中蓝绿色角闪石矿物学特征及其形成环境探讨

角闪石作为福建东山坑北复式岩体的主要变质特征矿物之一,其详细的成因矿物学研究对解释该套岩体的变质变形特征和条件具有一定的指导意义。本文应用电子探针分析和斜长石-角闪石温压计、黑云母-石榴子石温压计对该区花岗岩中蓝绿色角闪石进行了成分分析和温压条件的研究。研究表明该区变质变形花岗岩中蓝绿色角闪石为铁浅闪石,大部分为岩浆结晶和次生交代的角闪石。通过斜长石-角闪石温压计计算得出其压力为0.40-0.72 GPa,变质温度大约为543-557℃。通过石榴石-黑云母温度计计算其变质温度为546-590℃。角闪石的成因矿物学研究表明坑北岩体的变质程度为低角闪岩相-高绿片岩相。变质作用相当于燕山造山运动的第Ⅲ幕,是与深大断裂有关的低压高温型区域。     

Types and genetic mechanism of chrysoberyl depositsSCIEI北大核心CSCD

金绿宝石作为一种铍矿物,不仅能用于高新科技、军事、医疗等领域,也是一种珍贵的宝石。自十八世纪被发现以来,金绿宝石成因和矿床特征被广泛地关注与研究。本文梳理与归纳了金绿宝石矿物学特征、矿床类型与分布,并给出新的矿床划分方案;总结了金绿宝石矿床的形成机制和影响因素等方面研究进展及科学问题。金绿宝石矿床按照成因可分为四个大类,即熔体结晶类、变质成因类、交代成因类和风化成因类;而根据赋存岩石,可将金绿宝石矿床进一步划分为六种亚型,分别是花岗岩-伟晶岩型、变质伟晶岩型、蛇纹岩型、云母岩型、条纹岩型和砂矿型。金绿宝石可在高温的高分异花岗岩岩浆中直接结晶形成,主要与石英、长石、白云母、绿柱石等共生,也可见锌尖晶石、夕线石和红柱石;在高级变质条件下金绿宝石由绿柱石分解得到,在变质伟晶岩型中金绿宝石与长石和石英共生,而在蛇纹岩型中金绿宝石与硅铍石共生;由远端交代作用控制形成的条纹岩型金绿宝石常与萤石、硅铍石和塔菲石共生,而由近端交代作用控制形成的云母型金绿宝石则与金云母、绿柱石和硅铍石共生。金绿宝石矿床仍存在很多有待解决与深入探讨的科学问题：金绿宝石形成的温压范围比较大,可能存在不同晶体相;针对花岗岩-...     

元古宙斜长岩体及其Fe-Ti-P矿床的成因

斜长岩和Fe-Ti-P矿石的成因已经争论了百余年,目前依然存在很大争议。本文综述了它们的时空分布特征和斜长岩的成因,包括源区(地幔或下地壳)和岩浆演化过程(分离结晶、晶粥底劈上升)以及斜长岩岩体只形成于元古宙的原因。对已有的几种成矿机制进行了分析,如是否存在无硅酸盐的纯铁钛氧化物磷灰石熔体,分离结晶的斜长石上浮导致高密度矿石矿物的形成,硅酸盐液态不混溶形成富Fe-Ti-P熔体和富硅熔体,岩浆混合作用导致铁钛氧化物成为唯一的液相线矿物而结晶形成铁钛氧化物堆积层,晚期的压滤作用使残留的富Fe-Ti-P熔体迁移以及热液蚀变导致Fe和Ti再活化沉淀形成脉状和透镜状矿体。最后,指出了相关研究中存在的一些重要科学问题。     

新疆阿尔泰蒙库铁矿成矿作用特征

蒙库铁矿是新疆规模最大的铁矿床,其成矿过程及成因复杂.据蒙库铁矿床不同地段矿体主要矿物共生组合情况、形成先后顺序及相互穿插关系,结合显微镜下矿石或矿化岩石的结构构造特征,总结了蒙库铁矿成矿作用特征.蒙库铁矿经历3个成矿期:海相火山沉积成矿期、区域变质成矿期和热液交代成矿期.区域变质成矿期包括浸染状-条带状磁铁矿阶段、块状磁铁矿阶段.热液交代成矿期包括钙硅酸盐交代阶段、硫化物阶段和方解石石英脉阶段.区域变质期是铁的重要成矿期,热液交代期是铜矿化期.据此,认为蒙库铁矿属喷流沉积-区域变质-热液交代多期多成因叠加的铁矿床.     

津巴布韦匹克铬铁矿地质地球化学特征及矿床成因

匹克铬铁矿是津巴布韦少有的大型透镜状铬铁矿床之一。文章总结了匹克铬铁矿的成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征、矿床地球化学特征和矿床成因方面的研究进展。文章认为该矿床的初始组分与初始科马提岩型铬铁矿相似,主量元素表明铬铁矿的氧逸度比较低,保留了岩浆初始的还原环境,并表现出岩浆结晶分异演化的特征。尽管矿床形成之后受到交代和角闪岩相变质作用的影响,但初始组分没有被显著破坏。矿床所在地区铬铁矿Re-Os同位素分析表明,津巴布韦克拉通岩石圈地幔同位素比值显著低于硅酸盐地球的平均值,并没有受到上地幔对流的影响。归纳了前人对匹克铬铁矿成因的几种观点,提出矿床的成矿模式和形成过程。     

南太行邯邢地区夕卡岩型铁矿成矿过程的成因矿物学解析

为了探讨邯邢地区夕卡岩型铁矿的成因,本次研究运用成因矿物学方法,通过对岩浆-热液成矿系统中标识性矿物的成分、结构、年龄等特征的系统解析,研究了成矿过程中Fe质富集的规律及其影响因素,建立了邯邢式铁矿的成矿过程模型。结果显示,本区的岩浆存在两种演化方式,形成两个相对独立的成矿系统。在角闪闪长岩-闪长岩成矿系统中,基性岩浆主要通过高氧逸度条件下富镁角闪石的结晶分异作用形成高镁闪长岩和富铁的成矿流体;在闪长岩-二长岩成矿系统中,2.5Ga的富铁变质基底被同化进入岩浆系统,提供了重要的成矿物质。在高氧逸度的成矿流体交代富Ca的碳酸盐围岩形成以钙铁榴石为代表的夕卡岩,消耗了大量的Fe质,不利于成矿;交代富Mg的碳酸盐围岩形成以透辉石为代表的夕卡岩,消耗Fe质较少,有利于成矿。     

关于翡翠研究中几个重要问题的思考

随着与翡翠伴生或共生的过渡品种的不断出现,翡翠成因研究和人工合成技术开发面临着新的挑战和契机.首先,现行的行业性翡翠命名标准已显得过于笼统,难以区分传统观念中的翡翠及其过渡种属,妨碍了市场的良性发展.此外,越来越多的研究表明,在高压俯冲带内,传统观念中的翡翠及其伴生岩石,如钠铬辉石岩(玉)、绿辉石岩(玉)、钙铝榴辉岩等一些高压岩石之间存在时间和空间上的关联性.笔者认为俯冲带中形成的深部熔体与超基性岩之间的交代变质是导致岩石分带和岩性多样化的根本原因,提出了俯冲带熔体交代成因说,认为俯冲带、深部流体和超基性岩体是形成翡翠及其过渡品种的3个必要条件,并因此指出在人工合成过程中引入流体相很可能是降低实验条件的苛刻程度、从而合成出真正具有商业意义的翡翠的途径.     

“Spherulite-like” jadeite growth in shock-melt veins of the Novosibirsk H5/6 chondrite

The Novosibirsk H5/6 ordinary chondrite has signs of shock metamorphism, such as dark shock-melt veins (SMVs) crossing the chondrite host rock. The plagioclase composition grains (Ab₇₈An₁₄Or₇) with jadeite were found in the host-rock fragments inside the SMVs. Jadeite has an unusual radial-concentric spherulite-like microtexture. The spherulite-like jadeite formed from the molten plagioclase grain under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions during an impact event. The crystallization was accompanied by sodium-potassium differentiation between coexisting jadeite and residual melt. The PT-conditions of jadeite formation were estimated to be 3-14 GPa and 1400-2150 °C. Jadeite crystallization, Na-K differentiation, and the pressure-temperature estimates of jadeite formation in the Novosibirsk chondrite are very close to those in the Chelyabinsk LL5 chondrite. The spherulite-like microtexture and jadeite-glass coexistence, most likely, point to a high cooling rate of the SMVs at the pressure release stage of the metamorphic process.     

含钠长石翡翠成因探讨

为详细探讨含钠长石翡翠的成因机制,笔者选取了若干来自缅甸的含钠长石翡翠,对其进行了详细的岩相学、矿物化学等方面的研究。含钠长石翡翠样品属于豆青种,主要由硬玉、钠长石、方沸石和少量的多硅白云母、钡铝硅酸盐等矿物组成。其中的硬玉发育清晰的环带结构,成分从核部至边缘发生规律性的成分变化。翡翠同时受到两期后期流体活动的改造,第一期以钠长石为代表,第二期以方沸石为代表,流体的改造作用使硬玉呈现碎裂状、碎斑状结构和交代穿孔等结构。结果表明,含钠长石翡翠样品表现出从成岩流体中直接结晶的特点,该流体富集Na、Al、Si、K、Ba以及少量的Ca、Fe、Mg等元素,微量元素则相对富集LREE、HFSE和sr等元素。结合前人的研究结果以及该玉石中的矿物反应关系,笔者推测缅甸翡翠形成的压力和温度范围分别在6-14kbar和300℃-450℃。     

翡翠的结构特征及其对宝石质量的影响

翡翠的结构是决定翡翠质量的重要因素.翡翠中常见的结构可分为3类:变晶结构、交代结构、碎裂及变形结构.变晶结构是翡翠的主体标型结构,交代结构、碎裂及变形结构对翡翠质量也有很大的影响.翡翠结构的复杂性导致了翡翠质地的多样性变化,同时翡翠的结构直接影响翡翠工艺价值.     

缅甸翡翠加热处理的特征研究

为研究缅甸翡翠中的哪些部位适合做烧红处理以及该部位能被烧红的原因,采用加热实验、偏光显微镜、红外光谱及差热分析方法对缅甸翡翠样品的原生部位、雾部位的加热前、后的特征进行了测试与分析。结果显示,翡翠中的蓝雾部位及黄雾部位适合做烧红处理,原生部位不适合烧红处理,蓝雾部位可以被烧成黄色及红色,黄雾部位可以被烧成红色。雾部位适合用来做烧红处理的原因在于,在低温的加热条件下,蓝雾部位中的大量的Fe2＋发生价态变化,实现由绿泥石向针铁矿的转变所导致,该过程由表及里逐步进行。原生部位的主要矿物硬玉需被加热更高的温度,在破坏其晶格的情况下,才可以呈现出红色,且该红色不具有褐色调。     

Jadeite, albite and nepheline as inclusions in spinel of chromitite from Hess Deep, equatorial Pacific: their genesis and implications for serpentinite diapir formation

Polymineralic inclusions which consist of a few grains of diopside, enstatite, jadeite, nepheline, albite, pargasite, phlogopites and olivine were found in chromian spinel in a chromitite pod and in troctolite from Hess Deep, equatorial Pacific. The inclusion mineral suite in chromitite is characterized by Na-Al silicates, such as jadeite, nepheline and albite. Jadeite and nepheline commonly coexist with enstatite, and tend to occur as interstitial grains between subhedral enstatite (or other minerals) and host spinel. Albite, diopside and enstatite occur as equant inclusions. The mafic minerals in the inclusions have similar chemistry to those found in the troctolite and dunite. The modes of occurrence and mineral chemistry of the inclusions are controlled by magmatic precipitation, and subsequent reequilibration due to decrease of temperature in the uppermost mantle. The mafic minerals in spinel inclusions were crystallized from a melt enriched in Cr and some incompatible components formed by melt-mantle interaction process mixed to various extent with subsequently supplied more primary melt. Albite and nepheline could also be formed at the magmatic stage. Jadeite was formed by a subsolidus reaction of albite and nepheline at low temperatures (250–300 °C) at slightly less than 3 kbar. This requires a remarkable temperature decrease, at least locally, of the uppermost mantle and crust. The Hess Deep rocks were formed in the uppermost mantle beneath a spreading-ridge axis at more than 1000 °C, and were transposed outwards from the axis by corner flow. At the off-ridge conditions, the rocks were cooled and serpentinized by circulation of sea water at the mantle depth to form jadeite in chromitite. The serpentinized portion could have risen as a kind of serpentinite diapir through the thin crust up to the ocean floor. Received: 24 January 1997 / Accepted: 6 November 1997     

缅甸翡翠原生矿床成因机制新探

缅甸翡翠质量好，产量大，众多国内外学者基于不同的资料和对资料的不同理解，曾对其原生矿床成因提出过不同的假说。现通过对已知翡翠原生矿成因模式中存在问题的分析，结合野外资料、大洋钻探成果以及对翡翠微观结构观测的结果，认为地质时期缅北地区板块缝合部位的混杂堆积是硬玉成岩的物源，并经历了俯冲熔融-折返冷却结晶的成岩过程；同时提出后期构造运动的改造是影响成玉质量的主要因素。     

岛弧环境中不同成因的火成岩组合及其地质意义

岛弧环境的形成是与大洋板块俯冲作用有关,由俯冲流体作用于地幔楔部分熔融形成的钙碱性火成岩组合是岛弧环境中物质组成的主体。此外,目前还识别出与俯冲作用有关的其它的岩石类型:埃达克岩、富铌玄武岩、TTG、赞岐岩、玻安岩等,它们指示着不同的地球动力学背景、壳—幔相互作用过程以及源岩发生部分熔融的物理化学条件。本文主要对形成于岛弧环境中不同成因的火成岩组合的特征、形成机制、成矿作用及动力学意义进行了综述。     

广东三个翡翠产业集群形成及发展机理初探

通过对广东阳美、四会、平洲三个翡翠产业集群发展状况的研究,揭示该区域翡翠产业的形成及发展机理。研究结果认为,可以将该区域翡翠产业的发展过程分为两个阶段,并且不同的阶段有不同的主导因素、发展方式和发展动力。初步形成阶段的主导因素是政府政策和当地的经济能人,发展方式是模仿和技术扩散,发展动力是攀比效应和信息优势;快速发展阶段的主导因素是市场规律和集群引起的外部效应,发展方式是与集群相关的产业的快速集聚,发展动力是技术创新。     

Eclogites from the Obnazhennaya Kimberlite Pipe,Yakutia, Russia

Mineralogy and petrography of six eelogite xenoliths from the Obnazhennaya kimberlite pipe ar e described. Based upon modal and mineral compositions, these eclogites can be divided into Group A (five samples) and Group B (one sample), as per Coleman et al. (1965) and Shervais et al. (1988). Group-A eclogites are orthopyroxene-bearing, and their constituent minerals have high Mg# and Cr₂O₃ content. The clinopyroxenes in this type of eelogite have low jadeite component. The geochemical features of Group-A eclogites are similar to garnet pyroxenite, and e believed to be the product of high-pressure fractionates from an alkaline basaltic melt in thear upper mantle. Group-B eelogite (0-82/91) contains higher Al₂O₃ and FeO and lower MgO and Cr₂O₃; its composition is similar to a high-aluminum basalt or gabbro. This eelogite could have crystallized under high pressure in the upper mantle from a basaltic melt, without significant fractionation. Alternatively, it also could be the relict of subducted oceanic crust. However, no evidence exists at present that definitively indicates a crustal origin for this Group-B eelogite xenolith.     

Petrology and geochemistry of peridotites from IODP Site U1309 at Atlantis Massif, MAR 30°N: micro- and macro-scale melt penetrations into peridotites

Peridotite samples recovered from IODP Site U1309 at the Atlantis Massif in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were examined to understand magmatic processes for the oceanic core complex formation. Original peridotite was fragmented, and the limited short peridotite intervals are now surrounded by a huge gabbro body probably formed by late-stage melt injections. Each peridotite interval has various petrographical and geochemical features. A spinel harzburgite in contact with gabbro shows evidence of limited melt penetrations causing gradual compositional change, in terms of trace-element compositions of pyroxenes, as well as modal change near the boundary. Geochemistry of clinopyroxenes with least melt effects indicates that the harzburgite is originally mantle residue formed by partial melting under polybaric conditions, and that such a depleted peridotite is one of the components of the oceanic core complex. Some of plagioclase-bearing peridotites, on the other hand, have more complicated origin. Although their original features were partly overprinted by the injected melt, the original peridotites, both residual and non-residual materials, were possibly derived from the upper mantle. This suggests that the melt injected around an upper mantle region or into mantle material fragments. The injected melt was possibly generated at the ridge-segment center and, then, moved and evolved toward the segment end beneath the oceanic core complex.