基于长周期光纤光栅的海水盐度监测可行性试验研究

在气候变暖、海平面上升和人类活动等因素的作用下,海水入侵问题日益突出。盐度的变化是判定海水入侵严重程度的一个重要依据,因此,海水盐度的原位监测显得尤为重要。目前,海水盐度的传统监测方法缺少原位、实时、长距离的功能,而近年来有关长周期光纤光栅（LPG）技术测量液体折射率的研究为海水入侵过程中的盐度监测提供了一个新的视角。本文以海水入侵过程中盐度监测为研究背景,设计了基于LPG技术测量海水盐度可行性试验,并将测量结果与理论值进行了比较,论证了该技术用于海水盐度测量的可行性。试验结果表明:LPG谐振峰中心波长与盐度之间存在较好的线性关系,且测量值与理论值的线性相关程度较高,通过标定可实现对盐度的测量,LPG技术对海水盐度测量具有可行性。研究成果为研发下一代海水入侵LPG原位实时监测技术奠定了基础。     

环渤海典型地段海(咸)水入侵研究现状及方法探讨

通过对大连大魏家、秦皇岛枣园和莱州湾南岸海水入侵的调查,结合已有研究成果和方法,笔者总结和梳理了环渤海地区海水入侵研究现状及存在的问题,并探讨了海水入侵调查研究技术方法。多年来对环渤海地区海水入侵的调查研究工作,基本查清了不同地段、不同类型海水入侵的机理和动态变化趋势,并为海水入侵有效防治提供了科学依据。随着海水入侵问题研究的深入,发现在水文地质条件、地下水动态监测及海水入侵对生态环境影响等方面仍存在问题,应持续加强海水入侵监测与研究。海水入侵调查研究是一项涉及多学科的综合性技术,应从基础调查,综合分析、动态监测和数值模拟等多方面开展研究。综合运用水化学分析、同位素示踪、室内模拟试验等技术方法,在充分揭示海水入侵机理和过渡带溶质运移规律的基础上,实现对海水入侵变化趋势的预测预报,提高对海水入侵的防范意识。     

变质岩山丘区裂隙水海水入侵监测技术研究——以荣成市俚岛镇为例

我国沿海地区海水入侵现象频繁出现,海水入侵的相关研究对沿海地区社会经济的可持续发展具有重要的理论意义和实际价值。受地质条件的影响海水入侵方式呈多样性,主要包括层状第四系松散沉积物分布区的孔隙式层状入侵和构造裂隙发育分布区的脉状入侵形式。海水入侵监测在预测地下水水质条件及评价管理沿海地区含水层过程中是必不可少的,因此构建科学的海水入侵动态监测系统是防治海水入侵的重要技术途径。本文通过对荣成市俚岛镇变质岩山丘区裂隙水海水入侵现状和监测中存在问题的进行分析,根据"点-面结合"、"直接-间接结合"的监测原则提出了地下水海水入侵监测系统的布局,为俚岛镇地下水的持续利用与保护提供基础信息和依据。     

秦皇岛滨海平原海水入侵灾害动态监测研究

海水入侵是沿海地区典型的资源一环境一灾害问题，准确掌握海水入侵动态变化的规律和信息是预测、预报、预警防灾的科学基础和工作依据。通过海水入侵动态监测因素分析构建动态监测信息管理系统，为海水入侵的实时监测、分析预测及减灾方案决策提供了一个完善系统。     

高密度电阻率法探测海水入侵咸淡水界限初步调查研究——以莱州湾为例

本文从理论上阐述了高密度电阻率法探测海水入侵界限的可行性,对该方法在莱州湾地区实例分析表明,根据高密度电阻率法反演视电阻率断面图勾划出来的咸淡水分界线与水文地质调查结果基本吻合,说明了该方法在莱州湾地区具有较好的有效性和可行性。笔者还利用视电阻率断面图确定了咸淡水水体在平面分布情况和垂向变化情况,为查清海水入侵等环境地质问题提供可靠的基础资料。该方法在探测海水入侵方面具有简单、快速、低廉、无破坏性原位探测等特点,其应用前景可观,值得推广。     

LTC水位仪水压和盐度系统误差的检验与校正

LTC(Level,Temperature,Conductivity)水位仪是一种用来监测水位、水温和电导率的仪器,体积小和使用方便等特点使其广泛应用于地下水动态及海水入侵监测,但随着使用时间增长,其水压和盐度系统误差会增加,而这一误差却经常被忽略。通过一种简单有效的方法对52个LTC水位仪水压和盐度的测量进行系统误差检验与校正。统计分析表明,在一定条件下分别有71.2%和90.4%的LTC水位仪测量水压和盐度的误差超出了仪器本身精度。对于超出仪器本身精度的LTC水位仪进行系统误差校正,水压和盐度的真实值与测量值呈线性关系,不同LTC水位仪线性校正系数的值也不同。校正前水压和盐度的误差范围分别为-2.08~5.21 cm和-10.77~2.03 g/L,校正后误差范围分别为±1 cm和±1 g/L。测试结果表明,用LTC水位仪野外监测时,应事后进行水压和盐度系统误差的检验和校正,以保证和提高采集数据的质量。     

低温影响下FBG永久变形计算方法研究

温度对光纤布拉格光栅（简称FBG）变形监测有着重要的影响,导致FBG技术在季冻土路基监测中存在很大的局限性。研究针对FBG传感器交叉敏感问题,提出了温度补偿计算方法,分析了不同荷载及负温下FBG监测梁变形规律;设计室内路基模型,验证了FBG在季冻土永久变形测试中的适用性。结果表明：FBG波长数值与温度呈线性相关,温度越低,波长越小,对变形监测结果影响越大;利用温度补偿计算对FBG监测梁波长数据进行修正,可消除低温引起的波长误差;基于室内模拟土箱变形测试,消除温度影响后FBG与拉线位移计实际测量的变形结果吻合度较好,体现出FBG监测梁基本可随土协同变形,可实现低温土中变形监测;冻融循环影响下,FBG测试结果与实际变形结果接近,误差在5%内,经历4、5次冻融循环后路基土箱永久变形基本趋于稳定。     

海水入侵湛江市地下水的可能性及预防对策

预防海水入侵，是沿海城市开发利用地下水必须重视和研究的重要问题。根据湛江市区域水文地质条件、地下水运动的基本规律，结合开采现状及近年来地下水动态监测资料，运用地下水动力学的基本原理，对海水入侵湛江市地下水的可能性进行了探讨。认为，海水入侵地下水有湛江内港海水垂直入侵和中、深层承压水咸淡水过渡带外围咸水的水平入侵两种可能的方式。在分析两种入侵方式发生和发展条件的基础上，提出了合理开发水源、预防海水入     

基于水化学的东海岛海水入侵时空变化特征

海水入侵对海岛海岸带地区地下淡水以及生态景观的变化存在重要影响,是该区域重要的灾害地质问题之一。海水入侵区域由于受到不同时段、地段地下淡水补给等可变因素影响,具有时空变化的特性。以东海岛东南部为主要研究靶区,利用三线图法对该区域2012年12月~2014年8月周期性监测数据进行研究分析,并以HCO_3~-和Cl~-为划分依据,构建海水入侵程度的划分标准,对不同时期的海水入侵情况做了研究。分析表明,监测期内东海岛经历了多次海水入侵-后退过程,入侵量分别为56.7%、51.1%、56.4%、42.7%、36.5%、76.9%、66.8%和75.8%,年际对比表明,东海岛海水入侵有日趋加重趋势。     

利用遥感技术监测海水侵人沿海平原区并探测岩溶地区海岸线淡水溢出带-以希腊为例

该研究目的在于介绍所监测地区内遥感技术的应用。简要地描述以往遥感技术的使用,从地质学的角度为地质科学研究环境问题提供多时相和多光谱的影像帮助。同时侧重于以下两个重点：1．通过研究多时相卫星影像显示的地表植被特征差异（耐盐植被或盐生植被指标）,在沿海沉积平原区监测和划分由于过度开采水导致的海水入侵区域;2．通过使用卫星热红外影像,探测沿海岸线岩溶侵蚀岩地区的水流排泄区域。本文以沿海地区的海水入侵为研究重点。该地区的海水入侵演化为一个水文地质问题,并由此引发了一系列其它问题,其中一个水文地质问题是海水与沿海地区大量未使用的地下淡水之间的交换。在我们的实验室,借助LANDSAT-5／TM卫星影像（30米分辨率）已经努力对这些沿海区域进行监测和划定工作。对上述影像使用数字处理技术,划定Pieria县（马其顿省,希腊）受盐度影响的区域。另外,通过使用TM数据第6波段（热红外波段）找出希腊中部Itea海湾区域内的淡水泉。以上研究结果能够帮助水文地质专家找出受海水入侵和沿海区地下水排泄的区域。     

Evaluation of groundwater quality in coastal areas: implications for sustainable agriculture

Seawater intrusion is a problem in the coastal areas of Korea. Most productive agricultural fields are in the western and southern coastal areas of the country where irrigation predominantly relies on groundwater. Seawater intrusion has affected agricultural productivity. To evaluate progressive encroachment of saline water, the Korean government established a seawater intrusion monitoring well network, especially in the western and southern part of the peninsula. Automatic water levels and EC monitoring and periodic chemical analysis of groundwater help track salinization. Salinization of fresh groundwater is highly associated with groundwater withdrawal. A large proportion of the groundwaters are classified as Na–Cl and Ca–Cl types. The Na–Cl types represent effects of seawater intrusion. The highest EC level was over 1.6 km inland and high Cl values were observed up to 1.2 km inland. Lower ratios of Na/Cl and SO₄/Cl than seawater values indicate the seawater encroachment. A linear relation between Na and Cl represents simple mixing of the fresh groundwater with the seawater. The saline Na–Cl typed groundwaters showed Br/Cl ratios similar to or less than seawater values. The Ca–HCO₃ type groundwaters had the highest Br/Cl ratios. Substantial proportions of the groundwaters showed potential for salinity and should be better managed for sustainable agriculture.     

Monitoring and methods to analyse the groundwater quality degradation risk in coastal karstic aquifers (Apulia,Southern Italy)

A multi-methodological approach based on monitoring and spatio-temporal analysis of groundwater quality changes is proposed. The presented tools are simple, quick and cost-effective to give service to all sorts of users. The chief purpose of the monitoring network is the detection of the piezometric or potenziometric level in the aquifer. The spatial and multi-temporal analysis of usual chemical and physical data provides both an assessment of the spatial vulnerability of the aquifer to seawater intrusion, defining a salinity threshold between fresh groundwater and brackish groundwater and of the water quality trend in terms of salinity. The evaluation of the salinity trend or of salinity-correlated parameters highlights the effects of groundwater mismanagement. The multiparameter logging provides a rapid groundwater quality classification for each well. The whole approach allows evaluating the effects of current management criteria and designing more appropriate management targets. The Apulian karstic coastal aquifers have been selected as a case study (Southern Italy). Three types of aquifer zones can be distinguished: (1) areas with low vulnerability to seawater intrusion, (2) areas with high vulnerability and (3) areas with variable vulnerability in which the salt degradation largely depends on the ability to manage the well discharge. The water quality degradation caused by seawater intrusion appears to be a combined effect of an anomalous succession of drought periods observed from about 1980 onwards and increased groundwater pumping, particularly during drought periods. A management criterion based on aquifer zones is proposed.     

Hydrochemical and statistical studies of the groundwater salinization in Mediterranean arid zones: case of the Jerba coastal aquifer in southeast Tunisia

Coastal aquifers are considered as major sources for freshwater supply worldwide, especially in arid zones. The weak rainfall as well as the intensive extraction of groundwater from coastal aquifers reduce freshwater budget and create local water aquifer depression, causing both seawater intrusion and a threat to groundwater. This phenomenon was observed in the Jerba Island which is located in southeast Tunisia. Jerba??s unconfined aquifer shows high values of groundwater salinity reaching, locally, 17?g/l and a strong contrast between some zones of the aquifer. High pumping rates and weak recharge disturb the natural equilibrium between fresh and saline water causing water salinization in most areas of the island. This study aims at establishing the salinity map of the aquifer and identifying the origin of groundwater salinization. The salinity map shows that zones characterized by low groundwater salinity are located in the center of the study area. High groundwater salinities are observed near the coast and in some parts having low topographic and piezometric levels. Groundwater geochemical characterization, and Br/Cl and Na/Cl ratios suggest that the origin of abnormal salinity is seawater intrusion. Considering groundwater salinity values and Br concentrations, a seawater intrusion map is established. It shows that many areas of the unconfined aquifer are contaminated by mixed groundwater and seawater. The statistical analysis demonstrates that high mineralization of the groundwater is due to gypsum and carbonate dissolution coupled with the mixed groundwater and seawater in many areas.     

秦皇岛市海水入侵灾害评价及防治对策

自20世纪80年代初秦皇岛市沿海出现海水入侵以来,入侵面积逐年增加,已发展成为海岸带主要地质灾害之一。论文在海水入侵灾害勘查、监测成果的基础上,详细阐述了该区海水入侵现状、分布特征、演化过程和入侵方式。探讨了海水入侵的机理,指出人类活动是海水入侵的诱发因素,超采地下水是海水入侵的根本原因。应用基于GIS的层次分析法进行了危险性评价,从地学角度,提出了综合防治对策。     

烟台市夹河段海水入侵与时空演化研究

烟台市夹河下游河谷地区是海水入侵的最严重区域。传统上采用的单一指标(Cl—浓度分级)对海水入侵程度进行评价具有一定的局限性。论文运用模糊数学的基本思想方法,根据烟台市夹河近河口地区地下水水质受海水侵染的特点,并基于咸、淡水中的重要特征成分的显著差异,选取了Cl-、M、SO42-r、HCO3/rCl及SAR五项化学特征指标作为模糊综合评判海水入侵程度的评价指标。将模糊数学最大隶属度原则应用到海水入侵地下水水质评价中。建立了模糊数学模型。对海侵区中具典型意义的11个监测井点分3个年份(1994,1999及2004年)的海水入侵程度分别进行了评价。评价结果认为烟台市海水入侵主体规模在1994年就已基本形成,由套子湾沿岸向内延伸,在套子湾沿岸呈带状分布,向内宽度逐渐减小。严重浸染区集中在该区滨海平原沿海一带,沿海岸呈带状分布。评价结果较客观地反映了夹河近河口地区海水入侵的时空演化特点。     

Groundwater salinity in Greve, Denmark: determining the source from historical data

Elevated salinity in groundwater (over 250?mg/l chloride) in a fractured chalk aquifer in the municipality of Greve, Denmark, has been attributed to seawater intrusion from the Baltic Sea, resulting in the closure of a number of wells nearest to the coastline. However, a recent study in eastern Denmark shows that the salinity could also be from ancient connate pore waters. Historical chemistry data from bulk-water samples collected from wells have been used to determine the source. The sample data were studied with respect to their historical changes and temporal trends in chloride, carbonate, sulfate, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. Wells in the southern third of the municipality are relatively low in sodium and carbonate and high in chloride and calcium/magnesium, indicating waters undergoing saline intrusion. Wells in the northern two-thirds of the municipality are high in carbonate and sodium, but low in chloride and calcium/magnesium, indicating a freshening of the aquifer. This is confirmed by the temporal trends in chloride, where chloride levels in the northern wells remain constant, whereas in the south, chloride increases as abstraction continues. Therefore close monitoring for seawater intrusion should be conducted in the southern third of the municipality.     

Assessment of seawater intrusion to the agricultural sustainability at the coastal area of Carey Island, Selangor, Malaysia

Groundwater suitability for agriculture in an island with limited recharge area may easily be influenced by seawater intrusion. The aim of this study was to investigate seawater intrusion to the suitability of the groundwater for oil palm cultivation at the ex-promontory land of Carey Island in Malaysia. This is the first study that used the integrated method of geo-electrical resistivity and hydro-geochemical methods to investigate seawater intrusion to the suitability of groundwater for oil palm cultivation at two different land cover condition. The relationship between earth resistivity, total dissolved solids and earth conductivity was derived with crop suitability classification according to salinity, used to identify water types and also oil palm tolerance to salinity. Results from the contour conductivity maps show that area facing severe coastal erosion and area still intact with mangrove forest exhibits unsuitable groundwater condition for oil palm at the unconfined aquifer thickness of 15 and 31 m, respectively. Based on local sea-level rise prediction and Ghyben–Herzberg assumption (sharp interface), the condition in the study area, especially in severe erosion area, by the twenty-first century will no longer be suitable for oil palm plantation. The application of geo-electrical method combined with geochemical data, aided with the information on environmental history and oil palm physiography, has demonstrated that the integration of techniques is an effective tool in defining the status of agricultural suitability affected by salinity at the coastal aquifer area.     

高密度电阻率探针原位监测海水入侵过程试验研究

为研究砂质含水层中海水入侵问题,确定海水入侵过程中含水介质内海水入侵楔形体的发展演化过程,本文采用砂槽实验模拟海水入侵,利用高密度电阻率探针观测系统远程实时监测海水入侵过程中土体的垂向电阻率变化,据电阻率变化曲线分析海水入侵发生发展过程。研究结果表明:高密度电阻率探针对海水入侵界面变化反应灵敏,能够监测到咸淡水突变界面形成、过渡带演化及咸淡水界面变迁等一系列现象,较好地实时监测海水入侵发生发展过程及海水入侵状态并进行预警。     

Use of vertical electrical soundings to delineate seawater intrusion in a coastal area of Byunsan,Korea

To delineate spatial extent of seawater intrusion in a small experimental watershed in the coastal area of Byunsan, Korea, electrical resistivity surveys with some evaluation core drillings and chemical analysis of groundwaters were conducted. The vertical electrical sounding (VES) method was applied, which is useful to identify variations in electrical characteristics of layered aquifers. The drilling logs identified a three-layered subsurface including reclamation soil, weathered layer and relatively fresh sedimentary bedrock. The upper two layers are the main water-bearing units in this area. A total of 30 electrical sounding curves corresponded mostly to the H type and they were further divided into three classes: highly conductive, intermediate, and low conductive, according to the observed resistivity values of the most conductive weathered layer. In addition, groundwater samples from 15 shallow monitoring wells were analyzed and thus grouped into two types based on HCO₃/Cl and Ca/Na molar ratios with TDS levels, which differentiated groundwaters affected by seawater intrusion from those not or less affected. According to relationships between the three classes of the sounding curves and groundwater chemistry, locations of the monitoring wells with low HCO₃/Cl and Ca/Na ionic ratios coincided with the area showing the highly conductive type curve, while those with the high ratios corresponded to the area showing low conductive curve type. Both the low electrical resistivity and the low ionic ratios indicated effects of seawater intrusion. From this study, it was demonstrated that the VES would be useful to delineate seawater intrusion in coastal areas.