华北石炭系清水、浑水沉积交互的模式初探

地史时期中,清水与浑水沉积交互的现象非常普遍。这一沉积特征已引起了煤沉积学工作者的兴趣。华北石炭纪含煤岩系中的碳酸盐清水沉积常常受到陆源物质的强烈干扰,碳酸盐台地的存在与海水进退,古陆的“活跃”程度及沉积区、物源区的地形地貌等因素密切相关。在以上因素的综合作用下,台地或被陆源碎屑完全占据而消亡,或与之共存,在横向上犬牙交错形成了华北中晚石炭世陆表海清水、浑水沉积交互共存的复杂古地理景观。     

北部湾东部沉积物结构和碳酸盐含量变化对末次海侵和环流作用的响应

为了揭示末次冰消期以来北部湾东部沉积环境的整体变化,深入认识环流对北部湾沉积的控制作用,对位于北部湾东部的15只柱样进行了粒度、碳酸盐含量和C/N分析,并测定了其中11只柱样的AMS14 C年代.结果表明,在末次冰消期随海平面上升,北部湾沉积环境由陆向海转变,沉积物碳酸盐含量总体递增,而C/N值则递减,其间伴随发生于全新世早期的碳酸盐低值事件,在北部湾深水区的柱样中也有记录.全新世中期海平面基本稳定以后,稳定的C/N数值表示有机质来源趋于稳定,而碳酸盐含量受钙质生物生产力不同(南高北低)和陆源输入的区域性差异影响出现不同变化.与C/N分析结合,碳酸盐含量曲线可用于地层划分与对比.北部湾环流可能形成于7ka BP左右,影响了沉积物的输运与沉积.全新世中晚期沉积厚度存在区域差异,海南岛西侧大于2.0m,湾顶多介于0.8~2.0m,而涠洲岛西南海域厚度相对最小,可能与湾北物质难以向南输运,而湾南物质主要在琼州海峡西口外卸载有关.     

黔南地区早、中泥盆世沉积演化的动力机制

泥盆纪时，黔南地区为一相对稳定的台地，早泥盆世晚期，海水开始漫漫其上.初始发育陆源碎屑沉积体系，中泥盆世发育陆源碎屑～碳酸盐混合体系.空间配置有下列几种类型:滨岸障壁～泻湖～河流体系，碳酸盐缓坡～滨岸障壁～泻湖体系，镶边型碳酸盐台地～泻湖三角洲（潮坪）体系，碳酸盐缓坡～三角洲体系。基底断裂限定了台地和台间沟的延限范围和演化进程，这两种不同沉积背景的沉积演化旋回可能主要受海平面变化控制。     

一种低能障壁——泻湖含煤沉积体系

织金地区位于黔西晚二叠世陆源碎屑沉积的东北缘，为龙谭型含煤沉积，属障壁－－泻湖体系。该区煤系上部２煤段的沉积特征代表了一种低能、小规模的障壁－－泻湖体系，沉积相潮坪、淡化泻湖、泥炭沼泽和低能障壁相组成，可称为低能障壁－－泻湖含煤沉积体系。     

滇西施甸地区泥盆系向阳寺组混合沉积研究

近年,在滇西施甸地区泥盆系向阳寺组中发现陆源碎屑与海相碳酸盐的混合沉积,宏观特征上表现为由陆源碎屑与碳酸盐交互沉积、陆源碎屑与混积物、碳酸盐与混积物和混积物本身的交互沉积构成的混积层序,微观上表现为同一岩层内由陆源碎屑组分与碳酸盐组分混合沉积形成混积岩。向阳寺组混积岩的研究有助于重塑该地区古气候及沉积环境,因此具有重要的地质意义。     

枣庄地区寒武纪——早奥陶世层序地层特征

枣庄地区寒武纪－早奥陶世处于被动大陆边缘陆棚环境，沉积序列受海平面的周期性变化所控制。由寒武系底部不整合面和怀远运动间断面所限定的地层组合，可划分为A，B两个二级层序和12个三级层序，其中张夏组底界面与二级层序底界面一致，为一个由陆源浑水沉积环境向碳酸盐清水沉积环境演化的转换面。     

惠民凹陷沙一中湖相碳酸盐与陆源碎屑混合沉积——以山东商河地区为例

商河地区沙一中广泛发育陆源碎屑与湖相碳酸盐的混合沉积。本文将混积层系、混积岩和呈零星分布的一起定义为广义的混合沉积,并且对于混合沉积来讲,没有一个具体的组分含量标准,只要该沉积物(岩)的确为陆源碎屑与碳酸盐的沉积,而非成岩作用或以后改造的假混合就可认定为混合沉积。研究区内混合沉积特征为陆源碎屑与湖相碳酸盐以较高的频率交互沉积和同一岩层内陆源碎屑组分与碳酸盐组分混合沉积,混合沉积的类型分为三类,即渐变式混合沉积、突变式混合沉积和复合式混合沉积,其中复合式沉积分为复合式沉积Ⅰ和复合式沉积Ⅱ,研究区内复合式沉积Ⅰ发育,复合式沉积Ⅱ不发育。并且本文从研究区混合沉积的区域地质背景、岩石学特征、沉积环境等方面进行了详细分析,建立了混合沉积相模式,进而对混合沉积的控制因素进行了讨论。     

惠民凹陷沙一中湖相碳酸盐与陆源碎屑混合沉积——以山东商河地区为例

商河地区沙一中广泛发育陆源碎屑与湖相碳酸盐的混合沉积。本文将混积层系、混积岩和呈零星分布的一起定义为广义的混合沉积，并且对于混合沉积来讲，没有一个具体的组分含量标准，只要该沉积物(岩)的确为陆源碎屑与碳酸盐的沉积，而非成岩作用或以后改造的假混合就可认定为混合沉积。研究区内混合沉积特征为陆源碎屑与湖相碳酸盐以较高的频率交互沉积和同一岩层内陆源碎屑组分与碳酸盐组分混合沉积，混合沉积的类型分为三类，即渐变式混合沉积、突变式混合沉积和复合式混合沉积，其中复合式沉积分为复合式沉积Ⅰ和复合式沉积Ⅱ，研究区内复合式沉积Ⅰ发育，复合式沉积Ⅱ不发育。并且本文从研究区混合沉积的区域地质背景、岩石学特征、沉积环境等方面进行了详细分析，建立了混合沉积相模式，进而对混合沉积的控制因素进行了讨论。     

南海北部大陆架现代礁源碳酸盐与陆源碎屑的混合沉积作用

在南海北部大陆架陆源碎屑沉积占优势的背景上，在珊瑚岸礁和堡礁周围，广泛发育着礁源碳酸盐和陆源碎屑组成的混合沉积。它们以砂屑、砂砾屑结构为主并含有生物格架结构。混合沉积的形成条件是具备碳酸盐和硅质碎屑两类物源，活跃的水动力，干湿交替的气候，此外，海平面的相对波动，也会造成积极的影响。混合沉积方式有随机式、相变式和随机 - 相变式等三种。混合沉积体常是多种混合方式交替、叠加而成的沉积复合体。礁源与陆源混合沉积相模式是从岸礁 - 堡礁相模式基础上发展而来，按沉积相和沉积结构可以分为五种混合沉积：1)礁基混积岩和礁格架混积岩，2）礁坪砂砾屑混积岩，3）礁后海滩 - 沙堤砾砂屑混合沉积，4）礁后泻湖砂屑混合沉积和5）礁前（翼）浅海砂屑混合沉积。礁源与陆源混合沉积的鉴别标志是珊瑚骨屑和岩屑各占10 - 50 ％，其它生物碎屑不计。南海大陆架现代混合沉积是一个典型的实例，可为全面研究现代南海沉积学和比较沉积学提供依据。     

湖南石门杨家坪下寒武统杷榔组三段混合沉积研究

湖南石门杨家坪下寒武统杷榔组三段发育陆源碎屑与海相碳酸盐的混合沉积。综合前人研究成果,通过对研究区野外露头资料的详细观测和室内样品分析及数据统计等工作,对研究区杷榔组三段混合沉积进行了详细的研究。研究区混合沉积特征宏观上表现为由陆源碎屑与混积物交互沉积、碳酸盐与混积物交互沉积和不同类型混积物本身的交互沉积构成的混积层系,微观上表现为陆源碎屑组分与碳酸盐组分混合沉积所形成混积岩;混合沉积类型主要为内潮汐沉积作用和浊流沉积作用形成的复合式混合沉积Ⅱ,次为深水原地沉积作用形成的渐变式混合沉积,但是不同成因的沉积作用形成的混合沉积类型往往叠加在一起,形成复合式混合沉积Ⅱ+渐变式混合沉积的混合沉积复合体;混合沉积环境为深水斜坡,发育内波、内潮汐混合沉积微相、深水原地混合沉积微相和远源浊流混合沉积微相等类型;在沉积环境分析的基础上,根据内波、内潮汐沉积特征,剖析了混合沉积的沉积机理;结合混合沉积的成因、沉积机理、产出部位及沉积环境等因素,以沉积学原理为指导,建立了研究区杷榔组三段的混合沉积模式。     

Fringing reef growth on a terrigenous mud foundation, Fantome Island, central Great Barrier reef, Australia

The leeward fringing reef at Fantome Island (central Great Barrier Reef province) is a carbonate body which has developed under the influence of terrigenous sedimentation. The reef flat is up to 1000 m wide and is surfaced by mobile sand and gravel, with almost all live corals restricted to the seaward rim. The reef slope has coral columns and heads on the upper part, but below 5 m water depth it is a muddy substrate with scattered mounds of branching corals. Three high recovery cores show the reef is up to 10 m thick and developed over a gently sloping terrace of weathered Pleistocene alluvium. Three post-glacial stratigraphic units are recognised: (1) carbonate reef top unit of coral rudstone and framestone including Sinularia spiculite; (2) lower slope unit of coral floatstone in a terrigenous muddy matrix; and (3) transgressive basal unit of skeletal arkosic sand. The acid insoluble content of matrix and of individual corals increases downwards. Coral growth rates decrease downwards, reflecting slower growth in muddier environments. Radiocarbon dating shows that the reef prograded seaward at almost stable sea level. An average vertical accumulation rate of 6.7 mm yr^-1 is indicated. Two age reversals are interpreted as material transported by storms or by erosion in response to a late Holocene sea-level fall. The carbonate reef top unit has developed adjacent to, and is environmentally compatible with a muddy terrigenous, lower slope unit. Terrigenous influx has not changed during the Holocene, and terrigenous content of sediments is controlled by deposition on the reef slope of fine sediment winnowed from the reef flat and concentration of coarse sediment in the transgressive basal sheet.     

The hydrodynamic and sedimentary setting of nearshore coral reefs, central Great Barrier Reef shelf, Australia: Paluma Shoals, a case study

The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) shelf contains a range of coral reefs on the highly turbid shallow inner shelf, where interaction occurs with terrigenous sediments. The modern hydrodynamic and sedimentation regimes at Paluma Shoals, a shore‐attached ‘turbid‐zone’ coral reef, and at Phillips Reef, a fringing reef located 20 km offshore, have been studied to document the mechanisms controlling turbidity. At each reef, waves, currents and near‐bed turbidity were measured for a period of ≈1 month. Bed sediments were sampled at 135 sites. On the inner shelf, muddy sands are widespread, with admixed terrigenous and carbonate gravel components close to the reefs and islands, except on their relatively sheltered SW side, where sandy silty clays occur. At Paluma Shoals, the coral assemblage is characteristic of inner‐shelf or sheltered habitats on the GBR shelf (dominated by Galaxea fascicularis, up to >50% coral cover) and is broadly similar to that at Phillips Reef, further offshore and in deeper water. The sediments of the Paluma Shoals reef flats consist of mixed terrigenous and calcareous gravels and sands, with intermixed silts and clays, whereas the reef slope is dominated by gravelly quartz sands. The main turbidity‐generating process is wave‐driven resuspension, and turbidity ranges up to 175 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). In contrast, at Phillips Reef, turbidity is <15 NTU and varies little. At Paluma Shoals, turbidity of >40 NTU probably occurs for a total of >40 days each year, and relatively little time is spent at intermediate turbidities (15–50 NTU). The extended time spent at either low or high turbidities is consistent with the biological response of some species of corals to adopt two alternative mechanisms of functioning (autotrophy and heterotrophy) in response to different levels of turbidity. Sedimentation rates over periods of hours may reach the equivalent of 10 000 times the mean global background terrigenous flux (BTF) of sediment to the sea floor, i.e. 10 000 BTF, over three orders of magnitude greater than the Holocene average for Halifax Bay of <3 BTF. As elsewhere along the nearshore zone of the central GBR, dry‐season hydrodynamic conditions form a primary control upon turbidity and the distribution of bed sediments. The location of modern nearshore coral reefs is controlled by the presence of suitable substrates, which in Halifax Bay are Pleistocene and early Holocene coarse‐grained (and relatively stable) alluvial deposits.     

Large earthquakes kill coral reefs at the north-west Gulf of Aqaba

Down‐faulting at the north‐west margins of the Gulf of Aqaba is inferred to have triggered a catastrophic sedimentary event at 2.3 ka that killed the Elat fringing coral reef. Whereas segments of the Holocene reef were perfectly fossilized and preserved beneath a veneer of siliciclastic sediments, other segments were abraded, settled by nomads, and later re‐submerged under 4 m of water. Repeated damage triggered by down‐throwing earthquakes degenerate the fringing reefs of the north‐west end of the gulf. Conversely, on the north‐eastern and southern parts of the gulf, where earthquakes uplift the margins, modern reefs are thriving, attached to uplifted fossil reef terraces. Therefore, coastal subsidence moderates the development of fringing coral reefs during the late Holocene sea‐level stand still.     

Aggradation and carbonate accumulation of Holocene Norwegian cold‐water coral reefs

Cold‐water coral ecosystems present common carbonate factories along the Atlantic continental margins, where they can form large reef structures. There is increasing knowledge on their ecology, molecular genetics, environmental controls and threats available. However, information on their carbo‐nate production and accumulation is still very limited, even though this information is essential for their evaluation as carbonate sinks. The aim of this study is to provide high‐resolution reef aggradation and carbonate accumulation rates for Norwegian cold‐water coral reefs from various settings (sunds, inner shelf and shelf margin). Furthermore, it introduces a new approach for the evaluation of the cold‐water coral preservation within cold‐water coral deposits by computed tomography analysis. This approach allows the differentiation of various kinds of cold‐water coral deposits by their macrofossil clast size and orientation signature. The obtained results suggest that preservation of cold‐water coral frameworks in living position is favoured by high reef aggradation rates, while preservation of coral rubble prevails by moderate aggradation rates. A high degree of macrofossil fragmentation indicates condensed intervals or unconformities. The observed aggradation rates with up to 1500 cm kyr^?1 exhibit the highest rates from cold‐water coral reefs so far. Reef aggradation within the studied cores was restricted to the Early and Late Holocene. Available datings of Norwegian cold‐water corals support this age pattern for other fjords while, on the shelf, cold‐water coral ages are reported additionally from the early Middle Holocene. The obtained mean carbonate accumulation rates of up to 103 g cm^?2 kyr^?1 exceed previous estimates of cold‐water coral reefs by a factor of two to three and by almost one order of magnitude to adjacent sedimentary environments (shelf, slope and deep sea). Only fjord basins locally exhibit carbonate accumulation rates in the range of the cold‐water coral reefs. Furthermore, cold‐water coral reef carbonate accumulation rates are in the range of tropical reef carbonate accumulation rates. These results clearly suggest the importance of cold‐water coral reefs as local, maybe regional to global, carbonate sinks.     

论古代海洋碳酸盐沉积环境基本模式

我国碳酸盐地层分布广泛,厚度巨大,类型复杂,从而为我国碳酸盐研究提供广阔前景。解放以后,我国首先在四川盆地的二、三叠系碳酸盐岩中获得高产气田,推动了碳酸盐岩的研究。     

Carbonate mounds of the Moroccan Mediterranean margin: Facies and environmental controls

Sedimentological and geochemical studies of boxcores from the Brittlestar Ridge I and Cabliers carbonate mounds, along the Moroccan Mediterranean margin, show that sediments are composed of cold water scleratian corals and micritic mud, muddy micrite or muddy allochem limestone matrix, outlining seven different facies that can be attributed to “cluster reefs”. The mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sediments have been derived from both extra- and intrabasinal sources. Extra-basinal sources may be the geological formations outcropping in the Moroccan hinterland and Sahara, the latter including corals and associated bioclasts. Sediments were transported by wind and rivers and redistributed by bottom currents and local upwelling. Our results confirm the role of tectonics in the genesis of these carbonate mounds and reveal that their developments during the Holocene (10.34–0.91 ka BP) was controlled by climatic fluctuations (e.g. Holocene Climate Optimum and Little Ice Age), eustatic sea level change, and hydrodynamic regime.     

琼州海峡西口早—中全新世海滩岩的岩石学特征及古海平面重建意义

笔者在琼州海峡西口第四系松散沉积物中新发现碳酸盐胶结岩,通过生物碎屑AMS14C同位素定年、全岩X衍射定量分析、扫描电镜、阴极发光、全岩主微量元素地球化学测试等方法对其进行了年代学和成因研究。结果显示,碳酸盐胶结岩的成岩时代为早—中全新世,具有等厚纤柱状环边胶结、重力悬挂胶结、马牙状胶结、（似）共轴增生胶结、非等轴胶结等5种胶结物特征;阴极发光环带具有广泛发育、环带密集,可见淡水和海水相互作用的咸淡水混合带,说明其成岩环境包括淡水渗流带、咸淡水混合带、海水渗流带、海水潜流带;结合其沉积主微量元素特征,其赋存层位的沉积环境为海岸沉积环境,滨岸沉积相障壁岛亚相,属于海滩岩。综合雷州半岛西南部灯楼角珊瑚礁的海平面记录,重建了全新世琼州海峡西口地区海平面演化历史：9. 9~6. 7 ka BP海侵期、6. 7~6. 2 ka BP海退期、6. 2~4. 2 ka BP海侵期和4. 2 ka BP至今的稳定期等四个阶段。     

南沙群岛“危险地带”腹地珊瑚礁的地貌与现代沉积特征

南沙群岛中央水道及南华水道两侧的珊瑚礁,大部分为环礁,分属开放型、半开放型、准封闭型、封闭型和台礁化型,反映了环礁向灰砂岛演变的不同阶段。每个环礁,从礁前斜坡向礁坪至潟湖,可相应划分出3种沉积相和细分9种沉积带。礁顶是全新世中期以来形成发育的。     

Sedimentary evolution of the Torrecilla Reef Complex in response to tectonically forced regression (Early Kimmeridgian,Northern Spain)

The early Kimmeridgian Torrecilla Reef Complex in the northern Iberian Basin of Spain consists of a fringing reef composed of eight accretionary units. The first four were deposited along a steep margin. They display down-lapping and off-lapping geometries, and are characterised by poor reef-framework development, large volumes of reworked corals and transported sediment, and limited growth of micro-encrusters. In contrast, deposition of the fifth and younger accretionary units occurred on a shallow platform without a pronounced slope where coral reefs grew in a shallow protected environment. The main features of these reefs are an absence of reef-slope facies, a high proportion of preserved framework elements, relatively low volumes of intra-reef sediment, high proportions of terrigenous material, and abundant micro-encrusters and microbialites. These reefs were protected from storm waves by long-shore sand bars, which also protected a very shallow lagoon during the last stage of sedimentation.The early Kimmeridgian was a period of rising global sea level, a trend apparent across other portions of the Iberian Basin. However, geometry and sedimentary evolution of the Torrecilla Reef Complex is consistent with those of off-lapping reefs that develop during sea-level fall. Thus, we conclude that down-stepping geometries and evolution to progressively shallower environments within the Torrecilla Reef Complex occurred as a result of a tectonically forced regression.