遥感解译在内蒙古狼山戈壁荒漠地区1:50000地质填图中的应用

针对内蒙古戈壁荒漠区特殊地貌地质填图工作,选择ASTER和SPOT5数据,通过图像融合、影像校正、影像增强等处理方法,提高图像的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率。利用遥感解译图像快速准确地获取地层、侵入体和构造的解译标志,通过遥感地质解译结合地面调查进行综合分析和解译,提高了填图的准确性,为特殊地质地貌区地质填图提供技术支持,对于在同类区域开展地质填图工作有指导意义。      

高保真影像超分辨率重建应用研究

高分辨率图像是人们一直追求的目标,超分辨率图像重建技术就是人们获取高分辨率图像的一种很重要的方法。研究了超分辨率贝叶斯方法,该方法利用全波段增强多光谱遥感影像,结合传感器特性模拟了全波段和多波段影像的观测过程。这种方法使全波段数据与多光谱波段数据自动对齐,成功地保留了光谱信息,实现了遥感数据信息的高保真,进而增强了空间分辨率。以IKONOS全波段和多波段影像为例进行了深入地探讨,并对自动融合的结果进行了定性和定量分析。     

遥感与GIS技术支持下的机场选址与工程地质分析

研究将“3S”技术（RS、GIS、GPS）应用到机场地址勘察中,主要是采用现代化遥感技术,以最新遥感图像LANDSATETM（最高空间分辨率15m）,SPOT图像（2．5m）和QUICKBIRD图像（0．61m）等作为信息源,通过遥感图像数据融合、数字镶嵌和影像增强等数字处理,制作不同类型、不同波段和不同分辨率的正射遥感影像及正射影像地图,为机场工程地质勘察提供最佳图像资料。通过遥感图像增强处理、信息提取及GIS空间分析等,对研究区的地质构造,地质灾害等进行解译。并借助GPS进行野外现场调研,查明研究区地质构造的特征,尤其是隐伏断裂、活动性断裂的分布,以及岩溶漏斗、洼地等水文地质现象,为小哨机场工程地质勘察工作提供了基础资料。     

ASTER多光谱波段与SPOT全色波段融合方法研究

遥感图像融合可以发挥多源遥感数据的优势。但由于不同传感器的遥感数据有着不同的特征,不同数据所采用的融合方法也应不同。文章探讨了ASTER多光谱波段与SPOT全色波段数据融合的方法,通过对PCA融合、IHS融合和基于小波的IHS融合方法的对比研究,得出基于小波的IHS融合法在提高空间分辨率的同时较好地保持了地物的多光谱信息。     

基于ASTER数据的断裂构造判读:以甘肃白银地区为例

ASTER传感器提供了包括可见光-近红外（VNIR）、短波红外（SWIR）、热红外（TIR）共14个波段的地物波谱数据。其中最高分辨率在VNIR波段达到了15m。另外,在获得地物波谱数据的同时,它还能利用在03N波段和03B波段以不同视角获得的图像组成立体像对,从而获得同一地区的高程数据。这些特点为该数据的地质应用提供了很大的方便。由于断裂构造能造成断裂带内及其两侧之间地质环境与地貌特征的差异,这种差异会造成相应地区遥感影像中地物的波谱特征及空间分布即纹理型式上的差别。反之,使用多种图像处理技术,通过增强图像的灰度差并获取纹理图像,可以使这种差异凸现出来分析图像中的这些差异,找出在灰度和纹理上的规律性变化,不但可以推断可能的断裂分布,并可确定它的性质.利用ASTER数据高空间分辨率、多波谱段及同时提供DEM数据的特点,将之用于甘肃白银地区断裂构造的识别和判读。试验表明,利用该数据判读的结果与实地调查结果有相当的一致性。     

卫星遥感TM及SAR数据用于山区构造格局分析——以西藏墨脱地区为例

西藏墨脱地区山高路险，植被覆盖严重。区域地质调查中卫星遥感TM和SPOT光学图像受到植被干扰，地质构造露头不清；而微波侧视雷达图像（SAR）由于受到高山地形影响，信号遮蔽，控制点的精确选取和遥感地质解译也十分困难。研究中采用DEM（数字高程模型）模拟SAR图像的方法，利用模拟SAR图像对原始雷达图像进行控制点选取和影像正射校正，通过TM图像和SAR图像的正射影像处理以及二者的影像数据融合，并利用DEM进行三维构像，最大限度地发挥了TM图像和SAR图像的影响优及二者的影像数据融合，并利用DEM进行三维构像，最大限度地发挥了TM图像和SAR图像的影像优势，用于测区区域地质和构造解译，取得了较好效果。     

汶川震区北川县城泥石流源地特征的遥感动态分析

汶川地震导致山地斜坡积累了大量碎屑物质,在降雨作用下极易成为泥石流源地。震后的2008年9月24日一场暴雨导致北川县境内72条沟同时暴发泥石流。本文选择了汶川地震高烈度区的北川县城8条泥石流沟流域为研究区,基于遥感手段开展了震后和相继暴雨后的泥石流源地变化特征。强震后泥石流流域的重要变化是在沟谷内诱发了大量滑坡。通过开展遥感解译和野外调查,重点分析了研究区泥石流源地的滑坡活动。将512汶川地震后的2008年5月18日获取的航空图像与924暴雨后获取的2008年10月14日SPOT图像相比较,发现泥石流源地的地震滑坡面积由1537104m2增加到暴雨后的1912104m2,即汶川高烈度区一场暴雨过程新增滑坡面积达244%。根据SPOT图像解译,暴雨后泥石流沟床中的松散堆积物增大到97104m2。上述研究结果表明汶川震区在强降雨条件下发生泥石流的敏感性特别高。     

中分辨率成像光谱仪图像积雪反射特性的初步分析研究

通过对中分辨率成像光谱仪图像２６个连续波段的同点采样,获得从可见到红外光谱一个完整的积雪反射特性系列,在背景气候,气象数据信息的支持下,进行图像积雪反射特性与同类积雪实测反射特性的对比分析。结果表明：本研究所使用的中分辨率成像光谱仪图像积雪反射特性反映了积雪变化的过程,同时与地面光谱仪实测数据有一定的对应关系,同类积雪在可见光波谱区的光谱反射基本吻合,据此,反演积雪类型的图像分类是可行的。     

消除噪声的RNF图像融合算法

在多光谱遥感图像中有时也会存在较严重的随机点噪声的干扰，这种随机点噪声严重影响了地物光谱特征提取和识别的精度，降低了各种遥感定量分析方法技术的有效性。常用的遥感图像随机噪声消除或压抑方法是Fourier变换频率域方法和采用平滑模板对图像进行卷积处理的空间域方法，但它们往往会损失图像信息。文章探讨了消除或压抑噪声的图像融合方法，即RNF融合法。RNF融合算法先对参与融合的多光谱图像进行低通滤波，对全色波段进行高通滤波。然后将滤波后的全色波段与多光谱图像用HSI变换法进行融合，融合后的图像消除了噪声。     

喀斯特高原山区IRS-P6影像最佳融合方法选择研究——以贵州平塘县四寨镇为例

贵州处于中国西南喀斯特的腹心地带,属岩溶高原山区,生态环境背景复杂,地表切割剧烈,海拔落差大,坡度较陡,同时地处季风气候区还伴有常年多云多雨现象,因此卫星遥感数据质量常受到严重影响。文章以贵州南部平塘县四寨镇为例,主要针对IRS-P6卫星遥感影像的多光谱4,3,2波段与其全色PAN波段之间的融合,运用比值变换、主成分分析法（PCA）、乘法变换和IHS变换四种常见融合方法进行对比分析,并对融合后的影像进行主观定性评价和客观定量评价。研究表明IHS融合法效果相对最好,在保持原多光谱影像光谱信息的同时,大大提高了影像的空间分辨率,改善了图像的目视效果,清晰度和纹理细节表现力也得到了较大的提高,是一种适宜于亚热带喀斯特高原地区的融合方法,对解决喀斯特高原山区受雨云天气条件限制难以获取高质量影像的问题有重要意义。      

Assessment of deforestation,biodiversity loss and the associated factors: case study of Ijesa-Ekiti region of Southwestern Nigeria

Deforestation is driven by a variety of factors, and has resulted in land use changes that threaten biodiversity, water and energy resources. However, lack of reliable data and survey information in Nigeria has made the estimation of the effect of deforestation difficult to establish. Consequently, the extent and rate of deforestation are less well known. The study therefore, examined and analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of deforestation over the period of 25 years (1978–2003); measured the rates, trends and explained the factors that determined deforestation in Ijesa-Ekiti region of southwestern Nigeria. The major sources of data for the study were satellites images. These were Landsat MSS 1978, with spatial resolution of 80 m, SPOT XS 1986, SPOT XS 1994, with 20 m spatial resolution and NigeriaSat_1 2003, with 32 m spatial resolution. To make them comparable, they were georeferenced to the same coordinates system, filtered, resampled and enhanced for visualization in a GIS environment. Furthermore, Ilesa, Ijebu-Ijesa, Efon-Alaaye, Iloko-Ijesa, Erin-Oke and Erin-Ijesa were identified and selected for ground truthing to validate the tonal values recorded in the images with the features on the ground. The result of ground truthing was combined with visual image interpretation as training sites for supervised classification. Focus Group Discussions were held with people who had lived in the area for over 20 years as a means of eliciting factors of deforestation and the effects on forest biodiversity. The results indicated forest loss of 53,469.23 ha over the period of 25 years at an annual deforestation rate of 7.21, 2.47, and 5.40% per year for 1978–1986, 1986–1994 and 1994–2003, respectively. FGDs with various categories of people in the bigger towns confirmed deforestation in the area and were due to illegal lumbering, intensive agricultural practices and growth of settlements resulted from increase in human population. FGDs also revealed extinction of many forest species in their communities. In conclusion, the study advanced our understanding on techniques of analyzing deforestation using geo-spatial technology. It also generated a synthesis of information on the rates of deforestation and its driving forces, which are a complex mix of anthropogenic factors, the chief of which has been the conversion of forest resources to agricultural land use.     

Assessment of the reliability of supervised classifications of Landsat-7, ASTER,and SPOT-5 multispectral data in rock unit discriminations of Jabal Daf-Wadi Fatima area,Saudi Arabia

Multispectral, multiresolution remotely sensed data were processed to emphasize geological interpretation of Jabal Daf-Wadi Fatima area. The investigated area is situated in the central western part of Saudi Arabia and geologically consists of igneous and metamorphosed rocks overlain by sedimentary sequence belonging to the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Three sets of digital satellite data, Landsat-7 ETM+, ASTER, and SPOT-5, were used in this study. The application of image processing techniques enables to identify and delineate the lithologic units and the structural features of the study area. The results of this study indicate that the confusion matrix of the three maximum likelihood supervised classifications of the three datasets shows that the Landsat ETM+ bands scored the best degree of average and overall accuracy (77 and 78%, respectively). This classification distinguishes most of the rock units for mapping in the investigated area. The supervised classification of ASTER and SPOT bands has lower degrees of accuracy than the classified Landsat data. The supervised classification of SPOT bands has a degree of average and overall accuracy of 66 and 67%, respectively, but it is the best for distinguishing the spectral signatures of the different members of Fatima Formation (lower, middle, and upper members). The statistical analyses of the confusion matrices of classifications and the interpretation of the produced classified thematic maps revealed that the classification accuracy does not necessary depend on the spatial resolution of satellite data. The data of the highest spatial resolution such as SPOT data are also very useful in emphasizing and classifying the rock units of a small outcrop area. The detailed geological map of Jabal Daf-Wadi Fatima area is interpreted in this work from supervised classified images of different resolutions as well as the structure map of this area. This study shows that it is preferable to use the supervised classifications of multiresolution data for rock unit discrimination in detailed field mapping.     

Change detection of the coastal zone east of the Nile Delta using remote sensing

The coastal zone of the Nile Delta is a promising area for energy resources and industrial activities. It also contains important wetland ecosystems. This coastal area witnessed several changes during the last century. A set of four satellite images from the multi-spectral scanner (MSS), thematic mapper (TM) and Systeme Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) sensors were utilized in order to estimate the spatio-temporal changes that occurred in the coastal zone between Damietta Nile branch and Port-Said between 1973 and 2007. Image processing applied in this study included geometric rectification; atmospheric correction; on-screen shoreline digitizing of the 1973 (MSS) and 2007 (SPOT) images for tracking the shoreline position between Damietta promontory and Port-Said; and water index approach for quantifying Manzala lagoon surface area change using 1973 (MSS), 1984 (TM) and 2003 (TM) images. Results showed that coastal erosion was severe near Damietta promontory and decreased eastward, however, accretion was observed near Port-Said. About 50% of the coastal strip was under erosion and 13% was under accretion. In addition, a remarkable decline (34.5%) of the Manzala lagoon surface area was estimated. These changes were attributed mainly to the control of the River Nile flooding and the land use change by anthropogenic activities.     

应用集成的遥感识别技术进行土地利用变化分析

以厦门市为研究区域,以1988-1998年为时间跨度,利用Landsat5TM遥感数据开展土地覆盖变化识别中多种遥感数据处理方法的集成应用研究。以后分类比较法的结果为基础,运用改进的差值法定义的"变化"目标进行修正,将两种方法有机集成综合地确定土地覆盖变化。根据变化前与变化后覆盖不同但土地利用方式相同或类似的原则进行合并处理,最后得到厦门市10年间土地利用结构变化各种成因类型及其数量。结果表明,10年间厦门市因城市化引起的土地覆盖变化为590．83km²,变化强度为31.14％,引起厦门市土地利用结构发生变化主要有 8种成因机制类型,面积达351.99km²,变化强度为18.55％。     

Regional landslide susceptibility analysis using back-propagation neural network model at Cameron Highland,Malaysia

This paper presents landslide susceptibility analysis around the Cameron Highlands area, Malaysia using a geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. Landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs and field surveys. Topographical, geological data and satellite images were collected, processed, and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and image processing. Ten landslide occurrence factors were selected as: topographic slope, topographic aspect, topographic curvature and distance from drainage, lithology and distance from lineament, soil type, rainfall, land cover from SPOT 5 satellite images, and the vegetation index value from SPOT 5 satellite image. These factors were analyzed using an advanced artificial neural network model to generate the landslide susceptibility map. Each factor’s weight was determined by the back-propagation training method. Then, the landslide susceptibility indices were calculated using the trained back-propagation weights, and finally, the landslide susceptibility map was generated using GIS tools. The results of the neural network model suggest that the effect of topographic slope has the highest weight value (0.205) which has more than two times among the other factors, followed by the distance from drainage (0.141) and then lithology (0.117). Landslide locations were used to validate the results of the landslide susceptibility map, and the verification results showed 83% accuracy. The validation results showed sufficient agreement between the computed susceptibility map and the existing data on landslide areas.     

基于多源空间数据的鲁中北五湖近100年变化分析

北五湖系鲁中黄河以南自北向南分布的一系列湖泊,分别为安山湖、马踏湖、南旺湖、蜀山湖和马场湖。近100年来,北五湖陆续淤废,目前,除安山湖、马场湖尚有残存外,其他诸湖悉数消亡。作者收集了北五湖地区1907年测绘地图、成像于1954年的航片、成像于1975年的MSS遥感影像、分别成像于1987年、2001年的TM遥感影像以及成像于2005年的SPOT5 XS遥感影像等6个时段的数据。对其进行了几何纠正与配准、图像镶嵌等预处理,通过目视解译和遥感分类等手段提取了该地区6个时期的北五湖空间分布数据。根据北五湖6个不同时段的空间展布特征,分析了近100年以来北五湖消亡的幅度、速度和时间等特征,并在此基础上初步探讨了北五湖消亡的原因。     

面向对象的遥感图像分类方法研究

影响遥感图像分类效果的主要因素之一是空间分辨率。通过融合多分辨率遥感图像,引入面向对象的思想,有效地克服了多光谱图像空间分辨率低的问题。该方法由图像分割和分类等一系列技术组成,首先用基于区域分割法则对正射校正SPOT图像进行分割,然后把它作为参考用最大似然法分类器和其他一些经验规则对TM图像进行分类。对土地覆盖图分类进行精度测试,取得了良好的应用效果。     

Utilization of SPOT 5 data for mapping gold mineralized diorite–tonalite intrusion,Bulghah gold mine area,Saudi Arabia

The present study utilizes the processed SPOT 5 data to discriminate and to generate 1:10,000 geologic image map to delineate the mineralized diorite–tonalite intrusion around Bulghah gold mine area, Saudi Arabia. The rock units exposed in the area include gossan, marble, Hulayfah volcanics, diorite–tonalite, gneissose granite, and alkali granite. Gold mineralization at Bulghah mine is hosted mainly by Syn- to Late-tectonic diorite–tonalite intrusion aligned along N–S direction and is associated mainly with cataclastic zones and quartz veins. Gossans and jasparoidal gossans (Hulayfah group), recorded at the western side of Bulghah mine area as discontinuous small lenses, can be easily discriminated on 4/2 and 4/3 band ratio SPOT images by their white and black image signatures, respectively. Granitoids (gneissose granite and alkali granite) are easily discriminated in 3/2 ratio image, in which gneissose granite has gray image signature, whereas alkali granite has dark gray image signature. On the SPOT false color composite band ratios image (3/2 R, 4/2 G, and 4/3 B), gossan, marble, Hulayfah volcanics, diorite–tonalite, gneissose granite, and alkali granite have sky blue, blood red, bluish light brown, orange, brick red, and deep blue colors, respectively. Fusion of the false color composite SPOT ratios image (3/2 R, 4/2 G, and 4/3 B) with the high spatial resolution SPOT pan image is performed using IHS transformation method. The fused image is used to delineate the mineralized diorite–tonalite intrusion and to produce 1:10,000 geologic image map for Bulghah gold mine area. The present study reveals the usefulness of the processed SPOT 5 data for adding new extensions at the southern and northern boundaries of diorite–tonalite intrusion.     

遥感方法研究珠江口近二十多年来土地覆盖的变化

土地覆盖变化是全球变化研究的重点之一，尤其是河口地区，对环境变迁十分敏感。对珠江口东部地区1979年的Landsat MMS、1990年Landsat TM和2000年Landsat ETM影像的土地覆盖分类，并进行对比研究表明，此间，总体水域面积和绿地（包括森林和耕地）面积减少，建筑区和裸露地面积增加。但不同区域土地覆盖类型变化有明显的区别，西部主要是由于沉积作用和围海造地，造成水域面积减少，且20世纪90年代围海造地速率比80年代要大得多。东部海域沉积作用不是主要因素，局部海岸可能还存在侵蚀作用。交椅湾区水域面积变化不大，岸线位置也基本稳定，而且80年代的水域面积有所增多，是由于陆地人工水塘增多的结果。蛇口区主要是由于港口码头等建设，导致水域面积减少，码头向海域延伸的结果，90年代明显加大了码头建设的规模和速度。     

Using Landsat data to determine land use changes in Datong basin,China

The aim of this study was to determine land use changes in Datong basin using multitemporal Landsat data for the period of 1977–2006. Four dates of Landsat images from 1977, 1990, 2000, and 2006 were selected to classify the study area. Based on the supervised classification method of maximum likelihood algorithm, images were classified into six classes: water, urban, forest, agriculture, wetland, and barren land. A multidate postclassification comparison change detection algorithm was used to determine changes in land use in four intervals. It is found that (1) urban land area increased 213% due to urbanization that resulted from rapid increase of urban population and high-speed economic development, (2) agriculture area increased 34.0% due to land reclamation that resulted from rapid increase of rural population and improvement of irrigation capacity, (3) forest area decreased 20.9% due to deforestation for urban area and agricultural use, (4) barren land area decreased 78.2% due to cultivation for agricultural use, and (5) water and wetland decreased 39.1 and 67.1%, respectively, due to exploitation of surface water and decrease of recharge from groundwater to surface water that resulted from over exploitation of groundwater.