洪水递减指数及其在洪水过程设计中的应用研究

基于暴雨公式的思想,定义了指数型时段平均洪水流量公式,经公式推导提出洪水递减指数的概念,研究总结了洪水递减指数的分析计算方法,可将其移用至无实测流量资料小流域设计洪水过程线的推求,并选取窟野河上游的乌兰木伦河流域进行了应用示例。结果表明该方法合理可行,为无资料地区设计洪水过程线的推求提供了新思路。     

洮河流域岷县水文站洪水预报研究

洮河是黄河上游一条重要河流。岷县水文站是洮河中游控制站,担负着水文资料收集和为当地防汛提供水文情报预报的工作,同时对下游城市及河道水库有洪水预警预报责任。本文结合洮河上、中游流域特性,经过大量实测水文资料分析研究,根据上下游相应水位(流量)预报法建立了流量线性回归关系,由上游下巴沟水文站及区间入流得出关系式为Q岷县=Q上合+3. 91 Q多坝+41用于洮河岷县站洪水预报,经模型精度评定和实际作业预报,取得了令人满意的效果,具有较广的实用价值。     

熊岳河设计洪水成果合理性分析

熊岳河流域是渤海东岸流入大海的一条河流,熊岳水文站是熊岳河流域唯一水文站。依据该站历年实测水文资料,对流域的设计洪水进行了分析,同时对结果进行合理性检查,以期对熊岳河流域整治提供科学依据,对提高经济开发区防洪标准,及海滨旅游、商务休闲为主的高档海滨旅游带建设起到保护作用。     

渚河流域红椿水电站设计洪水计算及过程线推求方法探析

渚河流域地处大巴山深山区,该流域处于陕南最大降水中心附近,雨量充沛,渚河流域洪水计算选用红椿水文站作为参证站,根据红椿水文站历年统计资料计算,红椿水电站坝址处多年平均流量为21.9 m3/s。渚河流域的洪水主要由暴雨形成,对渚河流域暴雨洪水类型及来流量分析,对洪水资料的选样和代表性进行分析分析,采用水文比拟法和经验公式法对设计洪水进行了计算,直接采用红椿水文站的分期设计洪水成果,用水文比拟法推算到厂址,同时将红椿水文站1979~2002年24年的实测年最大洪峰流量和24 h和72 h的洪量进行相关分析,采用同倍比放大法来求得电站坝址处的设计洪水过程线,使用该方法推求结果合理,可为同类工程设计和管理运行提供科学依据。     

乌鲁木齐河山前区河道地质与洪水渗漏损失分析

乌鲁木齐河由南向北纵贯乌鲁木齐市区, 洪水成因主要为冰雪消融与降水形成的混合型洪水, 对城市危害较大. 为预防和减轻洪水对城市造成灾害, 依据水文站大量实测洪水、 气象资料, 并以河流地质资料为基础, 对洪水过程的渗漏损失量进行了估算, 对河流出山口以后山前区河流洪水演变、 洪水波的运动规律进行了分析. 乌鲁木齐河洪峰衰减量随洪水量级增大而增加, 但洪峰相对衰减量却随洪水量级增大而减少. 这种洪峰衰减损失与河流山前带地质结构及洪水到达乌拉泊站前所经山前冲洪积扇的砂卵砾石层分布有关. 连续发生数日洪水时, 由于出山口以后下垫面中含水量的增加, 相对衰减量会变逐渐减少. 相关关系分析表明, 利用乘幂关系可对河流出山口乌拉泊站的洪峰流量进行预报. 基于该关系对下游洪水过程的预报, 可以为下游水利工程、 城市防洪管理等提供决策依据.     

新疆天山北坡中段河流洪水规律探讨

大降水一般持续时间长,降雨强度大,影响面积广,有可能导致多条河流先后发生洪水,因此分析天山北坡中段降水、河流洪水成因及类型具有重要意义。依据新疆天山北坡中段河流实测洪水资料,通过对典型河流自然地理特征、河流水文特性、实测洪水过程的分析,分析天山北坡中段河流洪水成因及类型、变差系数、洪水过程线的相似性。     

江河洪水预报流域水量分析法

江河洪水预报流域水量分析法具有概念明确、分析计算严谨、预报精度较高且仅应用江河水文站实测流量资料等特点,对于水文站数多、流量资料系列长的大江大河尤为适用。初次应用于淮河干流上游,取得了一定的经验。这一方法的应用,将会对我国大江大河防 及水资源利用起到良好的作用。     

2015年夏季南疆地区高温冰雪洪水特征

2015年7月中旬开始至8月初,新疆地区受东移的伊朗高压控制,新疆南疆塔里木河流域及其周边区域遭遇历史同期罕见高温天气.南疆地区和天山山区7月平均气温分别为27.9℃、17.8℃,较常年分别偏高2.3℃、2.6℃,偏高幅度均居历史同期第一位;南疆及天山山区共计42站7月平均气温突破同期历史极值,使该地区从高空到地面不同高度气温都同时升高.0℃层高度都高于雪线高度,导致南疆多条河流发生冰雪消融性洪水,造成不同程度的洪水灾害.此次由高温天气产生的多条河流冰雪消融性洪水,由于具有充足的水热因子,致使南疆多条河流超过警戒流量和保证流量.尼雅河出现有实测资料以来第2位的洪水,阿克苏库玛拉克河发生有实测资料以来第3位的洪水;发生洪水的河流范围之广、持续时间之长历史罕见,叶尔羌河、玉龙喀什河、喀拉喀什河超警戒流量持续时间在半个月以上,叶尔羌河达到25 d.通过对历年冰雪消融性洪水资料分析,洪峰流量和日流量（洪量）与高空温度有较好的相关性,由此建立冰雪消融性洪水预报模型,应用在2015年夏季洪水预报中取得明显的效果,对于今后预报此类洪水提供了有益的借鉴.     

敦煌西土沟沙漠洪水资源开发利用模式及成效分析

收集研究区域内雨量站历年降水量资料,水文站历年径流系列资料以及历年最大洪峰流量、洪水总量成果资料及西土沟敦煌沙漠水文实验研究站实测水文资料,调查该区域内洪水沟道的历史最大洪水。用水文学原理和方法对洪峰流量和洪水总量变化规律进行统计分析,结合敦煌西土沟流域灾害综合治理工程实施情况估算区域水资源可利用量,提出沙漠洪水资源开发利用新模式。结果表明:西土沟流域洪水灾害综合治理工程的实施探索出导流+分洪+工程防护的洪水资源开发利用模式、拦蓄洪水产生地下径流利用模式和沙漠冷水虹鳟鱼养殖到葡萄种植的区域水资源重复利用模式;有效遏制了研究区内沙漠的进一步推进并可显著增加流域内可利用水资源量,实现了区域生态治理与经济发展的良性循环。     

新疆阿勒泰地区的洪水特性

受洪水补给来源和阿尔泰山山势影响,阿勒泰地区洪水发生时间比新疆其他以高山永久积雪和冰川融水补给为主的河流偏早。因此,从认识洪水特性、预防洪水灾害角度出发,对阿勒泰地区洪水发生机制、时空分布和变化特点进行分析研究是很有必要的。利用阿勒泰地区各主要河流1960~2011年历年洪峰、冬季和汛期降水、气温和700hPa高空温度资料,对洪水发生机制、时空分布和变化特点进行分析。结果表明:(1)本区洪水类型有融雪型洪水、融雪与降水混合型洪水和暴雨型洪水;(2)洪水与冬季积雪和汛期气温、降雨有关;(3)汛期过程相对短,主汛期发生时间以5月下旬至6月中旬期为主;(4)洪水挟沙能力强,汛期含沙量占年含沙量近90%;(5)暴雨洪水多发生于阿勒泰地区的中东部区域河流上;(6)全区洪水具有同步性,洪水年际变化相对小。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。